International Journal of Innovative Social Science & Humanities Research ISSN: 2349-1876

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARY SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Satish Kumar,
Information Scientist,
ARIES, Nainital

ABSTRACT

This paper describes about the growth and development of library system in India since ancient period to the modern
21th century. The paper states about the role of different authorities such as central/state government, UGC,
UNESCO, Library Associations, corporate and an individual who played a vital role in the development of library
system in India.

INTRODUCTION ANCIENT LIBRARIES

India has been the cradle of one of the earliest The first libraries were only partly libraries, and
civilizations. Intellectual enquiry and philosophical stored most of the unpublished records, which are
thinking were the factors that shaped the Indian usually viewed as archives. The archeological as well
civilization. Library system’s development in India is as literary evidence make it clear that writing and
a saga of organized growth and development of reading of manuscripts were regularly practiced in
libraries, giving the details of establishment, ancient period since the fourth century B.C. to the
maintenance and functioning of libraries in India. sixth century after Christ. This must have led to the
These aspects viz., establishment, maintenance, growth and development of collection of
functioning and development make a library a manuscripts in important centers of learning. The
growing organism. No country in the world can important library of that period was that of Nalanda
progress without providing free public library University of Bihar in the fourth century AD. The
services to the citizens. It is imperative on the part of library was said to be in three grandest buildings, the
the democratic country like India to establish the area of which was called “Drama Ganja”. The other
service institutions like public libraries system in important academic library of that period was
order to strengthen the democratization of Vikramsila, Odantapuri, Somapuri, Jaggadal, Mithila,
information and to promote the social, cultural, Vallabhi, Kanheri, etc. (Sharma 1985, p.97). During
historical and scientific and technical knowledge in that period there was a considerable activity
the public at large (Kumbar, 2005). The growth and in South India too, and there was a tradition about
development of library system in India can be easily the libraries in that period known as sangam age.
studied by categorizing it into three groups: The Buddhist of India laid special emphasis
on the writing of manuscripts and maintaining their
1. Ancient Libraries; 2. Medieval Libraries; and 3. collection. The Jains and Hindus also made immense
Modern Libraries. contribution in the field of learning. They patronized
education and literary activities, established
innumerable institution called Upasrayas
and Temple College. Acharya Nagarjuna, the founder

