LECTURER: JOHN CHEGE: 0733296529

UNIT NAME: STRUCTURAL DESIGN II: REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN TO BS8110

UNIT CODE: ECV4412.

REFERENCES:

1 Reinforced and Prestressed concrete (Third edition)

Authors: F K Kong, R H Evans,

Publisher: Chapman & Hall,

2 BS 8110,
3 Kenya Building Code,
4 Building Research Establishment (BRE) 2nd Edition,
5 Standard method of detailing structural concrete (Institute of structural
Engineers),
6 Reinforced concrete design:

Authors: W H Mosley, J H Bungey.

7 Structural design in concrete to BS8110

Authors: L H Martin, P C L Craxton, J A Purkiss

SYLLABUS OUTLINE:

Design of the following concrete members:

1 Axially loaded reinforced concrete short columns,
2 Concrete beams,
3 Eccentrically loaded concrete short columns,
4 Reinforced concrete slabs,
5 Column footings,
6 Prestressed concrete members.

LECTURE NOTES

TOPIC 1: LECTURE 1

Page 1 of 48
3. AXIALLY LOADED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Specific objectives

At the end of lecture 1, the learner should be able to

(i) Design axially loaded short reinforced concrete columns to BS8110

(ii) Detail axially loaded short reinforced concrete columns as per the various authorities

3.1 Introduction

Structural concrete members may be subjected to axial load, flexure, shear or torsion or a
combination of these stresses. Members may be prestressed or non-prestressed. The principles
underlying their analysis and design are basically the same.

3.2 Stress/strain characteristics of steel and concrete

The behaviour of R.C. columns is intimately related to the stress/strain characteristics of the
reinforcement bars and the concrete. Figure 3.2-1 (a) shows typical stress/strain curves for the
reinforcement.

P Cold- worked high yield bars

500

Stress (N/mm2) Hot rolled high yield bars

300 Mild steel

100

0.0043

Strain

(a) Actual stress/ strain curves

Page 2 of 48
 Stress

( fy /γ m)

Es = 200 kN /mm2

Strain

(b) Design stress/strain curve (BS 8110)

Figure 3.2-1: Stress /strain curves for reinforcement

The curves shown in Figure 3.2-1 (a) are applicable to both tension and compression.

Mild steel bars and hot – rolled high yield bars have definite yield points. For mild steel, the
plastic range may extend up to about 0.015 strain. For hot – rolled high yield steel, the plastic
range extends to 0.005 strain when the curve rises again as a result of case hardening. Cold
worked high yield bars do not have a definite yield point. For practical purposes, BS 4461
defines the yield stress of such bars as the stress at 0.43 % strain; point P, in Figure 3.2-1 (a).

For design purposes, BS8110 idealizes the stress / strain curves for reinforcement to that shown
in Figure 3.2- 1 (b) which applies to both tension and compression. The partial safety factor γ m
for the ultimate limit state is taken as 1.15. Therefore the design strengths in tension and
compression are fy/1.15 = 0.87fy. The design yield strains are the strains at 0.87 fy: For Young
modulus Es = 200 kN/mm2, the strains are hence calculated as:

0.87 (460)
For fy = 460 N/mm2, the design yield strain ε u=¿ 0.87fy/ Es = = 0.002 and
200(1000)

0.87(250)
For fy = 250 N/mm2, the design yield strain ε u=¿ 0.87fy/ Es = = 0.0011.
200(1000)

CONCRETE

Typical stress/strain characteristic curves of concrete are shown in Figure 3.2-2:

Page 3 of 48
Stress (N/mm2)

50

30 B

10 Visible cracking at 0.0035 strain

Strain

0.001 0.003 0.005

(a) Actual stress/strain curves

Stress (N/mm2)

Initial slope = 5.5

√ f cu
γm
kN/mm2

f cu
0.67
γm

√
f cu
ε 0= γ m
4100

Parabolic curve

strain

ε0 ε u=0.0035

Page 4 of 48
(b) Design stress/strain curves (BS 8110)

Figure 3.2-2: Stress/ strain curves for concrete in compression

The exact shape of stress/strain curves for short term loading is dependent on the strength of the
concrete. Within the range of concrete mixes used in practical design, the following statements
may be made:

1 Up to about 50 % of the max. stress, the stress/strain curve may be approximated

by a straight line,
2 The pick stress is reached at a strain of about 0.002
3 Visible cracking and disintegration of the concrete does not occur until the strain
reaches about 0.0035

For design purposes, BS 8110 uses the idealized curve in Figure 3.2-2 (b).

3.3 Design of axially loaded short columns (BS 8110)

A short column is one in which the length is not more than 15 times the minimum lateral
dimension.

The design of an RC short column is based on the empirical equation:

f cu fy
Ultimate load N=0.67 A c + A sc 3.4−1
γm γm

Equation 3.4 -1 is modified by introduction of material safety factors γ m

For steel γ m=1.15 , and for concrete γ m=1.5

The equation then becomes:

Ultimate load N=0.45 f cu A c +0.87 f y A sc 3.4−2

To allow for construction tolerances, BS8110 further limits the load to 90%:

Therefore, in design, the ultimate load

Ultimate load N=0 . 4 f cu A c + 0 .75 f y A sc 3 . 4−3

Where fcu = the characteristic strength of the concrete,

fy = the characteristic strength of the reinforcement,

Ac = the nominal area of the concrete section,

Page 5 of 48
 Asc = the area of the longitudinal reinforcement.

3.4 Design details (BS 8110)

Limits for main reinforcement (BS 8110: clauses 3.12.5 and 3.12.6)

(a) The total area of longitudinal bars Asc ≥ 0.4 % cross sectional area of the column,
(b) The total area of longitudinal bars Asc should not exceed 6 % of the cross sectional area of
the vertically cast column and 8 % of that of a horizontally cast column except at laps
where the limit is 10 % for both cases,

Good engineering practice:

(c) A minimum of 4 no. longitudinal bars to be used for a rectangular column,

(d) A minimum of 6 no. longitudinal bars to be used for a circular column

I.Struct. E. Manual

(e) Longitudinal bars should not be smaller than size 12 mm

(f) Longitudinal bars spacing should not exceed 250 mm.

Lateral ties (also called links or stirrups) (BS 8110: cl. 3.12.7)

(a) All longitudinal bars should be enclosed by links which should be so arranged that every
corner and alternate bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a link having
an included angle of not more than 135o. No bar shall be further than 150 mm from a bar
restrained by a link,
(b) Link size: not less than (¼)(the size of the largest longitudinal bar size),
(c) Link spacing: should not exceed (12)(the size of the smallest bar),

I.Struct. E. Manual

(d) Link spacing: should not exceed the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the col.

