06-08, 6:37 PM

Chapter : Animal Kingdom

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION

Level of Organisation
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system
Level level Level Level
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Porifera Coelenterate Platy- Ascelminthes
Ctenophore -Helminthes To
i.e. Flame cells Chordata

On the basis of body organisation , animals are

Divided into
Protozoa Metazoa
~Protoplasmic grade ~Multicellular organisms
Eg: Protozoans With holozoic nutrition

Symmetry
• In Echinodermata , adult have radial symmetry but larvae
show biradial symmetry found in ctenophores , Sea
06-08, 6:37 PM

anemone

Asymmetric Radical symmetry Bilateral

The body is Any plane which Only one plane
Not divided Passes through Can divide body
Into 2 equal Central axis can Into 2 identical
Halves by Divide body into Halves
Plane 2 equal halves Eg: Platyhel-
Eg: Porifera -minthes to
Eg: Coelenterate , Chordata
Ctenophore , echinodermata
Echinodermata (Larvae)

Germinal layer
↓ ↓
Diploblastic Triploblastic
↓ ↓
~Body is originated from ~Body is originated
2 germ layer (ectoderm , From 3 germinal layer
Endoderm) b/w both ( Ecto , meso , endo )
Undifferentiated layer
06-08, 6:37 PM

Mesoglea Eg: Porifera Eg: Platyhelminth to

Coelenterata , Ctenophora Chordata

COELOM
~The space b/w the gut wall & the body wall is called body
cavity. Surrounded by mesodermal layer
called Coelom
↓ ↓ ↓
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
~No body cavity ~Body cavity not ~Body cavity
Platyhelminthes Lined by mesoderm Lined by
In the cavity , mesodermal
mesodermal pouch Layer
Is not ascelminthes Eg: Annelids
to
Arthropods

Coelomate
Schizocoelomate Enterocoelomate
~Coelom is produced ~Coelom is produced
By splitting of mesoderm By outgrowth of
Eg : annelida , arthropoda Mesoderm
06-08, 6:37 PM

Mallusca Eg : Echinodermata
Hemichordata , chordata

CIRCULATION TYPE
↓ ↓
Open Closed
Eg : Arthropoda , mollusca Eg : Annelida &
Echinodermata Chordata

DIGESTIVE TRACT
↓ ↓
Incomplete Complete
~They have single opening ~They have 2 separate
Which acts as both mouth Opening (mouth & anus
& Anus. They have a blind ~They have tube within
Sac body plan tube plan
~Eg : Coelentrata , ~ Eg : Ascelminthes to
Platyhelminthes , Chordata
Ctenophora

NOTOCHORD
↓ ↓
06-08, 6:37 PM

Non - chordata Chordata

↓ ↓
Have no notochord Have notochord
Eg : Porifera to
Echinodermata

FUTURE OF BLASTOPORE
~During embryonic development a cavity
ARCHENTERON is formed. Its opening is called
Blastopore. The archenteron form alimentary canal
So blastopore form mouth or anus
So , the basis of future of Blastopore
↓ ↓
Protostomes Deuterostomes
Blastopore from mouth Blastopore from anus
Eg: Annelida , arthropoda Eg: Echinodermata
Mollusca Hemichordata &
Chordata

SEGMENTATION
•True segmentation found in annelids , arthropods ,
chordates
06-08, 6:37 PM

• Adult humans , metamerism found in ribs , Vertebrae & in

embryo , muscle

~Figure :4.4 Broad Classification of kigdom animalia

based on common fundamental features

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

Phylum (PORIFERA)
Habitat - They are generally marine , some fresh water.
Multicellular
Canal system - Water enter through ostia into central
cavity (Spongocoel) & goes out through Osculum. Helpful
in food gathering , respiratory exchange & waste removal
Choanocytes/Collar cells (Flagellated) - line spongocoel
Digestion - Intracellular
Skeleton - Spicules & Sponging fibres
Reproduction - Hermaphrodite (bisexual) , asexually by
fragmentation
Fertilisation - Internal with indirect development (larvel
stage is found with morphologically dissimilar larvae)
Eg : Sycon(scypha) , Spongilla(fresh water sponge) ,
06-08, 6:37 PM

Euspongia(bath sponge)

Phylum (COELENTRATA)
(Cnidaria)
Habitat - Mostly marine , aquatic , sessile or free
swimming
Cnidoblasts/Cnidocytes - Contain stinging capsules/
nematocysts & present on tentacles & Used for
anchorage , defence , prey capturing
Body cavity - Have central gastrovascular cavity with
single opening ( hypostome )
Digestion - Both extra & intra cellular
Skeleton - Corals have calcium carbonate skeleton
Basic body forms - Polyp (sessile & cylindrical form of
hydra , adamsia ) & medusa ( Umbrella shaped & free
swimming like Aurelia/jelly fish )
Eg : Hydra , aurelia(jelly fish) , obelia ( seafur ) , physalia
(Portuguese man of war) , adamsia (Sea anemone) ,
Pennatula (Sea pen ) , Gorgonia (sea fan) , meardrina
(brain coral)
Alteration of generation (metagenesis) -
06-08, 6:37 PM