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of Mahayana Buddhism is known to have maintained of such libraries were established in India, the
a library on the top floor of the university building. It notable among them were Fort St. George library
was also said that Taxila has a rich library. (1714), East India Company’s library, Bombay (1715),
John Andrews circulating library at Fort
MEDIEVAL LIBRARIES William, Calcutta (1770), The Calcutta Circulating
library (1787), etc (Datta 2004, p. 172).
The medieval cycle may be roughly taken to have
ended with the seventeenth century. It was during MODERN LIBRARIES
the ascending phase of this cycle that the giant
intellectual and spiritual leaders such as Sankara, Library Development till Nineteenth Century-
Ramanuja and Madheva flourished. This was the
time when personal as well as public Libraries were Public Libraries: The role of Mughal rulers and
established in different part of India. missionaries in establishment of some libraries also
find their way to modern cycle. Some of the
Personal Libraries: From the earliest times the kings scattered manuscripts of the early periods have
and nobles of India patronized education and been collected and preserved in many modern
encouraged writing of manuscripts and their manuscripts libraries. These are found in many
preservation. Even the princes of small states states in India. Those of Baroda, Banaras, Bombay,
maintained their manuscripts libraries. The tradition Calcutta, Madras, Mysore, Poona, Tanjavur
was continued till the nineteenth century. The and Trivandrum are well known.
emperors of Timuride dynasty were patrons of The year 1808 is considered an important
learning. With the exception of Aurangzeb all the period during which the then government
early Mughal rulers extended their support to art, of Bombay initiated a proposal to register libraries
music and literature. The libraries also made which were to be given copies of books published
remarkable progress during their times. Humayun from “funds for the encouragement of literature”.
converted a pleasure house in purana quila This has been the first attempt to register the
in Delhi into a library. Akbar maintained an “imperial libraries and assist them with literature by the
library”; he was also instrumental in introducing government (Bhattacharjee 2002, p.82).
th
reforms in the classification and storage of books. In the early 19 century John Andrew’s
Jahangir is said to have maintained a personnel circulating library at Fort William, Calcutta
library which moved with him wherever he went (established in 1770) was converted into a public
(Khursid 2004, p.6). library. A few public libraries started appearing
sporadically here and there during the same period
Public Libraries: In the seventeenth and the in this country. The notable among them are Asha
eighteenth century, the development of libraries Granthalaya, Waltair (1800), Calcutta Literary
received an impetus due to rise of European Society’s Library (1818), United Services
settlement in India. From 1690, Calcutta began to Library, Poona (1818), Raghunandan Library, Puri
develop as one of the principal English settlement, (1821), Bombay General Library (1830), etc (Sharma
when a large number of British began to settle there. 1987, p.99).
Subsequently, the circulation and subscription In August 1835, the Calcutta public library
libraries came into being. was established. It was meant to serve the needs of
The East India Company established the all ranks and classes without distinction. In 1860, a
Fort St. David library in 1707 at Cuddalore. In the small library was established by Jean Mitchell
year 1709, the society for promotion of Christian in Madras as a part of the Museum. It was opened to
Knowledge sent out a circulating library to Calcutta, the public in 1896. It was named Connemara Public
the first of its kind in India. Subsequently, a number Library, this library can be claimed to be the first
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true public library, only a nominal refundable Calcutta University Library: Calcutta Univer
deposit was required. In 1948, it becomes State sity was the first university which
Central library. established on January 24, 1857.
In 1867, the Government of India enacted On February 24, 1869 Mr. Joy Kissen
the Press and Registration of Books Act (XXV) under Mookherjee donated Rs. 5,000 to the
which the publisher of a book was supposed to University for purchasing of books for the
deliver free, to the provincial government library. The senate in the year 1872
concerned, one copy of the book and one or two succeeded in constructing a beautiful
more copies, if the provincial government so building at a cost of Rs. 4, 34,697(Naidu
desired, to be transmitted to the central 1990). This is the first and oldest university
government. library that was established in British India.
In 1876, Khuda Baksh Oriental public library In 1874, the library also started a collection
(Patna) was established. Maulvi Muhammod Baksh of periodicals. In 1876-
Khan, on his death left a collection of 1500 77, Calcutta University library had a good
manuscripts. It formed the nucleus of the library. In collection of books with printed catalogue
1891, the library was opened to the public (Patel and service to the user. In 1934, a new library
Kumar 2004, p.10). building was set up in
The imperial library was also established the Calcutta University. In 1937, the
at Calcutta in 1891. Lord Curzon, the viceroy Calcutta University Library appointed the
of India promulgated the imperial library act 1902, professionally qualified Librarian, Dr. Nihar
which is based on Registration of books act of 1867, Ranjan Roy. He, for the first time
amalgamating Calcutta public library with imperial in India introduced the DDC and AACR rule
library. Soon after independence the Government of for providing effective library services to the
India passed the National Library Act in 1948 user.
following which the imperial library was renamed as
Madras University Library: The Madras
the National library of India (Nagar 1983, p.3).
University Library was opened in 1907. The
By the end of nineteenth century, all the
government of India gave a special grant of
provincial capitals as well as many of the district
Rs. one lakh to the library to develop its
towns, especially in the three presidencies (Bombay,
book collection. In 1924, Dr. S. R.
Calcutta and Madras) had so called public libraries.
Ranganathan joined the Madras University
Even princely states such as Indore and Travancore-
Library as Librarian. He was the first
Cochin had public libraries in their capital. However,
professionally qualified Librarian in Indian
the masses in general did not take full advantage of
history. Due to his active involvement he
these institutions.
was able to receive grant of Rs. 10, 00,000
in the year 1926 for Mardas University
Academic Libraries: The first college was started in
Library (Jambhekar, 1995). This was the first
this country is the Fort William College in 1800. Sir
grant to be received from the government
John Colville in 1857 introduced the bill to establish
in the history of the university libraries
universities in India. In the same year Lord
in India. As a result of this grant, the
Dalhousie, then the Governor General of India, gives
University Library that was in-house at the
immediate consent to this bill. As a result, the first
Connemara Public Library since 1908 was
three modern universities were started
shifted to the new location in 1936. Again
at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857 based
five well-trained reference librarians were
on the patterns of London University.
appointed to provide special reference

