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Chapter 3 Process and Process Variables 2 Fall22

This document provides information about principles of chemical engineering including fluid pressure and hydrostatic head, American engineering systems for pressure measurement, the relationship between pressure and height of a fluid column, examples of calculating pressure at different depths, and measuring fluid pressure using devices like Bourdon gauges and manometers. It also covers temperature measurement using different methods and relationships for converting between temperature scales.

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17 views

Chapter 3 Process and Process Variables 2 Fall22

This document provides information about principles of chemical engineering including fluid pressure and hydrostatic head, American engineering systems for pressure measurement, the relationship between pressure and height of a fluid column, examples of calculating pressure at different depths, and measuring fluid pressure using devices like Bourdon gauges and manometers. It also covers temperature measurement using different methods and relationships for converting between temperature scales.

Uploaded by

iB13e
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Chemical

Engineering I

Lecturer name : Dr.Saravana


Room No. : B112
Email : [email protected]
Pressure
Fluid Pressure & Hydrostatic head
A Pressure is ratio of a force to area on which force acts
• Units-N/m2, dyne/cm2, & lbf/in2 or psi).
• SI pressure unit N/m2 =pascal (Pa).

• It is easier to push a nail into a wooden plank by its pointed end than its head
because the pressure is more.
• It is easier to cut vegetables with a sharp knife than a blunt knife because the
pressure is more.
• Shoulder bags have broad and not thin straps to reduce pressure.

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American Engineering system
1. mm Hg (millimeters of mercury)
2. in. Hg (inches of mercury)
3. ft H2O (feet of water) What is the equivalent pressure to 60
4. in. H2O (inches of water) Gpa in
5. Atm (atmospheres) a) atmospheres, b) psia, c) inches of
Hg and d) mm of Hg
6. psi

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Consider a fluid (gas or liquid) contained in a closed vessel or flowing
through a pipe, & suppose that a hole of area A is made in wall of
containing vessel, as shown in following figure.

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Fluid pressure defined as ratio of F/A, where F is
minimum force that would have to be exerted on a
frictionless plug in hole to keep fluid from emerging.
Suppose a vertical column of fluid is h(m) high & has
a uniform cross-sectional area A(m2). Further suppose
that fluid has a density of ρ(kg/m3),
& that a pressure P0(N/m2) is exerted on upper surface
of column.

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Hydrostatic pressure of the fluid- the pressure P of the fluid at the base
of the column P = Po + ρgh
Head pressure- the height of a hypothetical column of the fluid that
would exert the given pressure at its base if the pressure at the top
were zero.
The equivalence between a pressure P (force/area) and the
corresponding head Ph (height of a fluid) is given by:P (force/area) =
ρfluid*g*Ph (head of fluid)

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Example: Express a pressure of 2.0x105 Pa in terms of mm
Hg.
Solution: solve above equation for Ph (mm hg), assuming that g=
9.807 m/s2 & density of Hg= 13.6x1000 kg/m3.

P 2 x105 N m3 s2 1kg.m / s 2 103 mm


Ph    1.5 x10 3
mmHg
 hg g m 2
13600kg 9.807m N m
The relationship between pressure at base of a column of fluid of
height h & pressure at top is particularly simple if these pressure
are expressed as heads of given fluid: if column is mercury, for
example, then
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P 2 x105 N m3 s2 1kg.m / s 2 103 mm
Ph    1.5 x10 3
mmHg
 hg g m 2
13600kg 9.807m N m

The relationship between pressure at base of a column


of fluid of height h & pressure at top is particularly
simple if these pressure are expressed as heads of
given fluid: if column is mercury, for example, then

Ph (mmHg )  P0 (mmHg )  h(mmHg )


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Example: what is pressure 30.0m below surface of a lake?
Atmospheric pressure (pressure at surface) is 10.4 m H2O,
& density of water is 1000 kg/m3. Assume that g is 9.807
m/s2.

10.4mH 2 O 1.013x10 5 N / m 2 1000kg / m 3 9.807m 30m 1N


Ph  P0  gh  
10.33mH 2 O s2 1kg.m / s 2
 3.96 x10 5 N / m 2 ( Pa)  396kPa

Or
Ph  10.4mH 2 O  30mH 2 O  40.4mH 2 O

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Fluid Pressure Measurement

Pressure-measurement devices can be categorized as:

•Elastic-element methods- Bourdon tubes, bellows, or


diaphragms
•Liquid column methods-manometers
•Electrical methods-strain gauges, piezo resistive
transducers, & piezoelectric transducers

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The most common mechanical device used for pressure
measurement is a Bourdon gauge, which is a hollow tube
closed at one end & bent into a C configuration. The open
end of tube is exposed to fluid whose pressure is to be
measured.

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Bourdon gauges are used to measure fluid pressures from
nearly perfect vacuums to about 7000 atm. More accurate
measurements of pressures below about 3 atm are provided
by manometers.

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A manometer is a U-shaped tube partially filled with a
fluid of known density (manometer fluid).
When ends of tube are exposed to different pressures,
field level drops in high-pressure arm & rises in low-
pressure arm.

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a) Open-end
( (b) Differential (c) Sealed-end

Manometers 15
General Manometer Equation P1  1 gd1  P2   2 gd 2   f gh

In a differential manometer, fluid 1 & 2 are the same, & consequently

1   2  
The general manometer equation then reduces to
Differential Manometer Equation

P1  P2  (  f   ) gh

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Example 3.4-3

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Temperature
The temperature of a substance in a particular state of aggregation (solid,
liquid, or gas) is a measure of average kinetic energy possessed by
substance molecules.
Since this energy cannot be measured directly, temperature must be
determined indirectly by measuring some physical property of substance
whose value depends on temperature in a known manner.

Temperature measuring devices based on substance properties include


electrical resistance of a conductor (resistance thermometer), voltage at the
junction of two similar metals (thermocouple), spectra of emitted radiation
(pyrometer), and volume of a fixed mass of fluid (thermometer).
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The following relationships may be used to convert a temperature
expressed in one defined scale unit to its equivalent in another:

T ( K )  T ( 0 C )  273.15
T ( 0 R )  T ( 0 F )  459.67
T ( 0 R )  1.8T ( K )
T ( 0 F )  1.8T ( 0 C )  32

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