INTERIOR DESIGN 231

PLUMB ING At Domestic level

water is conveyed from the street mains to the individual
At this ievel,
The of bathrooms bulding, and then to the taps and other fixtures, etc. The supply from
plumbing system can be divided into two parts:
the street main to the individual is made through house service
Water supply connections.
Drainage The house service connection consists of two parts:

T h e communication pipe which runs from the street mains to

WATER SUPPLY
the boundary of the prem1ses.
Water 1s collected from its sources, and taken to the treatment plants The service pipes which run inside the premises. The
for the proper treatment. The treated water is then transmitted to the communication ppe is laid and maintained by the local
service reservoirs, serv1ng the town or city. The d1stribution network authonty at the cost of owner of the premses, while the..
can be divided into two levels: service Pipe is laid by the consumer at their cost. To prevent
damage by road traffic, communication pipe must be placed
A t municipal level
O.76m, below ground level and the depth is maintaned
At domestic level until it is inside the building.
At Municipal level
Municipalty is responsible for the distribution of water from the service Systems of Supply
reservoir till it reaches the street mains. he water supply from the mà1ns to the buld1ng is through one of the
dream. Ollowing systems depend1ng on the pressure of water in the street
Systems of Supply eRhd the timinds of supply. Somet1mes, both the systems are
There systems of supply of water from the
are two mains to
the senuAS4 unirrW$eigr supply of water,
PIpes depend1ng upon the availabil1ity of water: Direct supply systems (Upward distribution system)
Continuous system The supply of water is gwen directly to various floors from the water
Intermittent system mains hav1ng sufticient pressure for sufficient number of hours. This
system i5 recommended only if the number of floors in the building 1s.
Continuous system not more than
24 hours a
two
In this system the water is supplied to the
consumers

but not always pos5ible. Ind1rect supply system (Down take supply system)
day. This system 1s definitely preferred
s

due to Poor water pressure availabil1ty and insufficient quantity .of When the: water pressure in the mains 15 not sufficient for the drect

water supply, water from the mains can be either:

Pumped up into the overhead storagetank, usually situated
Intermttent system
for certa1n fxed at the roof of the build1ng from the mains.
In this system water is supplied to the consumers

2 hours the morn1ng and same in Stored into the underground storage, tank from where the
hours in a day, usually about to in

divided into several zones, water is pumped to the overhead tank and then it 1s supplied
the even1ng. In th1s system, the area
is

to maintain a proper work1ng by gravity, ór

and timings in each zone are adjusted
pressure. Both
dreamZone
 Water consumption per head
In direct supplysystem, booster pump9
are used to supply water to
the overhead torage tanks. The suction pipe of the booster
No| Type of Building
per day in litres
pumpb
not be connected to the distribution main because this wll
should Restaurants 70
the water suply of the whole
affeet
water
neighbourhgod, especially where
pressure is low. The best method is to fll overhead taiks by Hospitals
boosting water up from sump. (a)Below 100 beds 340
Tp avoid the overtlow of water in the overhead tank,
(b)Above 100 beds 455
automatic pump
controllers are very effective. These automatically switch
when water level in the overhead tank rises above the
off the.pump 'Schools
45
required level (aDay schools
(b)Boardhg schools I35
Piping materials
Cast iron, steel, concrete and asbestos cement are the most common Storage of water in buld1ngs
materials used in distr1bution pipes. Copper, lead, Z1nc, brass, bronze. Water consumption per head
No Type of Building
and plasti are used in small pipes, valves, pumps and other per day/ in lhtres
appurtenances. Common pipe joint materials are lead, cement, sand,
rubber, plastic and sulphur compounds. Stoneware pipes are mostly Residence 70
uSed for undergrOund work. Cast iron is the most common material for Hostels 90
135
cIty water mains. Steel is commonly used for large pipel1nes and trunk Hotels
mains but rarely USed tor distrbution mains. Commercial buildings 40
Concrete pipes may be precast in sections and assembled on'the job Restaurants
Day schools 25
or cast Galvansed pipes of
in
place. steel or wrought widely
iron are
135
used for distribution systems, These pipes are used where pipès are Nursing homes
to be exposed to corroSIve conditions such as salt water or air. Lead