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service to the user. This was done for the letters in the history for developing public library
first time in the Indian history. system in Baroda.
The library movement in Baroda originated
Bombay University Library:
as the peoples movement under the leadership of
The Bombay University library was
Motibhai Amin (a public leader) in the form of Mitra
established very lately due to the lack of
Mandal (Society of Friends) as early as 1906 which
donation. It was the university authorities
received state patronage in 1960. Newton Mohan
of Bombay that offered a donation of Rs.
Dutta, curator of libraries at Baroda also did good
20,000 for construction of library building.
work (Nagar 1983, p.22).
In 1931, a very special grant of Rs. 10,000
There have been a number of pioneers who
was given by Kikabhai and Meneklen the
made contribution to the library movement in
sons of late Premchand Roy Chand
Andhra Pradesh. Out of them Sir Iyyanki Venkata
(Jambhekar 1995). In 1939, the Central
Ramanayya holds a place of pride. From Bengal we
government provides a special grant of Rs.
have the name of Monindra Dev Rai
50,000 to the University of Bombay library
Mahashaya. Master Motilal (1876-1949), by his own
to strengthen its collection.
effort and meagre resource established Shri Sanmati
Pustakalaya (a public library) in Jaipur in 1920. From
Research Libraries: The Asiatic society of Bengal that
Punjab we had Sant Ram Bhatia, who played an
was established at Calcutta in 1784 started building
important role in promoting the cause of public
up a good research library since its inception. The
libraries in Punjab. In Assam, the library movement
Asiatic Society of Bombay, founded in 1804, also
at its true spirit was led by Late Kumudeshar
developed a good library. The first technical library th
Barthakur (1893-8 November 1966), a retired
to be founded in this country is the Victoria
Secondary School teacher under the brand name of
Technical library at Nagpur in 1806. The Madras
Assam Library Association (Nagar 1983, p.23).
Literary Society had founded its library in 1812.
The contribution of S.R. Ranganathan is
unique and remarkable. He is regarded as the father
of Indian library movement. The idea of an
LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN integrated library system was first introduced by him
TWENTIETH CENTURY at the first “All Asia Educational Conference” held at
Benerai in 1930. There he presented a model library
Role of Individual: The development of public act that form the basis of the Tamil Nadu, Andhra
libraries as a movement may be said to have started Pradesh and Karnataka library legislation and as a
by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the ruler whole the subsequent library legislation in India.
of Baroda state in 1906. During his visit to USA he
Role of Library Association and Organization :
was impressed by the public libraries system in that
Library association also played a vital role in the
country. In order to organize libraries along modern
progress and development of library system in India.
lines, the Maharaja appointed an American librarian
by name William Allenson Borden as curator of The Andhra Desa Library Association,
libraries of his state. During his tenure of office that founded in 1914, is the first of its kind in India. It
is in between 1910-13, Borden could organize a very started the first full fledged professional periodical in
good network of free library services in the state. 1925 under the title “Indian Library Journal”.
However, this example did not set a pace in the later All Indian Library Association was also set
development due to lack of interest on the part of up in 1920, but it could not do anything for libraries
the state government. But the contribution made by and their development. By Dr. S. R. Ranganathan’s
Maharaja Sayajirao III would be written in golden effort Indian Library Association was set up in 1933
in its present form. The association published a