Good engineering practice

(d) Minimum size for column link: 8 mm

1.6 Fire resistance

Fire resistance of a column depends on its minimum dimension and the concrete cover.

Table 3.4 -1: Fire resistance requirements for columns

Fire rating Minimum dimension (mm) Concrete cover to MAIN reinforcement

(hours) Fully 50 % (mm)

Page 6 of 48
 exposed exposed
1 200 160 25
2 300 200 35
3 400 300 35
4 450 350 35
(BS 8110: cl. 3.3.6)

Fire requirements: Kenya Building code - By law 87

Table 3.4 -2: Durability requirements (BS 8110: cl. 3.3.3)

Exposure conditions Nominal cover (mm)

Mild 25 20 20 20
Moderate - 35 30 20
Severe - - 40 25
Very severe - - 50 30

Maximum free w/c ratio 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.45

Minimum cement content (kg/m3) 275 300 325 400
Concrete f cu (N/mm2) 30 35 40 50

Table 3.4-3: Classification of exposure conditions

Environmen Exposure conditions

t
Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions.
Moderate Exposed concrete surfaces but sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet,
Concrete surfaces continuously under non-aggressive water,
Concrete in contact with non-aggressive soil (sulfate class 1 of Table 7a in BS 5328- 1:
1997),
Concrete subject to condensation.
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or occasional
freezing or severe condensation.
Very severe Concrete surfaces occasionally exposed to sea water spray or de-icing salts (directly or
indirectly),
Concrete in sea water tidal zone down to 1 m below lowest low water.
Abrasivea Concrete surfaces exposed to abrasive action, e.g. machinery, metal tyred vehicles or
water carrying solids.
Note 1 For aggressive soil and water conditions see 5.3.4 of BS 5528 _1:1997
Note 2 For marine conditions see also BS 6349
a
For flooring see BS 8204

DESIGN TABLES

Table A1: Areas of groups of reinforcement bars (mm2)

Page 7 of 48
 Bar Number of bars
size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(mm
)
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 120 1407 160 1809 2011
6 8
20 314 628 942 125 1571 188 2199 251 2827 3142
7 5 3
25 491 982 1473 196 2454 294 3436 392 4418 4909
3 5 7
32 804 160 2412 321 4021 482 5629 643 7237 8042
8 6 5 3
40 1256 251 3769 502 6283 753 8796 105 11310 12570
3 6 9 0

Table A2: Reinforcement - bar areas (mm2) per metre width for various bar spacings

Bar Bar spacing (mm)

Size 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
(mm
)
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377
16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 - 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 - - 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189

Table A3: Design concrete shear stress vc – for fcu≥ 40 N /mm 2 (BS 8110: clause 3.4.5.4)

100 A s Effective depth d (mm)

bv d 150 175 200 225 250 300 ≥400
≤ 0.15 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.40
0.25 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.47
0.50 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.59
0.75 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.72 0.67
1.00 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.74
1.50 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.84
2.00 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.94
≥ 3.00 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.07

Page 8 of 48
Example 1

Calculate the ultimate axial load of a 300 mm square column section having six size 20 bars

fcu = 40 N/mm2, and fy = 460 N/mm2.

Model solution

Using eqn. (3.4-3)

Axialload N =0.4 f cu Ac +0.75 f y A sc

¿ ( 0.4 )( 40 ) ( 3002−1885 )+ 0.75 ( 460 ) (1885)

¿ 1409840+650325

¿ 2060.2 kN

6 No. 20 mm dia. bars

300 mm 8 mm links @ 225 mm ctrs

300 mm

However ,∈ practice , N =( 0.4 )( 40 ) ( 3002 ) +0.75 ( 460 ) (1885)

¿ 1440+650.325

¿ 2090 kN

Example 2

Design a short, braced reinforced concrete column for an ultimate axial load of 2000 kN. Given
fcu = 40 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.

Model solution

Design equation :

Axialload N =0.4 f cu + A c + 0.75 f y A sc

Assume a 2 % steel ratio , i. e .

Page 9 of 48
A sc=0.02 A c , say

Therefore

( 200 ) ( 103 ) =( 0.4 ) (40) A c+ (0.75) (460) (0.02 Ac ¿

( 200 ) ( 103 ) =16 A c +6.9 A c

( 200 ) ( 103 ) =22.9 A c

2
therefore A c =87,336 mm
2 2
Use a 300 mm sq . column , area=90000 mm > 87,336 mm

Therefore Section¿ ¿

If a 300 mm sq . section satisfiesthe fireresistance ∧architectural requirements ,

¿ is only necessary ¿ calculate A sc ¿ the design equation :

( 2000 ) ( 103 ) =( 0.4 )( 40 ) ( 3002 ) + (0.75) (460) A sc

2
A sc=1623 mm

The area of 6 mm bars=1885 mm 2

Adopt the following values :

i ¿ col. ¿ 300 ×300 mm

ii ¿ main bars : 6 No .20 mm dia .bars ,

iii ¿ links : 8 mm dia . @225 ctrs

iv ¿ Nominal cover :30 mm ¿ links

6 No. 20 mm dia. bars

300 mm 8 mm links @ 225 mm ctrs

300 mm

Page 10 of 48
 Column section

4 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS – THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Page 11 of 48
4.2 A general theory for ultimate flexural strengths

BS 8110 design method

Assumptions made:

(a) The strains in the concrete and the reinforcing steel are directly proportional to the
distances from the neutral axis; at the neutral axis, the strain is zero.
(b) The ultimate limit state of collapse is reached when the concrete strain at the extreme
compression fibre reaches a specified value ε cu
(c) At failure, the distribution of concrete compressive stresses is defined by an idealized
stress/strain curve
(d) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored
(e) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from the appropriate stress/strain curve.