PIpes are not generally used tor domestic water supply. They can:
be DRAINAGE
Used tor flushiñg and overflow pipes inside the buildings. PVC pipes
are more flex1ble, corrosion resistant, light weight, easy to handle'and
Water after usage becomes waste water, which should be collected
and conveyed through drain pipes to the municipal sewers laid under
not sUitable for hot water
install. It is comparatively cheaper. They are
the roads. The surface and rain water is also let into the sewers in the
installations. combined drainage system. The waste water is let into the municipal
sewers through underground chambers like manholes connected by
Calculation of water supply needs traps like gully trap, intercept1ng trapP, grease trap, s1lt trap and
ventilat1ng Pipes. The pr1mary function of the trap is to seal the foul ar
No Type of Buld1ng Water consumption per head/| entering the build1ng.
day/ in litres
per

Residence 135 Traps

Hotels 80
Traps prevent entry of foul gases and odour from municipal sewers and
Offices 45 drains. Depend1ng on the need, a water seal is created as a barrier.
Cinemas and Theaters r'5 The depth of the water seal can be between 35mm to 75mm. Traps

dream® zone
chool of Inurnor desin
made
233
INTERIOR DESIGN
DESIGN

can be made of different shapes. Most common shapes of traps are F,

per head
Q and S.

Gully trap
They are employed to receive sullage or waste water from wash basins,
sinks and baths and pass it on the house drains. There should be a
grating on top of the trap to block solid matter.Pipes should be.
connected to the gully trap below the grating.

Intercepting Trap
It 1s also known as ' sewer trap. It disconnects the house drain from
thestreet sewer. It can be fixed in the last manhole of the house or in P trap s' trap
a separate small chamber between the lowest end of the house drain
and the street sewer. It has a comparatively deeper water seal than
per head
ordinary trap and an opening at the top of the trap khown as 'clean1ng arating
eye'. This open1ng is closed with a plug. The intercepting traps should
be properly flushed out otherwise they will not be of much use Trap
Inlet
Grease trap
Grease traps are used where large quantities of oly wa5tes arg let out.
into the drain l1ke hotels, restaurants and some industries. T6ès26AYTIS
substances depost solids in the house drains and municipal sewers., Water seal
To avoid this, grease traps are used. Grease trap can be a smalillessbi infrri
iron or masonry chamber with a bent Pipe as an outlet. The oily
substances float to the surface to form a scum on toP. The bent pipe 'trap Gully trap
allows the sewage to flow out while retain1ng the scum. This scum can
e collected be removed out from the top.
s laid under
Silt trap Inspecton am Plug
ewers n the
he municpal Washing of kitchen utensils, somet1mes, involves ash and pulversed
onnected by brick pieces. These particles need steep slopes and Higher veloc1ties
in s1lt
Inlet Outlet
lt trap and in the dra1n for movement. These should be trapped and removed
l the foul air
traps. These silt traps are required where extensive ütens1l wash1ng is
carried out like hotels and restaurants. Silt and grease traps can be
Water
combined. Seal

Waste water disposal

sewers ana Intercepting traps Grease trap
Waste water disposal 1s done through inspection chambers or manholes,
as a barrier.
'5mm. Traps septic tanks and w1th proper ventilation systems. Traps

dream
 Inspection chamber or manhole ,decomposition process. Ihe eiuent trom the septic tanK may de
For tleanng, repajr and inspection of house drains masonry inspection disposed into a cesspool. A cesspool is constructed with bricks or
stones. It should not be located within 30m radius of a drink1ng water
chambers or manholes are constructed on house drains. It is provided One
well or bore well.
at every juntion or change of drection or gradient and at 30m intervals
th
an the long straiht lengths.,The drainage pipes are opened out. in
form
channels. The bottom 1s
Ventilation systems and
these chambers to given steep slope
towards the open channel in the center of the chamber. This prevents Ventilàtion system 1s necessary to let out the foul gases developed was
irgide the drains. iithe foul gases do not escape into the a1r, they may SOl
blockages and deposits of sol in the pipes. The chambers are closed
frem top with caat iron covers ta prevent escape of foul gases. break the water seal of the traps. The fresh air inlets can be provided S

connected to the drain ver

by an outlet pipe d1rectly underground or over

Septic tank the manhole and rise above the roof level of the build1ng The fresh air
The function of a septic tank IS to produce some biological changes of inlet should be vertical, about 10Omm diameter, atleast 3m above
the human excreta and reduce the bulk of
ground level and with a slotted cast iron head on top.
sewage. This system 1s Useful
where municipal sewerage system 1s not available. In the
septiC tank
lighter matter rises to the surface and forms a thick layer called'scum PLUMBING SYSTEMS
while heavier matter sinkS to the bottom as
sludge. The tanks are There are four systems of plumbing for buld1ng drainage They are:
made air-tight, water-tight and excluded from
light to, help the sewage
One-pipe system
Two-pipe system
Cast iron cover and frame