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quarterly periodical named ABGILA (Jambhekar, 1959 also started (Planning Commission
1995). In the same line, Indian Association of Special India, 1956, p. 522).
Library and Information Centre (IASLIC) were
Third Five Year Plan: During the third plan
established in 1955 at Kolkata for the systematic
period besides the Institute of Library
growth and development of special libraries in India.
science, University of Delhi other
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation
universities also upgraded the facilities for
(RRRLF) was set up in 1972, on the occasion of the
training library personnel and enhanced the
bicentenary of Raja Rammohun Roy who raised the
facilities for research in library science
banner of revolt against obscurantism in the society
(Panda 1993, p.36).
and devoted his life to fight against injustice. RRRLF
is an autonomous organization of Dept of Culture, Fourth Five Year Plan: The government
Govt. of India and it provides different types of grant of India announced on July 16, 1964,
to different public libraries. appointment of a 16 member education
Bengal Library Association (1925), Madras commission to make a compressive review
Library Association (1928), Punjab Library of the entire field of education and advice
Association (1929), Assam Library Association (Sadau the government on evolving a national
Assam Puthibharal Sanga) (1938), etc. played vital pattern at all stages of education. The
roles for the growth and development of public commission has formed various sub
libraries in the respective states of origin committees to prepare report on various
(Buragohain 1999, p.8). aspect of education including the libraries,
which plays a great role towards the
Role of Union and State Government : betterment of libraries in India. During the
fourth five year plan, the government
of India set up the Raja Rammohan Roy
First Five Year Plan: The government
Library Foundation in 1972 to make the
of India in its first five year plan of
bicentenary of the birth of Raja Rammohan
educational development includes the
Roy, the father of modern India (Thomas
scheme of “Improvement of Library
1997, p.29).
Service”. This scheme envisaged a network
of libraries spread all over the country. The Fifth Five year Plan: This plan included
proposal of setting up a National central measures to strengthen the buildings,
library at New Delhi was also made. During collections, and staff of the central and
the first five year plan nine state state libraries, as well as strengthening the
governments i.e. Assam, Madhya district, block, and village libraries. During
Pradesh, Punjab, etc. decided to set up this period, attempts were made to develop
state central libraries (Sharma 1965, p.89). a district-level library system, so that
district library could act as a leader for the
Second Five Year Plan: Under the second
smaller libraries in the district. The adult
five year plan the government
education programme was the hallmark of
of India allocated about Rs. 140 lakhs for
this plan. The programme was to be
setting up a country wide network of
supported by a network of libraries at the
libraries in 320 districts. Under this plan, the
village and block levels and various
“Institute of Library Science”
community centres. Thus steps were taken
at University of Delhi was also established.
to strengthen not only the village and block
The refresher course on “The public library
libraries, but also the central, state libraries
and national development” on March 2,
and the district libraries (Thomas 1997, p.
30)
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Sixth Five Year Plan: This plan emphasized new material in different languages and
establishing a network of rural public media as well as for modernizing their
libraries to sustain literacy and disseminate infrastructure. Funds for modernizing and
information to rural areas. It discussed the computerization were also provided from
necessity of integrating school and college central grants to the Connemara Library,
libraries with the system of public libraries. Chennai, Thanjavur Maharaja Serovji
During this period, 26 states or union Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur and the
territories out of 31 (in 1982) had State Central Library, Mumbai. Besides
established state central libraries and 291 these, the RRRLF provided assistance to
district libraries (Thomas 1997, p. 31). public libraries across the country for
collections and storage, construction, and
Seventh Five Year Plan: During this period,
seminars and workshops (Planning
the Commission's objective was to address
Commission India, 1997).
the needs of 90 million people in the Adult
Education Programme. The network of Tenth Five Year Plan: The Tenth Plan
libraries was to play a role in the focused on upgrading existing libraries,
development of literature for neo-literates. including private collections, and widening
Library systems were to be strengthened, the programme for bibliographic control
with specific attention given to and documentation. The Commission
improvement of facilities at national level resolved to strengthen public library
institutions. An important development was infrastructure through the RRRLF. To make
the 1986 adoption of National Literacy readers services more comprehensive and
Mission, which emphasised the education effective, the National Library is expected to
of women and the establishment of rural act as the ultimate referral centre for
libraries. In addition, the RRRLF set up an various subjects. To keep pace with the
Integrated Research Cell-cum-Computer latest developments in information
Unit for promoting research in librarianship technology in public libraries, the upgrading
and database of public libraries in the and networking of central and state
country (Planning Commission India, 1991, libraries was also planned (Planning
p. 258). Commission India, 2002).