Asexually
Polyp→→→→Medusa
←←←←
Sexually
Eg : Obelia (Seafur) perform metagenesis

Phylum (CTENOPHORA)
Sea walnuts / Comb jellies
Habitat - Exclusively marine
Special organ - 8 external rows of ciliated comb plates
help in locomotion
Digestion - Both extra & intracellular
Special property - Bioluminescence (emits light)
Reproduction - Only sexual ( hermaphrodite )
Fertilisation - External with indirect development
Eg : pleurobrachia & ctenoplana

Phylum (PLATYHELMINTHES)
Flat worms
Habitat - mostly endoparasites (in animals)
Bosy shape - Dorsiventrally flattened
Special structure - Hooks & suckers are found for
06-08, 6:37 PM

support & absorption

Some absorb nutrients directly from surface of host
Excretory cells -flame cells helps in osmoregulation
Reproduction - Hermaphrodites
Fertilisation - Internal with indirect development ( many
larvel stages )
PLANARIA posses high regeneration capacity
Eg : Taenia (tape worm) , Fasciola (liver fluke) , planeria

Phylum (ASCHELMENTHIS)
Round worms
Body shape - Circular cross section
Habitat - free living , aquatic , terrestrial , parasite on
plants & animals
Digestive system - Complete with well develope
muscular pharynx
Excretion - A tube removes waste through excretory
pores
Reproduction - Unisexual/Dioecious (also show sexual
dimorphism - male smaller than female )
Fertilisation - Internal with direct or indirect development
Eg : ascaris (round worm) , wucheria (filarial worm)
06-08, 6:37 PM

Ancyclostoma (hookworm)

Phylum (ANNELIDA)
Body shape - marked out into metameres/segments
(latin , annulus : little ring)
Habitat - aquatic , terrestrial , free living , rearly parasite
Locomotory organs - Body walls has longitudinal &
circular muscles
Aquatic annelids like NEREIS posses lateral
appaendages, parapodia for swimming
Circulatory system - Closed
Excretory system - Nephridia helps in osmoregulation
Nervous system - Paired ganglia connected by lateral
nerves to a double ventral nerva cord
Reproduction - Some unisexual (NEREIS) , some bisexual
(EARTHWORM & LEECHES)
Eg : nereis , pheretima (earthworm) , Hirudinaria (blood
sucking leech)

Phylum (ARTHROPODA)
Jointed appendages
06-08, 6:37 PM

Largest phylum ( includes insects )

Segmentation - Present
Skeleton - Exoskeleton is of chitin
Body division - head , throx , abdomen
Locomotion - by jointed appendages
Respiration - by gills, book gills , book lungs , Tracheal
system
Circulatory system - Open
Sensory organs - antennae , compound & simple eye
Statocysts / balance organs are found
Excretion - through malphigian tobules
Reproduction - dioecious
Fertilisation - usually internal (oviparous) with direct or
indirect development
Eg :
Economically useful -
Apis (honeybee) , Bombyx (silkworm) , Laccifer (lac insect)
Vectors -
Anopheles , culex , aedes (MOSQUITOES)
Gregarious pest - locusta (locust)
Living fossil - limulus (king crab)
06-08, 6:37 PM

Phylum (MOLLUSCA)
2nd largest phylum
Habitat - terrestrial or aquatic (marine/fresh water)
Body division - Covered by calcareous shell & is
unsegmented with a distinct head , muscular foot ,
Visceral hump
Special structure - Soft & spongy layer of skin forms a
mantle over the visceral hump
Respiration & excretion - Space b/w hump & mantle
(Mantle cavity) have feature like gills which perform
respiration and excretion
Sense organ - anterior head has sensory tentacles
Feeding organ - mouth have file like rasping organ called
radula
Reproduction - Usually dioecious & oviparous with indirect
development
Eg : pila (apple snail) , pinctada (pearl oyster ) , sepia
(cuttlefish) , loligo (squid) , octopus (Devil fish) , aplysia
(sea hare) , dentalium (tusk shell) , Chaetuplurs (chiton)

Phylum (ECHINODERMATA)
Spiny bodied
Habitat - all marine
06-08, 6:37 PM

Endoskeleton - calcareous ossicles

Show retrogressive metamorphism (larvae is bilateral
symmetrical but adult is radial)
Digestive system - complete with mouth on ventral/
lower & anus on dorsal/upper side
Water vascular system - help in locomotion , capture &
transport of food , respiration
Excretory system - absent
Reproduction - dioecious
Fertilisation - usually external with indirect development
( free swimming larvae )
Eg : Asterias (Starfish) , echinus (Sea urchin) , antedon
(sea lily ) , cucumaria (sea cucumber) & Ophiura (brittle
star)