¿ Figure 4.2−1(a):

(i) A s=area of longitudinal tension reinforcement ,

(ii) A's=area of longitudinal compression reinforcement

¿ similarity ∈Fig .4 .2−1(b):

εs ε cu
(i) =
d−x x

d−x
¿ which strain∈tension steel ε s= ε (4.2−1)
x cu

ε cu k 1 f cu

d
'
' k2 χ
As '
ε s
Compression C

'
x−d x

N A

d d− x
Steel Tension
As
As f s
Cross-section εs Stresses and forces

(a) (b) Strains (c)

Page 12 of 48
 Fig. 4.2-1: Strain and stresses distribution at failure
'
εs ε cu
( ii ) '
=
x −d x
'
' x−d
¿ which strain∈compression steel ε s= ε cu (4.2−2)
x

Definitions :

average compressive stress

( i ) k 1=
characteristic concrete strenth ( f cu )

∴ Average compressive stress=k 1 f cu

Depth of the centroid of the stress block

(ii) k 2=
Neutral axis depth(x)

∴ Depth of thecentroid of the stress block=k 2 x

Forces on the beam section:

( i ) Concrete compression C=( k 1 f cu ) bx

(ii)Concrete tension=ignored
' '
(iii) Reinforcement compression= A s f s

(iv)Reinforcement tension=A s f s

For equilibrium:

( k 1 f cu ) bx + A's f 's= A s f s

∴ k 1 f cu bx= A s f s− A's f 's (4.2−3)

Solution for equation ( 4.2−3 ) for x :

A value of x is assumed and the steel strains are then determined from equations (4.2-1) and
(4.2-2). The strains so obtained are used ¿ obtain the stresses f s∧f 's ¿

the appropriate stress versus strain curve.

If eqn. (4.2−3) is not satisfied, an adjustment is made to x by inspection and the procedure
repeated (several times) until eqn.(4.2−3) is sufficiently closely satisfied.

Page 13 of 48
Taking moments about the level of tension reinforcement:

Ultimate moment of resistance of the beam

M u=¿

By taking moments about the centroid of the concrete stress block

' ' '
M u= A s f s ( d −k 2 x ) + A s f s (k 2 x−d )(4.2−5)

The Mu values from these equations are equal.

Special case: As only

In the particular case of a singly reinforced beam, i.e. a beam with no compression
reinforcement, eqn. (4.2−3) becomes:

k 1 f cu bx= A s f s

¿ which

k 1 f cu b
f s= x (4.2−6)
As

Recall eqn . ( 4.2−1 ) :

d−x
ε s= ε
x cu

∴ xεs=d ε cu−x ε cu

ℜ−arranging :

xε s+ x ε cu=d ε cu

∴ x ( ε s +ε cu )=d ε cu

d ε cu
∴ x= (4.2−7)
( ε s + ε cu )
Putting eqn ( 4.2−7 ) ∈eqn ( 4.2−6 ) :

k 1 f cu b ε cu
f s= d
A s ( ε s +ε cu )

Page 14 of 48
 k 1 f cu ε cu
f s=
A s ( ε s+ ε cu )
bd

k 1 f cu ε cu
f s= (4.2−8)
ρ ( ε s+ ε cu )

As
where ρ= =steel ratio
bd

¿ the beam at theultimate limit state of collapse , the values of f s∧ε s must satisfy eqn .

( 4.2−8 ) ; they must also satisfy the stress V s strain curve for the steel ; illustrated ∈¿

Fig . 4.2−2:

Assume a value of x ,take ε cu=0.0035 ,d =effective depth. Then , calculate ε s ¿ eqn ( 4.2−1 ) .

Obtain f s graphically , ¿ stress V s strain curve Fig .4 .2−2.

f s can also be obtained ¿ eqn ( 4.2−8 ) by substituting the known values :

ε s value obtained ¿ eqn ( 4.2−1 ) , ε cu=0.0035∧known values of

k 1 , ρ∧f cu .

fs
Eqn 4.2-8

Stress/strain curve

εs

Fig. 4.2-2: Graphical solution for stress and strain at failure

The two values of f s should , numerically , be the same .

Page 15 of 48
If the values differ , x should be adjusted , by inspection , until there is a close balance ;

w h ence t h e ultimate moment of resistance :

M u= A s f s ( d −k 2 x ) { 4.2−8 ( i ) }

Recall eqn(4.2−6):

k 1 f cu b
f s= x
As

As f s
∴ x= { 4.2−8(ii) }
k 1 f cu b

Putting eqn { 4.2−8(ii) } into { 4.2−8 ( i ) } :

(
M u= A s f s d−k 2
As f s
k 1 f cu b )
(
M u= A s f s 1−ρ
k2 f s
)
k 1 f cu
d (4.2−9)

For a particular section ,quantities ∈t h e RHS of eqn ( 4.2−9 ) are known .

¿ eqn ( 4.2−9 ) , t h e lever arm for t h e moment = 1−ρ

( k2 f s
)
k 1 f cu
d,

( 1−ρ
k2 f s
)d

( )
lever arm k 1 f cu k2 f s
lever arm factor= = = 1− ρ
effective dept h d k 1 f cu

x
Similary , neutral axis factor = 4.3 Beams with reinforcement having a definite yield
d
point
b
ε c < ε cu ε c =ε cu

Page 16 of 48

ε s=ε y
 As

ε s >ε y

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.: 4.3-1: Strains at failure for an under reinforced singly reinforced beam

Fig. 4.3-1 (a) is a section of a beam with reinforcement bars such as mild steel or hot rolled high
yield steel which have a definite yield point s f y.

Under-reinforced section

As
If the steel ratio ρ= is below a certain value, it will be found that as the bending moment is
bd
increased, the steel strain ε sreaches the yield value ε y while the concrete strainε c is still below
the ultimate value ε cu: Fig.: 4.3-1(b). Such a beam is said to be under reinforced. In an under-
reinforced beam, the steel yields before the concrete crushes in compression. At collapse, the
strain distribution is as shown in Fig. 4.3-1 (c). The ultimate resistance moment of an under-
reinforced section is given by the eqn (4.2-9) with fs replaced by fy:

(
i .e . M u= A s f y 1−ρ
k2 f y
k 1 f cu)d (4.3−1)

Over-reinforced section

As
If the steel ratio ρ= is above a certain value, the concrete strain will reach the ultimate value
bd
ε cu before the steel strain reaches the yield value ε y, and the strain distribution at collapse is as shown in
Fig. 4.3-2

ε c =ε cu

Page 17 of 48
 ε s <ε yFig. 4.3-2: Strains at failure for an over- reinforced
beam

Such a section is said to be over-reinforced.