Removable cement
Ground level concrete slab

Fresh alrinlet
Scum
Brick wall
Inlet

Vent pipe
Dip pipe

Waste
Brick wall water
Pipe pipe
Smooth
benching w
Channel
Sludge
Cement concrete Sloped cement
base
concrete
Inspection chambere manhole
Septic tank
Vent plpe
Waste water disposal systems
dreonzone
.odatvar dri
Dingle
e INTERIOR DE SIGN
DESIGN
sy 235
m, may be
Partially ventilated single stack system
Two-pipe System
bricks or >Single stack system In this system,, two sets of PIpes are used for drainage:
ing water
One-Pipe system ,Sol ppe with vent pipe
In this system, only one set of Waste pipe
pipe is used for the ma1n soil waste pipe
and main vent pipe. All the contents of kitchen sinks,
with vent pipe
bathroom floors, "All
the contents ot water tloset (WC)and
urmals are discharged nto
washbasins and water closets are discharged into a 9oi Ppe. The waste pipe contains waste water from washbasins, ainks,
eveloped single pipe. The
soil waste pipe is directly connected to the bathroom.floors, etc. The sO ppe is connected to the build1ng drains
they may bulding drain. Gulley trapP
15 not provided. The vent
provided pipe of min1mum 50 mm diameter providess :whereas, the waste pipe is connected to.the build1ng drain through the
n or over
ventilation to water seals of all the traps. :gulley trap. Both the pipes are provided with separate vent pipes
fresh air Thus, this system contains four pipes.
3m above
MSWP BVP not required to MVP BVP not required to
fitment connected
to highest branch,
MSP MVP MWP fitness connected
conn cted MVP.
if length of BSP opr highest dranc
of BWP
BWP is not excessive t Jenght
is not eXcessive8

Wash basin BVP

ey are BVP Wash basin
BVP

Bath Nsink
L BSP

BWP SACcess AccesSS

BWP

Wash basin BVP

inieri Wash basin BVP

sh air inlet Sin FL

wc
BSP
BWP
Access AACcessS
BWP

nt pip Wash basin

Wash basin MVP
.Urinals
Urinals
ACCess FL
BSP BWP BWP
EAltemative lowest abiuio he head Position of access
neac
may discharge into MVPabOVetne to be determinedd
by detail of design
FWhere the lowest branch less
is
U than 300cm. above drain MVP
to connect to MSWP below To mainhole To building drain
To building
drain lowest branch or terminate directly or
BVP Branch vent plpe
through gujley BWP: Branch waste plpe
MWP Main waste pipe MVP Main vent pipe
Main soll waste pipe BSP: Branch soll plpe WC Water closet
MSP Main soll pipe MSW

One plpe system Two.plpe system

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c o d ofintna drnn
INTERIOR DESIGN 237

SANITARY FITTINGS
The various bathrooms fittings are as follows Overflow slot

Washbas1ns
Supporting-
Water closets bracket
Waste hole
Urinals
Shower Tray and Bathtubs Waste fitting

Bidets Botle trap- Elbow

Waste pipe
Flushing cisterns
Washbasins
Washbasin can be either made of glazed chinaware, ceramic enameled
cast iron or stainless steel. Grating 10mm below
floor level
Floor Leveh
Rich concrete
Wall-Mounted washbasin
Floor trap
The most common type of washbas1n is wall mounted which is simply
Connected to the
mounted on angle irons fixed on the walI. The wall-mounted washbas1n RCC slab waste pipe
can be connected to the floor: trap by either a flex1ble waste pipe FIling ldan
which 1s directly inserted through the hole of the grating of the floor
concrete -Localised depressed
slab portion
trap by concealed waste pipe through bottle trap. The bottletrapnyn. .

exposed, which is aesthetically appeali1ng. Secion

Pedestal washbasin
..st inewashbasin
It 1s another kind of washbas1n which is supported on the pedestal.. 2125

The function of the pedestal is to conceal the bottle trap. The

washbasins are available with s1ngle hole, or three holes for the tap **

connections for hot and cold water supply. Sometimes, washbas1ns

are avalable with sem1 punched holes as well, so that, the holes can be
punched at site to suIt the type of the faucet.