Phylum (HEMICHORDATA)
Earlier was considered as a sub-phylum under chordata
but now placed separately under non chordata.
Habitat - worm like marine organisms
Body shape & division - body is cylindrical & contains
Anterior proboscis , a collar & a long trunk
Proboscis gland is present
06-08, 6:37 PM

Circulatory system - Open

Respiration - by gills
Excretory organ - proboscis gland
Reproduction - dioecious animals
Fertilisation - External with indirect development
Eg : balanoglossus & Saccoglossus

Phylum (CHORDATA)
Characteristics features - notochord , doral hollow
nerve chord , paired pharyngeal gill slits , post anal tail ,
Closed circulatory system
It is divided into 3 sub-phyla Urochordata /
tunicata , Cephalochordata & Vertebrata

PROTOCHORDATES
Urochordata Cephalochordata
~Exclusively marine , ~Notochord extends
Notochord present From head to tail & is
Only in larvel tail Persistent throughout
Eg : ascidia , salpa Their life
Dollolum Eg : Branchiostoma
(Amphioxus or lancelet)
06-08, 6:37 PM

Vertabrata
The subphylum vertebrata is further divided as follows:

~ Table 4.1 Comparison of chordates & non chordates

AGNATHA
Class Cyclostomata
~Ectoparasites on fishes , 6-15 pair of gill slits , cranium &
vertebral column are cartilaginous ( sucking circular
mouth ) , they migrate to fresh water for spawning
Eg : Petromyzon (lamprey) , myxine (hag fish)
06-08, 6:37 PM

PISCES
Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish )
~Cartilaginous endoskeleton , ventral mouth (notochord
persistent throughout life ) , gill slits are separate without
operculum , placoid scales are present (modification of
teeth) lack air bladder , poikilothermous (cold blooded) ,
male bear claspers , internal fertilisation , viviparous

Eg : Electric organ present (torpedo) , poison sting trigon

(sting ray ) , Scolidon (dog fish) , pristis (saw fish) ,
carcharodon (great white shark)

Class Osteichtyes ( bony fish )

~Mouth is terminal , 4 pair of gills covered by operculum ,
cycloid/ctenoid scales are present , air bladder is present
which regulates buoyancy , development is indirect

Eg : Exocoetus (flying fish) , Hippocampus (Sea horse) ,

Fresh water -
Labeo(rohu) , catla (katla) , clarias (magur)
Aquarium -
Betta (fighting fish) , pterophyllum (angel fish)
06-08, 6:37 PM

TETRAPODS
Class Amphibia
~Cold blooded , body divided into head & trunk , have
eyelids , have tympanum which represents ear , have
common chamber , cloaca for alimentary canal , urinary &
reproductive tract which open outside , 3 -chambered
heart

Eg : Bufo (toad) , rana (frog) , hyla ( treefrog) , salamandra

(salmander) , icht hyophis (limbless amphibia)

Class Aves
~Feathers are found , forelimbs modified into wings ,oil
glands are present at the base of the tail , hindlimbs have
scales , endoskeleton is bony (ossified) , & long bones are
hollow with air cavities (pneumatic) , crop & gizzard are
found , worm blooded organisms (homiothermous)

Eg : Corvus (crow) , columba (pigeon) , psittacula (parrot) ,

struthio (ostrich) , pavo (peacock) , aptenodytes (panguin) ,
neophron (vulture)
06-08, 6:37 PM

Class Reptilia
~Cold blooded , skin is cornified & epidermal scaled or
scutes are found , tympanum representa ear ,
3-chambered heart except crocodile , snakes & lizard shed
their scales as skin cast , fertilisation is internal (direct
development)

Eg : Chelone (turtle) , testude (turtoise) , chamelion (tree

lizard) , calotes (garden lizard) , crocodilus (crocodile) ,
alligator (alligator) , hemidactylus (wall lizard)
Poisoning snakes -
Naja (cobra) , bangarus (crait) , vipera (viper)

Class Mammalia
~Found in various habitats , mammary glands are found ,
skin posses hair , external ear in form of pinnae , different
types of teeth are found , worm blooded

Eg : Oviparous - ornithorhynchus (platypus)

Viviparous - macropus (kangaroo) , pteropus (flying fox) ,
06-08, 6:37 PM

camelus (camel) , macaca (monkey) , rattus (rat), canis

(dog) , felis (cat) , elephas (elephant) , eqqus (horse) ,
delphinus (common dolphin) , balaenoptera (blue whale) ,
tiger , lion , pterous (bat)

Table : 4.2 Silent features of different phyla in the animal

kingdom
06-08, 6:37 PM

All figures are important