Recall eqn (4.2-6):

k 1 f cu b
f s= x
As

Dividing both numerator and denominator by (bd ):

bx
k 1 f cu
bd k 1 f cu x
f s= = .
As ρ d
bd

As
where ρ= =steel ratio
bd

Sincethe steel stressis below the yield point , f s =Es ε s ,

k 1 f cu x
Then ε s= . (4.3−2)
ρ Es d

From eqn (4.2-7):

x ε cu
= { 4.3−2(i) }
d ( ε s + ε cu )

Putting { 4.3−2 }in { 4.3−2(i) }

x ε cu
=

( () )
d k 1 f cu x
+ ε cu
ρ Es d

or

()()
k 1 f cu x 2 x
∴ + ε −ε =0(4.3−3)
ρ Es d d cu cu

Page 18 of 48
Eqn. (4.3−3) is a quadratic eqn in ( dx ) and can be solved for Neutral axis factor since all
other quantities are known.

The ultimate moment of resistance of the over-reinforced beam may then be obtained by
taking moments about the tension reinforcement:

M u=k 1 f cu bx ( d−k 2 x ) (4.3-4)

Balanced section

A section is said to be balanced if the concrete strain reaches ε cu simultaneously as the steel
reaches ε y. The strain distribution is shown in Fig. 4.3-3:
ε cu

d− x

εy

Page 19 of 48
Fig. 4.3-3: strains at failure for a balanced section

The neutral axis depth factor ( dx ) of a balanced section has a unique value which is given by
eqn (4.2−7) with ε s replaced by ε y :

x ε cu
= (for a balanced section)(4.3−5)
d ( ε cu + ε y )

The steel ratio also has a unique value given by eqn ( 4.2−8 ) with f s replaced by f y and ε s by ε y:

k 1 f cu ε cu
ρ= ( for a balanced section ) (4.3−6)
f y ( ε y + ε cu )

1 (
M u= A s f y 1−ρ
k2 f y
k 1 f cu )
d ( givenby eqn( 4.3−1) )

Where ρ is given by eqn( 4.3−6 ) i . e .

k 1 f cu ε cu
ρ= or
f y ( ε y + ε cu )

2 M u=k 1 f cu bx ( d−k 2 x ) ¿ eqn 4.3−4

Where x satisfies eqn (4.3−5).

4.4 Characteristics of proposed stress blocks:

BS 8110 stress block (derived from Fig. 3.2-2 (b))

0.45 f cu
ε cu=0.0035
k 1 f cu

k2x

x
centroid ( √ f cu )
ε 0=
500
parabolic ε0
x 0= x
ε cu

Page 20 of 48
 (a) stress block (b) strain distribution

Fig. 4.4-3: Design stress block for ultimate limit state (BS 8110)

Fig. 4.4-3 (a) Shows the idealized stress block adopted in BS 8110 for ultimate strength
calculations in design. BS 8110 further assumes thatε cu=0.0035 . Values of k 1and k 2 are obtained
from Fig. 4.4-4 or calculated from the eqns.:

1 k 1=0.45 1− [ √ f cu
52.5 ]
[ ]
2
√f
2− cu +2
17.5
2 k 2=

[
4 3−
√ f cu
17.5 ]
Derivations of the above eqns:

BEAM DESIGN _VALUES OF k1 AND k2

Properties of a parabola

3
y x
8

Parabola

G1

1
G2 y
4

Figure 1: Areas bounded by a parabola and axes

Page 21 of 48
 Equation of a parabola:
2
y=m x 1.1

2
Shaded area (centroid G1 )= xy
3

1
Blank area(centroid G2)= xy
3

Constant k1

Area of stress block of Figure 4.4.3

1
k 1 f cu x=0.45 f cu x− x 0 (0.45 f cu )
3

1 ε0
¿ 0.45 f cu x− x (0.45 f cu )
3 ε cu

1 1 √ f cu
¿ 0.45 f cu x− x ( 0.45 f cu )
3 ε cu 5000

¿ 0.45 f cu x−
1 1 √ f cu x (0.45 f )
cu
3 0.0035 5000

∴ constant k 1=0.45 1− [ √ f cu
52.5 ] 1.2

Constant k2

Taking moments about the top of the block:

x x
( Areaof block ) . k 2 x=0.45 f cu x −0.45 f cu x 0 (x− 0 )
2 4

x 0.45 x0
0.45 f cu x − f cu x 0 (x− )
2 3 4
∴ k2 x =
0.45
0.45 f cu x− f x
3 cu 0

¿
x ()
x 1
− x0 x−
2 3
x0
4 ( ) ε0
( i ) ¿ Figure 4.4−3 , x 0= ε x ( ii )Putting (ii) in (i):
1 cu
x− x 0
3

Page 22 of 48
∴ k2 x =
x () x 1 ε0
−
2 3 ε cu
x x−
(
1 ε0
4 ε cu
x
)
1 ε0
x− x
3 ε cu

∴k x=2
( )
x 1
−
2 3ε ( x−
4ε )
1
x
ε0
cu
ε0
cu

1 ε0
1−
3 ε cu

()1 1 ε0
− 1−
1 ε0
( )
∴ k 2=
2 3 ε cu

1−
4 ε cu
1 ε0
(iii) But
ε0
=( )( ) ( )(
√ f cu
ε cu 5000
1
ε cu
=
√ f cu
5000
1
) √f
= cu (iv)
0.0035 17.5
3 ε cu

putting ( iv )∈ ( iii ) :

∴ k 2=
1 1 √ f cu
()−
2 3 17.5
1− (
1 √ f cu
4 17.5 )
1 √ f cu
1−
3 17.5

1 1 √ f cu 1 1 √ f cu
( )
2

¿
()
− +
2 3 17.5 3 4 17.5
1
3
3−(√ f cu
17.5 )
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by (3) (4):

1 √ f cu 1 1 √ f cu
( )
2

k 2=
()1
2
(3 )( 4 ) −( 3 ) ( 4 )
3 17.5
+(3)(4 )
3 4 17.5

(3)(4)
1
3
3−(√ f cu
17.5 )
( )
√ f cu + √ f cu
2

6−( 2 ) ( 2 )
17.5 17.5
k 2=
(4) 3− ( √ ) f cu
17.5

Page 23 of 48
 ( )
√ f cu + √ f cu
2

4−( 2 ) ( 2 ) +2
17.5 17.5
¿
(4) 3− ( √ ) f cu
17.5

[ ]
2
√f
2− cu +2
17.5
∴ k 2= (1.3)
4 [ √f
3− cu
17.5 ]
Alternatively, constants k1 and k2 may be obtained from Figure 4.4-4

BS 8110 Simplified rectangular stress block

As an alternative to the stress block in Fig 4.4-3, BS 8110 states that the moment of resistance
may be determined from a simplified rectangular stress block shown in Fig. 4.4-5:

0.45 f cu ( k 1=0.405 )
ε cu=0.0035

0.45
Page 24x of 48

k 2=0.45
0.9 x
Fig. 4.4-5: Simplified design stress block for ultimate limit state (BS 8110)

For BS 8110 rectangular block,

k 1 f cu bx=( 0.45 f cu ) ( b )( 0.9 x )=0.405 f cu bx

i .e k 1=0.405 , clearly k 2=0.45

4.5 BS 8110 design charts – their construction and use

In British practice:
ε cu=0.0035 , k 1∧k 2 are taken as those associated with the stress block Fig .4 .4−3

or Fig. 4.4-5. With the partial factor γ mtaken as 1.15, the design stress/strain curves are then as

shown in Fig. 4.5-1.