550 630
Vlew Plan

400

Wall-mounted weshbasin
Plan with centre tap hole Section

dreamzone
chool of unterior dasign
 530 150/C

Overiow slot

Suppörting-
bracket
500
-Waste hole 45 dia
- Waste fitting
65 dia

630
PVC waste pipe
(flexible) Plan Plan

Waste pipe (inserted

thBough the hole of
the grating)
Floor levell Grating (with hole
for waste pipe)

Floor trap
Connected to the
RCC slab waste pipe 210
Filling7 Lean
concrete
Localised depressed
RCC slab
197-
Section of washbasin (waste pipe open to view)

Common dimensions of washbas1ns

Section
Sectlon
Small (in mm) Medum (in mm) Large (in mm)
A 400-450 500-55O 600-650
300 400 400-50O
.C200 250

Counter Washbasinss
The washbas1n with a
counter 1s better than the above'
space under the counter can be used for types. The
etc. by the storage of toiletries,
mak1ng proper cabinets. The waste fitt1ngs can also be
in the cabinets. concealed
Washbas1ns that are sutable for mounting above the
COunter are
normally round or oval in
shape. These washbas1ns are
either with or without the View
provision of tap holes in the basin View
rim.
dream Pedestal washbasin with centre tap hole
Zone Round counter washbasin
h d d intta
drsign
Ser
OR DESiGN INTERIOR DESIGN 239

Water closets To flushing cistern

cFlushing rim Floor level
The water closet (WC) 1s a sanitary fitt1ng which collects human excreta
and discharges t into the sol pipe through a trap. Water cloaet is
available in porcela1n, stainless steel, etc. The water ciloset is of threë soil
-
pipe
dia types
Indian type water closets -Trap

European type water closets

Anglo-Indian water closets Section
Vlew

Indian Type Wc
600
Indian type WC is usually made of porcelan. The WC pan 1s
fued filush r Foot rest
with the flooring and the toP of the pan has a flush1ng rim hav1ng number.
of holes to spread the flush water. A pair of foot rests is provided on
ether side of the pan for convenience.

Back i let
Plan

Orlssa pan-indian water

closet wth integral foot treads

of nteriEuropean Type WC
The top of the pan has a flush1ng rim to spread the flush water. European
to
WC 1s Used in a sitting position over.a plastic seat hinged the
fitting. There two types of European WC
are depending on the way the
Plan contents. have been removed from the pan.
View
Wash down Type
450-6 ..
For ground flobr WC ftted
with S-trap is usod, whereas, for upper
floors WC fitted with P-trap Is USéd.

Siphonc Type
The contents of the pan are removed by siphon1c action when the
CIstern Is flushed and watar passes through the pan

Anglo-Indian Type WC
BO(minimum) t
The top of the pan is provided with a pair of foot rests, whenever s
the
needed, the plastic seat h1inged to the closet can be placed
Sectlon on

water closet with back Inlet foot,rests to use it as an European WG.

hbasin Madura pan-indian
dream zone
 340

Cascade is'a watêr conserving system; the elliptical CIstern is designed

to operate with' just 5litres'of water instead of 10 to 12litres in the Urinals are
cistern. At an average of 20 tlushes a day, a single cascade
conventional antisiphonad
(50 cistern can save 1OOlitres of water per day for the household. The and connect
540
cIstern is operated by lift1ng a knob; water is then propelled through a
bifurcated Pipe'which eventually flushes the bowl. And the waste is
expelled throuigh a large circumference trap for total clean1ng.

700
675
Angle Bac
170
Pian They are ge
Section
Wash down-european water closet space.

343

50

U '

100
140
Elevation
20
280
. 120 390 Vlew
View Plan Sectlon
Single trap siphonic european water closet Angle back

46 38
. /1 -

4
90
O
View 11 8 cms.
cms.O.D:max
Plan Section Bore
mine View
Anglo indian water closet
Elevation Cascade water closet
dreamzo
. zone
h w ol inturnt deign
Slab or stal
nals are
phonag
nnect
DESIGN
INTERI1OR

Urinals
DESIGN

Slab or Stall Type Urinal

241

smooth walled yrinals flushing by means of spreader

connected
S designed Open
tres in the Urinals are generally provided with automatic flush1ng systems. An ta automatic system cisterri. It is jdéàl foY public place.
gle c a s c a d e antisiphonage pipe 1s necessary for urinals located on different floors
ehold. The and connected to a common soil pipe. Various types of urinals are Squatting Urinals
This type of urinal is
d through a
Angle back urinal Squatting urinals are used in squatting position.
the waste pipe
e waste is
Slab or stall type urinal provided with foot rests and small holes which conveysFew
trap. It is fixed flushed to the floor level. ready-made
ing Squatting urinal through a

available which are used tå segregate urinals, instalied in

partitions are
Bowl-type urinal a row, especially in public places.
Angle Back Urinal
Bowl-type Urinal
They are generally for use in the corners hav1ng best effective 5e ot with flat it is generally installed n single,
Bowl type urinal s þack,
Space. without the requirement gf part1tion5.