Eighth Five Year Plan: During this period it Eleventh Five Year Plan: Eleventh plan was
was proposed to reorganise the Central focused on National Archives of India (NAI)
Reference Library into the National to revitalize its programmes of expansion of
Bibliographical and Documentation Centre, records management and repair and
which would also have a computer centre. reprography. Developing a National
The Delhi Public Library set up two new Bibliographic Database in electronic format
libraries in its service area. RRRLF created to encourage resource sharing, networking
programmes to help state central libraries and to improve reader services is the
to purchase reprographic equipment, to hallmark of modernization activities in the
help libraries process rare books, and to library sector (Planning Commission India,
give special assistance to networks of public 2007).
libraries that were at least 100 years old
Twelfth Five Year Plan: During the Twelfth
(Planning Commission India, 1992).
Plan, public library system in the country
Ninth Five Year Plan: Funds were provided should be rejuvenated by taking advantage
to the Delhi Public Library and Central of the technological developments that
Secretariat Library, Delhi, for acquisition of have transformative potential to change the
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public libraries. Existing public libraries  Pal Committee (1970): Chairman A. B.

must modernise their collections, services Lal.
and facilities and become pro-active in
 Mehrotra Committee (1983): Chairman
resource sharing, professional development
R. C. Mehrotra.
of staff, extending library facilities right up
to the grassroots through the Panchayats  Committee on National Network
(Planning Commission India, 2012). System for Universities (1988):
Chairman Yash Pal.

Role of UGC :  Curriculum Development Committee

on LISc (1990): Chairman P.N. Kaula
The UGC gave a new life to the university and college
libraries. It gave librarian a status, prestige and a Work Flow Seminar: UGC organized a
better life. The major commission and committees seminar on “work flow” in libraries in New
formed by UGC for the growth and development of Delhi from March 4-7, 1959, Dr. C. D.
college and university libraries are Deshmukh, the then chairman of UGC,
extended assistance to libraries for
Library Committee (1957): The UGC
constructing building and furniture as well
programme (Commission) appointed a
as for the engaging the staff on a scale
committee under the chairmanship of Dr. S.
which is, relatively speaking, larger than
R. Ranganathan to advise on a wide range
found in many other countries. The
of subjects including the standards and
recommendations of the seminar were
principles for the designing of library
circulated to the universities and colleges all
building, fitting and furniture,
over the country. These comments were
administration of university libraries,
considered by the commission and were
training of librarianship etc.
accepted.
Review Committee (1961): In order to
Revision of Pay Scale: Another great
consider the question of improving and
improvement in the history of universities
coordinating the standards of teaching, and
and college libraries is the revision of salary
conducting research in the department of
scales of professionally qualified librarian
library science in Indian Universities under
under the third five year plan.
the chairmanship of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan a
review committee was formed in July 1961. Establishment of INFLIBNET: UGC
The first meeting of the committee was established an Inter University Centre (IUC)
th
held on 15 July 1961, in which a named INFLIBNET at Gandhinagar in 1988
questionnaire was finalized on the basis of to make network of all the libraries of the
data supplied by the Indian Universities. In universities and colleges of the country and
response to this questionnaire a note was help in automation and up gradation of it.
prepared by the UGC, which form the back
bone of many developments in the subject
Role of UNESCO :
of library science.
The great contribution of UNESCO towards the
Other mentionable Committees and library profession in India is that it gave it an
Commissions are international status. UNESCO for the first time
started the first pilot project by establishing the
 Education Commission (1964):
Delhi Public Library in October 1951. The main aim
Chairman D. S. Kothari.
of this project was to provide information on the