In section, 4.3, the balance steel ratio was given in eqn (4.3-6)

k 1 f cu ε cu
ρ= ( for a balanced section )
f y ( ε y + ε cu )

In design

k 1 f cu ε cu k 1 f cu 0.0035
ρbalanced = = ( 4.5−1)
f y ( ε y + ε cu ) 0.87 f y ( 0.0035+ ε y )

0.87 f y 2
where ε y =design yield strain= ∧E s=200 kN /mm
Es

Example :
2 2
suppose f cu =40 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm

From Fig.4.4-4

Page 25 of 48
k 1=0.396

∴ k 1 f cu =( 0.396 )( 40 )=15.84 N /mm2

2
0.87 f y =( 0.87 ) ( 460 )=400 N /mm

0.87 f y 400
ε y= = 3
=0.002
Es 200 ( 10 )

k 1 f cu 0.0035 15.84 0.0035

ρbalanced = = =0.0252=2.52 %
0.87 f y ( 0.0035+ ε y ) 400 ( 0.0035+0.002 )

For ρ below the balanced value, the beam is under-reinforced, and the ultimate moment of
resistance is given by eqn 4.3-1:

M u= A s ( 0.87 f y ) 1−ρ
( k 1 f cu )
k 2 0.87 f y
d

Dividing both sides of the eqn by( b d 2) ,we obtain:

Mu
bd
2
=
As
bd
2 (
( 0.87 f y ) 1− ρ k
k 0.87 f y
2

1 f cu
d
)
Mu
bd
2 (
=( 0.87 f y ) ρ 1−
k 2 0.87 f y
k 1 f cu )ρ (4.5−2)

Where k 1∧k 2 are given∈ Fig 4.4−4∨calculated .

Page 26 of 48
Thus ( )
Mu
bd
2 values can be computed for various values of the steel ratio ρ , up to the balanced

value given by eqn 4.5-1. For the particular case of f cu=40 N /mm2 and
2
f y =460 N /mm , ρ balanced=2.52%

Exercise.

Mu
Using eqn. (4.5-2) plot 2 values against steel ratio values for
bd
2 2
ρ=0.5 % , 1 % , 1.5 % , 2.0 % ,2.5 % : f cu =40 N /mm and f y =460 N /mm

Solution.

Mu
bd
2 (
=( 0.87 f y ) ρ 1−
k 2 0.87 f y
k 1 f cu
ρ
)
Page 27 of 48
k 1 f cu=( 0.396 ) ( 40 )=15.84 , k 2=0.444

ρ=0.5 % :

Mu
2
=¿
bd

ρ=1% :

Mu
2
=¿
bd

ρ=1.5 % :

Mu
2
=¿
bd

ρ=2 % :

Mu
2
=¿
bd

ρ=2.5 %:

Mu
2
=¿
bd

For ρ exceeding the balanced value, the beam is over- reinforced and eqn (4.3-4) applies:

M u=k 1 f cu bx ( d−k 2 x )

i.e.
Mu
bd 2
=k 1 f cu ( dx )[ 1−k ( dx )] ( 4.5−3 )
2

where k 1 ∧k 2 values are given∈ Fig 4.4−4∧the neutral axis factor ( dx ) is

givenby eqn ( 4.3−3 ) :

() ()
k 1 f cu x 2 x
+0.0035 −0.0035=0 ( 4.5−4 )
ρ Es d d

In which E s=200 kN /mm2

Page 28 of 48
Exercise.

Using eqns : ( 4.5−3 )∧ ( 4.5−4 ) plot

( )
Mu
bd
2
values against ρ values for :

2 2
ρ=2.6 % , 3 % ,3.5 % .: f cu =40 kN /mm , f y =460 N /mm

Solution :

( i ) Steel ratio ρ=2.6 % :

() ()
2
15.84 x x
+ 0.0035 −0.0035=0
( 0.026 ) ( 200 ) ( 1000 ) d d

() ()
2
x x
+1.15 −1.15=0
d d

x −1.15 ± √ 1.152 −( 4 )(−1.15 )

∴ =
d 2

x
=−0.575 ±1.2168
d

x
=0.6418
d

Mu
∴ 2
=15.84 ( 0.6418 ) [ 1−0.444 ( 0.6418 ) ]
bd

Mu
∴ 2
=7.3
bd

( ii ) Steel ratio ρ=3 % :

() ()
2
15.84 x x
+0.0035 −0.0035=0
( 0.03 ) ( 200 ) (1000 ) d d

() ()
2
x x
0.00264 +0.0035 −0.0035=0
d d

() ()
2
x x
+1.326 −1.326=0
d d

x −1.326 ± √ 1.326 2−( 4 ) (−1.326 )

∴ =
d 2

Page 29 of 48
 x
∴ =0.666
d

Mu
∴ 2
=15.84 ( 0.666 ) [ 1−0.444 ( 0.666 ) ]
bd

Mu
∴ 2
=7.43
bd

( iii ) Steel ratio ρ=3.5 % :

() ()
2
15.84 x x
+0.0035 −0.0035=0
( 0.035 ) ( 200 ) (1000 ) d d

() ()
2
x x
+1.55 −1.55=0
d d

x −1.55 ± √ 1.55 −( 4 ) (−1.55 )

2
=
d 2

x
=0.691
d

Mu
∴ 2
=15.84 ( 0.691 ) [ 1−0.444 ( 0.691 ) ]
bd

Mu
∴ 2
=7.589
bd

Summary

ρ% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.52 2.6 3.0 3.5

Mu 0 1.88 3.5513 4.991 6.2 7.197 7.23 7.3 7.43 7.589
bd
2 9 1 4
Mu ' As
'
Plotting 2 against ρ , gives Fig 4.5-2: curve ρ = =0
bd bd

Page 30 of 48
 8 '
' As
7 ρ = =0
bd
6
5
M/bd2 (N/mm2)
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Percentage steel ratio  =100As/(bd)

Fig.4.5-2:beam design chart- ultimate limit state (class excerise)

Fig.4.5-2:beam design chart- ultimate limit state (BS 8110)

Example 4.5-3

Page 31 of 48
The design ultimate moment for a beam width 250 mm and effective depth 700 mm is 300 kNm .
2 2
If f cu=40 N /mm and f y =460 N /mm , design the reinforcement using design chart Fig. 4.5-
2.