55

- Rad

165
600 --.

36 65
85
Plan Sectlon Sectlon
View View Plan
Angle back urlnal Squatting urinal

400
T

365
70
Elevation Section
View

Flat back urinal

stall type urinals
Slab or
dream zon
 A seat s a splend1d addition, particularly for elderly people,
and the shower head should be arranged s o
that it can be Shower
directed over the seat.
The ideal ba
The shower DES
I f the shower 15.In a fixed position, the plumbing can be rigid enclosu
concealed in the wall with the controls at a convenient height. can be desi
Provide handies and towel rails with1n
soap holders, grab
easy reach and at the right height for everyone using the
T
m
shower
CJ. concealed
bracket slot Thermostat1c shower controls if USed, ensure that water15
Bolt fix slot at the correct temperature without the need to
balance the
330 hot and cold water supply to the shower
110- through the taps.
They compensate quickly for a drop in water pressure, so if
someone opens the washbasin tap or the tap in the adjoin1ng
bathroom, you would not be scalded-very
390 Key hole have children or elderly important if you
siot persons the shower.USing
The floor should be slip proof and the walls splash proof
to at least the up
height of the shower outlet.
A drop level' of few
150
mm should be provided in the bath1ng
area to
prevent the water from
flowing out of the wet area.
Bath Trays and Shower Trays
tBath trays are available the
generally
in
market in various colours and
Screw fiX-
made of acrylic and fiberglass. Most common designs
slot are square and rectangular and in variouS SIzes to fit
shapes ava1lable
Segregations used for urinals requrements.
the water
The
depth of these trays is generally 125 mm space
in various
to keep
splashes inside the bathing trays
Bath/Shower area sloping filoor and a hole for proper only. These trays havee
drainage and have
The
tollowing points should be remembered while
floors.sl1p-proof
designing the shower
T h e drainage should be
the
sufficient with floor
drainage hole so that one does not have sloping towards 780 7 6 0

to wipe the
floor after each bath with a
mop.
The water outlets
should be adjusted to sut the needs of
various sIzed users. A
fixed shower head can
So that its
direction is changed as
simply be hinged
and handset required, or the hose
type can move up and down a slide bar, or
have a Corner
'telephone shower with a flex1ble hose. Square
Types of shower trays
dream20
ho interinv deugn Sho
 werrer E
jeal ba
2wer
osu DESIGN INTERIOR DESIGN

people, Shower Enclosures A ready-made corner or side shower cubicle' with sliding
t can be door which Is widely available in the market.
The ideal bathroom shower compartment will probably be custom built.
The shower can be enclosed either by the fabrnc surround or with a Bathtub with shower attachment need to be enclosed ether
3 can be enclosure. There four ways which the shower enclosures fully or partly to prevent the water splashes outside the
rigid are by
t height. can be designed. bathtub.
ls within The most economical ill be in a corner where two walls Shower area enclosed on all thé four Sides or three sides
Sing the meet so that only one side needs to be enclosed, the with glass or PVC panels. either slid1ng or h1nged.
fourth
being used as an entrance.
water isS
lance the
he tapS.
ure, so if

adjoining
ant if yoU
O
proof up

bathin9
wet area.
dreat z0
I designs
available
US Space

t o keep
ays have
of floors.