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problem of public library services for the parts use to their staff members that help (indirectly) in
of India in particular and for Asia in general. knowledge gain to the peoples of India.
The Indian National Scientific
Documentation Centre (INSDOC) was set up in 1952 LIBRARY NETWORKS
by the government of India with technical assistance
from UNESCO. In 1964, UNESCO assisted INSDOC Indian information professionals, education
again in setting up its regional centre in Bangalore. specialists and scientists have realized that the time
The second important step that the has come to share the information resources and to
UNESCO took in this direction was the holding of a coordinate mechanisms. This has resulted in
seminar on the development of public libraries in discernible change in the Library scenario in India. A
Asia in Delhi from October 6-26, 1955. It was the first large number of library resource sharing networks
international meeting on this subject to be organized like the Metropolitan Area Networks such as
in an Asian country. On the whole, the seminar was a CALIBNET in Calcutta, DELNET in Delhi, BONET in
great success for the library profession in India. Bombay, PUNENET in Pune, MALIBNET in Madras,
Another UNESCO seminar which had far HYLIBNET in Hyderabad, ADNET in Ahmedabad, and
reaching effect on library profession in India was the countrywide ones like ERNET (Educational and
“Regional seminar on library development in South Research Institutions), INFLIBNET (Universities and
Asia”. It was held in the University of Delhi library Research Institutions) and DESINET (Defence
from 3-14 October 1960. The most significant Laboratories), and sectoral ones like BTISNET
achievement of this seminar was the “grading of (Biotechnology Networks) etc. are under various
staff”, “salary scales” and “status of librarian”. stages of conceptualization, design, development
Besides these, the UNESCO honored the and implementation. These networks of library play a
Indian librarians by inviting them to advice on vital role in the growth and development of library
various library projects meant for the member system.
country. The prominent among those are Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan, B. S. Kesavan, S. S. Saith and a few NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE
others (Sharma 1996, p.37).
Indian National Commission is the official COMMISSION
agency of UNESCO, the National Information System
for Science and Technology (NISSAT) in Department Indian National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was
of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) is the established in 2005 by the union government which
focal point for UNISIST (PGI) and is also the eventually formed a Working Group on Libraries.
coordinating centre for ASTINFO programme. This Working Group on Libraries along with other
NASSDOC of ICSSR is the focal point for UNESCO related working groups of NKC re-established dialogs
supporting APINESS programme. with national and state actors and other
stakeholders through public consultations. The
Role of Corporate : Commission envisaged the future road map for the
Some Indian corporate has also contributed through growth and development of the libraries by imbibing
donation/grant in the establishment/ development core issues such as, set up a National Commission on
of the different academic/public libraries in different Libraries (NCL), prepare a national census of all
parts of the country. Apart from that, in late libraries, revamp LIS education, training and
twentieth century, Due to globalization and high research facilities, re-assess staffing of libraries, set
competition in the market many Indian corporate up a central library fund, modernize library
have established their own well stoked, advanced management, encourage greater community
and networked library system for (R & D purpose) participation in library management, promote
information communication technology applications

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in all libraries, facilitate donation and maintenance  Setting up of NML Model Libraries,
of private collections, and encourage public private  Quantitative & Qualitative Survey of
partnerships in LIS development, etc. Libraries
National Mission on Libraries: NKC envisaged a  Capacity Building
transformation of India’s public library system
through a newly formed institution called “National The NML has started its functioning and we may
Mission on Libraries”. National Mission on Libraries hope it can make a revolutionary change in the
set up four working groups and after deliberating on growth & development of library system in India.
the recommendations of the working groups
formulated the scheme "National Mission on STATUS OF LIBRARY LEGISLATION IN
Libraries (NML) – up gradation of libraries providing
INDIA
service to the public". The scheme consists of four
components:-
Since independence of India the following States
have passed Public Libraries Acts-
 Creation of National Virtual Library of India
(NVLI)

S. No. Year State S. No. Year State

01. 1948 Tamilnadu 02. 1960 Andhra Pradesh
03. 1965 Karnataka 04. 1967 Maharashtra
05. 1979 West Bengal 06. 1988 Manipur
07. 1989 Haryana 08. 1989 Kerala
09. 1993 Mizoram 10. 1993 Goa
11. 2000 Gujarat 12. 2001 Odisha
13. 2005 Uttaranchal 14. 2006 Rajasthan
15. 2006 Uttar Pradesh 16. 2007 Lakshadweep
17. 2008 Bihar 18. 2009 Chhattisgarh
19. 2009 Arunachal Pradesh

So far, only two third of the States of the Indian locations/disadvantaged area of the society. The
Union have successful passed the library legislation, central and state government should implement the
However, in the coming few years, there is greater Library legislation effectively and provide better
possibility for a library law being enacted in the library services to the mass of the peoples. India has
remaining States. Many of the state have just passed a great scholarly past and there was a time when it
the legislation but it has not been yet implemented was called “Vishva Guru”. If India would like to gain
properly. its old glorious status of Nalanda and Taxshila
period, it should must encourage and promote the
CONCLUSION Library services for every sphere of society.

The Development of Library System in India has REFERENCES

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