Model solution
6
M (300 )( 10 )
2
= =2. 45 N /mm2
b d ( 250 ) ( 700 ) 2

From design chart ( Figure 4.5−2 ), ρ=0.68 % ,

As
∴ Steel ratio ρ= ( 100 ) =0.68 %
bd

As
∴ (100 )=0.68
( 250 )( 700 )
2
A s=1190mm

Provide 4Y20 ( A s=1257 mm )

2

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

This is a beam having both tension reinforcement A s and compressive reinforcement A's. The
trial and error procedure in section 4.2 may be used. A trial neutral axis depth is first assumed
and the steel strains ε s and ε 's in the tension and compression reinforcement, respectively, are
then worked out from the compatibility eqns ( 4.2−1 )and ( 4.2−2 ):

d−x
ε s= ( 0.0035 ) (4.5−5)
x
'
' x−d (
ε s= 0.0035 ) (4.5−6)
x

where d=effective depth∧¿

'
d =depth¿ the centroid of the compressive reinforcement ( Fig .4 .2−1)
'
T h e steel stresses f s ∧f s are next obtained ¿ t h e appropriate stress V s strain curve

¿ Fig . 4.5−1. The equilibrium condition (eqn 4.2−3)is then checked:

' '
k 1 f cu bx= A s f s− A s f s

i .e .

Page 32 of 48
k 1 f cu ( dx )= ρ f −ρ f ( 4.5−7)
s
' '
s

A s ' A's
Where ρ= , ρ= and k 1 is read off ¿ Fig 4.4−4.
bd bd

If equation 4.5-7 is not satisfied, the trial value of x is increased or decreased by inspection and
the process repeated until it is reasonably well satisfied. The ultimate moment of resistance of the
doubly reinforced beam is then given by equation 4.2-5:
' ' '
M u= A s f s ( d −k 2 x ) + A s f s (k 2 x−d )

i.e.

[ ( )]
'
Mu As x As '
f s [ k 2 x−d ]
'
2
= f s d 1−k 2 +
b d bd . d d bd . d

Mu As
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
A 's ' '
x x d
= f s d 1−k 2 + f k −
2
b d bd . d d bd s 2 d d

Mu
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
'
x ' ' x d
2
=ρ f s 1−k 2 + ρ f s k2 − (4.5−8)
bd d d d

[ ( )]
'
d
Thus for a specified value of ρ' and a given combination of f cu , f y ∧ values, the curves of
d

( ) Mu
bd
2 against ρ may be constructed. Figure 4.5-2 shows a set of such curves for f cu=40 N /mm2,

( )
'
2 d
f y =460 N /mm and =0.15 .
d

BS 8110 gives a comprehensive set of design charts covering different combinations of

[ ( )] values.
'
d
f cu , f y ∧
d

Example 4.5-1

With reference to the BS 8110 design chart in Fig 4.5-2, verify the ( ) M
bd
2 value for a beam

( ) ( ) ( )
'
As ' As 2 2 d
'
with ρ ¿ =3 % and ρ ¿ =1 % for f cu=40 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm and =0.15 .
bd bd d

Page 33 of 48
Soln.

Try ( dx )=0.7.
From equations (4.5-5) and (4.5-6):

x
1−
d 1−0.7
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 )=0.0015(¿ eqn 4.5−5)
x 0.7
d
'
x d
−
' d d 0.7−0.15
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 )=0.00275 (¿ eqn 4.5−6)
x 0.7
d

From fig. 4.5-1:

For the curve of f y =460 N /mm 2 :

2
1 ¿ For ε s=0.0015 corresponding steel stress f s =300 N /mm

2) For ε 's=0.00275 corresponding steel stress f 's=400 N /mm2

Substituting in eqn (4.5−7) (with k1 from Figure 4.4- 4)

k 1 f cu ( dx )= ρ f −ρ f
s
' '
s

LHS= ( 0.396 ) ( 40 ) ( 0.7 )=11.09

RHS=( 0.03 )( 300 ) −( 0.01 ) ( 400 ) =9−4=5<11.09

∴ The assumed ( dx ) istoo high

Try ( dx )=0.4.
x
1−
d 1−0.4
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 )=0.00525
x 0.4
d

Page 34 of 48
 '
x d
−
' d d 0.4−0.15
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 )=0.0021875 N /mm2
x 0.4
d
2 ' 2
Whence the corresponding steel stress are : f s=400 N /mm , f s =400 N /mm

LHS of equation ( 4.5−7 )= ( 0.396 ) ( 40 ) ( 0.4 )=6.336

RHS=( 0.03 )( 400 )−( 0.01 ) ( 400 )=12−4=8>6.336

∴The assumed ( dx ) is too low. By inspection, the correct ( dx )value must be between 0.4 and 0.7.
Try ( dx )=0.5.
x
1−
d 1−0.5
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 ) =0.0035
x 0.5
d
'
x d
−
' d d 0.4−0.15
ε s= ( 0.0035 )= ( 0.0035 )=0.00245 N /mm2
x 0.4
d
2 ' 2
Whence f s=400 N /mm , f s=400 N /mm

LHS of equation ( 4.5−7 )= ( 0.396 ) ( 40 ) ( 0.5 ) =7.92 ≅ 8

RHS=( 0.03 )( 400 )−( 0.01 ) ( 400 )=12−4=8

Hence, ( dx )=0.5 is sufficiently accurate.

From equation (4.5-8)

Mu
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
'
x ' ' x d
2
=ρ f s 1−k 2 + ρ f s k2 −
bd d d d

Where k 2=0.444 from Figure 4.4-4.

Mu
∴ 2
=( 0.03 )( 400 ) [ 1−( 0.444 )( 0.5 ) ] + ( 0.01 ) ( 400 ) [ ( 0.444 )( 0.5 )−( 0.15 ) ]
bd

Page 35 of 48
Mu
2
=9.336+0.288=9.624 ≅ 9.6
bd

Mu
This agrees with 2 given by Figure 4.5-2
bd

Example 4.5-4

The design ultimate moment for a beam of width 250 mm and effective depth 700 mm is 900
kNm. If fcu = 40 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2, design the reinforcement.