Shower enclosure

Fabric Curtains and Screens

less good at
in, but often
n e s e areinexpensive and easy to match rail
from a coftinuous
curtans ar hung
contain1ng.the spray. Shower a wall at each end, a
Where there 15
fixed to wa and/ o r cel1ng: trackS, wall
For L, U and square-shaped
Straight rod can be fixed.
brackets and ra1l brackets can hold the rail
Shower enclosures with sliding partitions
. dream
 b'athtubs that are used are acrylic opaque coloured 5mm thick acrylhc
Glass type of bia
sheets reinforced with fibre reinforced plastic (FRP=moulded in the
like oval,
rim, making ESIGN
shape of a bathtub. Bathtubs are available in various shapes warm water
round, rectangular or corner tub. bottom of tl acr

pop-up wast
Bidets
A bldet may be defined as a low-level washbas1n provded next to the Flushing c
LRubber seal Water closet specially shaped for the convenience of sitting and washing Flushing cst
the bottom part of the body, curtaling the need for ablution taps and bidets. They
Typical curtaln track system Aluminium sliding frame with .mugs. Bidets are quite s1milar to WC and take the same place as WC. CIsterns are
glass/fibre glass panel Bidets àre generaly made of vitreous China and are available in vaniety Cistern or lo
of shapes and sizes ta match the surround1ng fittings..
Partition High-level C
Bidets can be class1tied as: Indian type W
The part1tion wall can be of brick, PVC, concrete blocks, glass brick,
timber or any other material, or it can be a simple timber or PVC frame Over-rim bidet with a chain
with plastic or glass panels. The shower side of the wall will have.a Low-level flus
Rim supply bidet.
. waterproof l1ining and the other side of the wall will be decorated 'to the clear sp
Sut the general scheme of the bathroom. These partitions should be Over rim bidet trap. Low-lev
properly sealed. The screens çan be h1nged or slid1ng. Slid1ng panels close couple
The over r1mbidet 1s Simply low-level washbasin supplied with hot and
a
a r e either of glass or fibre. Screens are also fxed to the rim of the water from two bidet taps, which gets the water
cold
bathtub, enclos1ng the shower end. The bottom f the screen is proprly t
sealed with rubber sealing strips. Rimsupply bidet
eTherim supply bdet has a hollow rim around which the warm water first
Circulates before entering the bowl. This type of bidet is fitted with an Over flow
Bathtubs
Use of bathtubs is becoming quite popular. these days. Bathtubs may ascend1ing spray in addition to the bidet tap. The advantage of this
be precast or cast-in-situ. They are made of enameled steel, gel-coated
f1bre glass; enamelled porcela1n moulded plastic or reinforced concrete 150
finished with terracotta or marble fin1shes. The most common type r , Slde Knobb

240
Over flow
7 7 ? 7 7

1177777777

1777
77777 7 7777,

rrrt
350
Top Knob
Plan

Size: 1580x1380x400mm
Four-hole bidet
Section Types of operal
View with vertlcal spray
Standard rectangular bathtub Moon-shaped bathtub

dreamzone
chorl of tntarw dnin
 INTERIOR DESIGN 245
that the circulation of warm water n the rim warms the
Lid 1454
type of bidet is Inlet
more comfortable to sit. At the flick of
control knob thee Pver floww-
rim, making it
at thee
warm water is diverted from rim to the vertical spray outlet
nbzzle andd
Rope
bottom of the bowl. Bidets are ava1lable with multispray
Pop-up waste outlet arrangement also. Cup
Flush
Handle
pipe
Flushing cisterns 701
Cisterns are used for flush1ng the water closets, urinals and Chain handle system
Flushing
bidets. They may be made of cast iron, vitreous China or plastic. The .Types of operatiog knobs of flushing cistern

CIsterns are of two types depending on the height of location-high-level

CIstern or low-level cistern
fitt1ngs in the bathroom are concealed, the cistern for both
If all the
and bidet can also be concealed beh1nd a partition wall as welI
WC
for Most c1sterns are operated by projecting lever, but there
is an
High-level cistern isgenerally made of cast iron and is pronded
cistern is provided lever which is almost flush. Sl1m cisterns are
Indian type WC. The height of the high-level flush1ng exceptionally neat push
with a chain hang1ng down, with which it is operated. also avalable which will fit with1n th 6" deep space only.