Solution
6
M ( 900 ) 10
= =7.35 N /mm2
b d ( 250 ) ( 700 )
2 2

ρ=2.26 %

Fig. 4.5-2: Beam design chart – ultimate limit state (BS 8110)

If no compression steel is used, then the design chart shows that

100 A s
steel raio ρ= =2.9 % >2.52 % ( balanced value ) .
bd

Page 36 of 48
Over reinforced concrete sections fail in a brittle manner (without warning) and hence are not
considered good practice.

Therefore, use compression steel. Let compression steel ratio ρ' =0.5 % , say .

From Fig. 4.5-2:

()
100 A s ' x
ρ= =2.26 % , ρ =0.5 %∧ =0.45 <0.5
bd d
'
' 100 A s
Therefore ρ = =0.5 %
bd

0.5 ( 250 ) (700 )

¿ which A ' s= =875 mm2
100

∴Provide 2T25 top bars (982 mm2)

100 A s
ρ= =2.26 %
bd

2.26 ( 250 ) ( 700 )

¿ which A s= =3955 mm2
100

∴ Provide 5T32 bottom bars (4021 mm2)

2T25

Dim.: mm
d = 700

5T32

b =250

LIMIT ON LEVER ARM

Page 37 of 48
BS 8110: cl.3.4.4.1 states that the lever arm factor ( dz ) should not be taken as greater than 0.95 .
used. This restriction applies irrespective of whether the parabolic- rectangular stress block
Figure 4.4-3 or the simplified rectangular stress block Figure 4.4-5 is used.

EFFECTIVE SPAN (BS 8110)

(a) The effective span of a simply supported beam is the smaller of :

(i) The distance between the centres of support,
(ii) The clear distance between supports plus the effective depth.
(b) The effective span of a continuous beam is the distance between centres of support
(c) The effective length of a cantilever is:
(i) Its length to the face of the support plus half its effective depth ,
(ii) The length to centre of support (where it forms the end of a continuous beam).

4.6 Design formulae and procedure –BS 8110: simplified stress block

As an alternative to the parabolic- rectangular stress block of Fig, 4.4-3, BS 8110 permits design
calculations to be based on the simplified rectangular stress block of Figure 4.4-5.

4.6(a) Derivation of the design formulae

BS 8110 intends that, where the simplified stress block is used, ( dx )

max
should not exceed 0.5

(whence xmax =0.5 d ).

0.45 f cu
b

0.45 x
x 0.9 x C=0.405 f cu bx
d
N A
z=d −0.45 x
As
0.87 f y A s
(a ) x−section ( b ) Forces

Figure 4.6-1: Beam cross-section and forces

Consider the beam section shown in Figure 4.6-1(a):

The forces at ultimate limit state are shown in figure 4.6-1(b):

Page 38 of 48
Concrete compression C=( 0.45 f cu ) ( 0.9 x ) b

¿ 0.405 f cu bx (4.6−1)

Equating ¿ the steel tension :

0.405 f cu bx=0.87 f y A s

0.87 f y A s
∴ bx=
0.405 f cu

∴
bx 0.87 f y A s 1
=
bd 0.405 f cu bd ( )
x f y As
∴ =2.15 ( 4.6−2 )
d f cu bd

The moment M corresponding to the forces in Fig. 4.6-1(b) is concrete compression or steel
tension times the lever arm z:

Lever arm z=d−0.45 x ( 4.6−3 )

Using the concrete compression, say,

M =( 0.405 f cu bx ) ( d−0.45 x )

(
∴ M = 0.405
x
d ) ( x
f cu bd 1−0.45 d
d )
(
∴ M = 0.405
x
d )( x
)
1−0.45 f cu b d 2
d

∴ M =K f cu b d 2 ( 4.6−4 )

(
where K= 0.405
x
d)(
1−0.45
x
d )
M increases with increase of( dx ) and hence with A (eqn 4.6 - 2). In design, BS 8110 limits ( dx )
s

to not exceeding 0.5. When ( )=0.5 ,then , x=0.5 d .

x
d

Substituting for ( dx =0.5) in the step immediately leading to equation( 4.6−4):

Page 39 of 48
M =[ 0.405 ( 0.5 ) ][ 1−0.45 ( 0.5 ) ] f cu b d
2

2
M =0.156 f cu b d ( 4.6−5 )

Substituting for ( x=0.5 d ) in figure 4.6-1(b):

(i) 0.9 x=0.9 ( 0.5 d ) =0.45 d ,

(ii) 0.45 x=0.45 ( 0.5 d ) =0.225 d ,
(iii) 0.405 f cu bx=0.405 f cu b ( 0.5 d )=0.2025 f cu bd ,
(iv) z=d −0.45 x=d−0.45 ( 0.5 d )=0.775 d .

Illustration in figure 4.6-1 (c) below:

0.45 f cu

0.225 d
0.45 d C=0.2025 f cu bd

N A
z=0.775 d

Figure 4.6−1 ( c ) : Forces 0.87 f y A s

The moment M u which corresponds to these forces, represents the maximum moment capacity
of a singly reinforced beam.

From Figure 4.6-1(c):

2
M u=( 0.2025 f cu bd ) z=( 0.2025 f cu bd ) ( 0.775 d )=0.1569375 f cu b d

∴ M u =0.156 f cu b d 2

∴ M u =K ' f cu b d 2 ( 4.6−5 )
'
Where K =0.156

Doubly reinforced beam

Where the applied BM exceeds M u of equation( 4.6−5 ), the excess( M −M u ) is to be resisted by

using an area A's of compression reinforcement as shown in Figure (4.6 – 2) such that the neutral
axis depth remains at the maximum permitted value of ( 0.5 d ) .