Low-level flush1ng cistern is normally provided with the European WC as

Sauna / Steam Bath
to be ieft for the
the clear space between the WC and the wall has
trap. Low-level cstern is either wall-mounted types with a flush pipe,
Steam/Turkish Bath (A low temperature high humidity bath in a
concealed.
close coupled to the pan or best of all t can be completely glass fibre room)
generator has stainless steel water reservoir with heat1n9
d r e n . Steam
a

elenegts which produces steam cont1nuously. It is provided with drainage

sometimes steams head with a contaner for lhquid
essences.
475 140
Lid of inte PPGand
The unit can be located 1 5m from steam room. Now - a-days automaticC

Iniet oné hour after

Over flow-
generators are available, which empty the reservoir
completion of bathung. Control panel regulates bath1ng time and
ensures
to
temperatur and can be locáted up
Tank
an absolutely bath1ng
constant

Cup 4.5m from the steam ròóm

with built-in steam
Flush pipe
oteam baths also available as a packaged unit
are
Slde Knob
glass cubicles provided
gengrator and control panel. These are tempered
the cubicle usually 120cmx 120cmx 200cm.
Lid
145
with drainage Size

bath in a wooden
Over floW
Sauna Bath (A high-tempetature low humidity
paneled room)
for cap1llaries and a ,thorough
enables
Tank A sauna is a healthy exercise

a healthy glow.
The blood crculation
detoxification and the sk1n attains are
defences
Cup resp1ration'improves, the organ1sm
regainsstrength, an effective
lessen or disappear. provdes
Flush pipe It
Top Knob stimulated, rheumat1c.pains combats
systems,
Work-out for the cardiovascular and thermoregulation
of operation knobs of flushing cisterm excess weight, athletic performance.
Types
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 S1ze of. the sauna rgom ** r Range of oasis wh1rlpools The fe

Width (cm) Length (cnt) Height (cm) |Max jets| Alow rate Sugtion Deliveryy HP Amp PIllar
5.
Pillar
20 20 I 90 430Umh. 5Omm 4Omm 1.0
horiza
180 20 190 56OL/mn 5Omm 50mm .25 5.5
Bib
150 40 200 |10 650/min5Omm 5Omm 1.5 6.0 Bib c
Construction of a sauna Size of the sauna room wall

It'1s
a small room lined withwood and tight fitting door and The package saunas have built-in timber benches, mineral wood
'double roofs and thick insulat1ng fibres between walls Stop-
glazed Windows and sauna heater. A sauna should be further insulated insulation in
walls and
with fiberglass. When available space does not determine the sauna 'and ceil1ng. Stope
SIZe, a good yardstick is 2it of bench
space per bather, wh1le 5ft by Stopc
7ft. is the minimum space tOr a person Whirlpool the
lying.down.
Whirlpool system is a k1nd of hydrotherapy in a bathtub and a luxury of
beng massaged gently by ar-bubble which stimulate blood circulation, Mixer
increases the heart beat rate and massages the al1ng limbs. The bath Basica
tubs have jets all round the lower part which sprays water on the
body
hirlpool system includes pumps of various capacities sUItable for
LYarious sizes-Jets in plastic or brasS. Water level sensor to ensure
safetyof the pumps 1s installed at the heights of the jet and thus
IRëhsures that the pump would only come on if the
ME
water in the tub is
there. Electronic box offers safety features and
protection from any
leakage of current short Circuiting or fluctuation in voltage.
Taps Pillar co
vertical
Whirlpoo/Jacuzee tub
Taps are the most important amongst the bathroom faucets. They can water cc
be either wall mounted f1xed
or on a horizontal surface such as bath n1m.
The taps are available with various k1nds of operations. They are either
.operated by rotating a knob or handle or by single lever. Taps wth
handles have half-turn,
quarter-turn or full turn operation.
There are special k1nds of faucets, too:
The bathroom faucets are available with aerators to avoid the
Splash of water - the aerators filter the water and mixes
air-bubbles with It, so that one does not get splash, and
he taps are available with pop-up dranage system for bathtubs Standerd
Adjustable jets in whirlpool with inlet
and bidets.
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fol ow INTERIOR DESIGN

coc D E S I G N

The following are the bas1c types of faucets available in the market and hot water supply. Mixeriteps are used to mix hot and cold water in
247

Pillar Cocks the tap itself, Mixer taps are, either operated by separate knobs on a

Pillar cocks are the taps with vertical inlet, 1.e. it can be fixed on the .5inglelever.
horizontal surface of bath or bas1n rim. Wall Mixers
"Wall mixers are either operated by a single lever or two knobs - for hot
Blb Cocks and cold water.
Bib cocks are the taps with horizontal inlets and are mounted on the
The following are the varieties of wall mixers commonly available:
wall.
Wall mixer with separate knobs
al wood

en walls
Stopcocks Wall mixer with. two knobs one for hot water and one for cold
Stopcocks are used to control the flow of water entering the taps. water
Stopcocks are fitted before each applhance and are used to requlate shower
Wall mixer with telephonic shower arrangement including
the quantty of hot/cold water 1n the mixer taps. rest, flex1ble tube and shower