Page 40 of 48
 '
0.87 f y A s 0.45 f
cu
b

' ' d
' 0.45 d
d As
C=0.2025 f cu bd

'
d d−d
z=0.775 d

As
0.87 f y A s
(a )
(b )

Figure (4.6 – 2): Doubly reinforced beam

Equating this additional resistance moment to the excess moment

0.87 f y A 's ( d−d ' ) =M −M u ( 4.6−6 )

∴ where M u =K ' f cu bd [ ¿ eqn . ( 4.6−5 ) ]

Equation ( 4.6−6 ) gives the required area of compression reinforcement A 's . An area A s of tension
steel reinforcement must then be provided to balance the total compressive force (in the concrete and the
compressive reinforcement); Figure (4.6 – 2)(b)

'
0.87 f y A s=0.2025 f cu bd +0.87 f y A s ( 4.6−7 )

Noting from equation( 4.6−5 ) that M u=( 0.2025 f cu bd ) z

Then ( Mz )=( 0.2025 f

u
cu bd ) and equation ( 4.6−7 ) can be re-written as

Mu '
0.87 f y A s= + 0.87 f y A s
z

Mu '
A s= + A s ( 4.6−8 )
0.87 f y ( z )

Where z=0.775 d [ ¿ Fig .6 .6−1(c ) ]and

M u=K f cu b d [ ¿ equation(4.6−5) ]
' 2

Page 41 of 48
Balanced section

In connection with the use of the simplified stress block, a balanced section is defined as a singly

reinforced section having such an area A s of the tension reinforcement that the
x
d()
ratio=0.5 Hence

from equation ( 4.6−2 ) ,

x f y As
=0.5=2.15
d f cu bd

fy
∴ 0.5=2.15 ρ
f cu

or

ρ ( balanced )=0.233
( )
f cu
fy
(4.6−9)

Where steel ratio ρ= ( )

As
bd

Example 4.6-1

Determine the limiting value of the neutral axis depth x for which tension reinforcement, of
2
f y =460 N /mm , will reach the design strength of 0.87 f y at the ultimate limit state.

Solution:

The strain distribution at the ultimate limit state is shown in the Fig. 4.6-3:
2
For f y =460 N /mm ,
2
design strength=0.87 f y =( 0.87 )( 460 )=400 N /mm

ε cu= 0.0035

d
N A

d− x
Page 42 of 48

ε
Fig. 4.6-3: strains at failure for a balanced section

' stress
Youn g s modulus Es =
strain
3 2
For steel , E s=( 200 ) 10 kN /mm

400
Strain ε s = =0.002
( 200 ) 103

From the geometry of Fig. 4.6-3:

0.0035 0.002
=
x d−x

0.0035 d−0.0035 x=0.002 x

0.0035 d=0.0055 x

x 0.0035
= =0.64
d 0.0055

Therefore, for ( dx ) value of 0.64 or less, tension reinforcement of f =460 N /mm will reach design
y
2

strength of 0.87 f y .

Example 4.6-2

The design formulae for doubly reinforced concrete beams (equations 4.6-6 to 4.6-8) assume that
the compression reinforcement reaches the design strength 0.87 f y at the ultimate limit state.

( ) ( )
' '
d d
Determine the limiting values of and ratios for this to be possible.
x d

Solution:

Equations (4.6-6) to (4.6-8) are based on the condition that ( dx )=0.5 ; i.e. the provision of the area A '
s

of compression steel to the balanced singly reinforced section is matched by the provision of an additional

Page 43 of 48
area A s (add )of tension reinforcement such that the tensile force 0.87 f y A s ( add ) is equal to the compressive

force 0.87 f y A 's, so that ( dx ) remains at 0.5.

0.0035

'
d
'
εs
d
x= x−d
'
2
d

εs

Fig. 4.6-4: Strains at ultimate limit state for a doubly reinforced beam

Fig.4.6-4 shows that for ( dx )=0.5 the strain ε in the compression reinforcement is
'
s

'
' x−d (
ε s= 0.0035 ) ( i )
x

When steel stress=0.87 f y ,

' 0.87 f y
Strain ε s = ( ii )
Es

Putting (ii) in (i)

0.87 f y x−d '

= ( 0.0035 )
Es x
2
where E s=200 kN /mm

0.87 f y x−d '

∴ = ( 0.0035 )
( 200 ) 103 x

Page 44 of 48
 248.57 f y x −d
'
∴ 3
=
( 200 ) 10 x

fy d
'
∴ =1−
800 x

d
'
fy
∴ =1− ( 4.6−10 )
x 800

Putting f y =460 N /mm2 in equation ( 4.6−10 )

'
d 460
=1− =0.425
x 800
'
d
∴ ≅ 0.43 ( i )
x

For the balanced condition of ( dx )=0.5 ,

x=0.5 d ( ii )

Putting (ii) in (i):

'
d
=0.43
0.5 d
'
d
=0.21
d

( ) ( )
' '
d d
Therefore, as long as does not exceed 0.21 i . e . does not exceed 0.43 the compression
d x
reinforcement can be assumed to reach the design strength of 0.87 f y .

( ) ( fy
)
'
d
Referring to the more general equation ( 4.6−10 ), if exceeds 1− , a reduced stress f 'y should
x 800
be used:

From Fig. 4.6-4,

'
' x−d (
ε s= 0.0035 )
x
' ' 2
But f s=E s ε s where E s=200 kN /mm ,

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 ( )
'
' 3 x −d
i .e . f s =( 200 ) 10 ( 0.0035 )
x

( )
'
' d
i .e . f s =700 1− ( 4.6−11)
x

4.6(b) Designing from first principles

Example 4.6-3

The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam is 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700 mm is
2 2
300 kNm. If f cu=40 N /mm and f y =460 N /mm , design the reinforcement, working from the first
principles.

Solution

Step (a)

Check concrete capacity M u:

From eqn. (4.6-5):

∴ M u =0.156 f cu b d 2

¿ ( 0.156 )( 40 ) (250 )( 700 ) ( 10−6 )

2

¿ 764.4 kNm >300 kNm .

S ince design moment M < M u , no compression steel isrequired .

Step (b):

Find lever arm z:

From Fig. 4.6-1 (b),

Concrete compression=0.405 f cu bx

Lever arm z=d−0.45 x

Hence

M =( 0.405 f cu bx ) ( d−0.45 x )

∴ ( 300 ) 10 6=[ 0.405 ( 40 )( 250 ) x ] ( 700−0.45 x )

∴ 1822.5 x 2−2835000 x +300 ( 106 ) =0

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∴ x2 −1556 x +164609.1=0

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
¿ which x=
2a

1556 ± √( 1556 ) −( 4 )( 1 ) ( 164609.1 )

2
x=
2

1556 ±1327.7
x=
2

x=1441.8 mm∨114.15 mm

∴ x=114.15 mm (1441.8 mm>700 mm )

Hence z=700−0.45 x

∴ z=700−0.45 ( 114.15 )

∴ z=648.7 mm
Step (c)

Find A s:

From Fig. 4.6-1 (b)

M =0.87 f y A s z

∴ ( 300 ) 10 6=0.87 ( 460 ) A s ( 648.7 )

∴ A s=1155mm2

∴ Provide 4 Y 20 ( A s=1257 mm 2) bottom steel .

Dim.: mm
d =700

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 4Y20

b =250

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