luxury of
Mixer Taps Four-way diverterfor concealed fitt1ngs Concealed bath shower
Culation, mixer with two straight concealed valves and four way diverter
Basically, there are two types of supply to the bathrooms-cold water
The bath for shower and spout outlet
on the Five way diverter for concealed fitt1ngs, concealed shower,
hand shower with two straight concealed valves

mixer consisting
of bath of two concealed valves,
able or Comb1nation
normal concealed stop cocks
ensure ZongWith head shower and
ind thus bath mixer consist1ng of two concealed valves, five
interior iiCombination
hand shower
with arm, wall spout
e tub is way diverter, ball joint shower
rom any

Pilar cock fixed on Standard bib cock

Pllar cock with
vertical inlet for the basin rim

They can water connection

2ath rim
e either

aps with

VOId the
d mixes5
Four way divertor for
Flve way divertor for
Wall hixer with two knobs
bathtubs Standard stop cock Standard stop cock with Standard eçoncealed concealed fittings
concealed firtings

with inlet and outlet inlet and outlet at an angle stop-cock

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 away. t con
gives hot water or cold water, or any temperature in between.
Is to be con
The same lever controls the water flow, too. More water flow,
when it moves up and less water when it moves down. are clamped

B I d e t Mixers Bidet mixers are uSually available with pop-up Auto-Stop Ti

drainage system. They are of two types Auto-stop ta
Single-lever bidet mixer with pop up waste timngs).
Four-hole bidet mixer complete with shower and pop-up
waste Electronic F
Electronc flu:
Wall mixer with
telephonic shower
Combination of bath mixers water used in
keeps on ilo
Single lever bath mixer
the toilet is
Single lever mixers are available in varioUs
fittings types -

one in which the

are
exp0Sed; and another one in which all
the
Concealed with only lever and spout fitt1ngs are
open to view.
Basin Mixers
Basin mixers
are tixed on the horizontal surtace either on washbasin rim
dr bath tub
rim. Bas1n mtxers are also operated either by
.
hot/cold water'knobs or a single lever bas1n d1fferent
mixers, too, are available
-

n varioUS shapes and designs. The

basin mixers available."
following are the basic types of

Single lever ba5in mixer: lt is connected to the hot water

and cold water
Supply. A change in
the direction of the lever
Fpur-hole bidet mixer
Lever head Single-lever bidet mixer
,
Cap (open position) Flush valves
Lever head fixing Ceramic Flush valve wit
(inserted and
Screwed from above)
qisc Flush valves are. used for"tlushing the water closets or urinals. They are
Swivelling the replacement of flush1ng Cistern and have various person in fr
Cover capb takes.less space as compared to the flushing cistern asadvantages it
-

Outlet
Stop pin ih stop
small valve. The flush valve can be tlushed there is only a electromagn
Lip seal (open side Lipseal
cont1nuously one after another required.
down wards) (open side without wait1ng for the valve to be"filied with water.
Installation plate upwards)
BATHROo
Black nut
Copper Automatic Control Taps
Threaded shaft connection pipe
Auto taps are designed
to save water and operate the Towel rails
Hot water tapP automatically
whenever required.It is suitable for any type of
ex1st1ng tap. Auto tap There should
Wash basin mixer with hot Cold water Senses the presence of han in front of tap and allows Towel rals
water
an electromagnet1c valve. Water stops tlowing after the hand through
and cold water knobs Sirngle lever wash basin mixer
movees Singly or in
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h of intrn drsgn
 y.Itcons
Clam
S COn e
ped 249
INTERIOR DESIGN

R DESIGN

an electromagnetic
valve
consists of a control unit, sensor and
in between. away. It water to the tap. Sensors
connected in thePIpeline supply1n9
water flow, Is to be
are clamped above the taP.
wn.

with pop-up Auto-Stop Taps

within 30 seconds (or the preset
shut off automatically
Auto-stop taps towel rall
Swing arm
timings). Towel ring
and poP-up Electronic Flushing Unit-1
automatic flush un1t, which helps conserve
Electronic flush1ng unit is an
In conventional automatic system, water
water used in publ1c tolets. a
of whether
at fixed intervals, irrespective
keeps on flowing regularly of a
the toilet is in USe or not. The autoflush senses the presence

Single towel rall

Towel bracket

towels because larger towels will not

Rings are only SUIted to hand Some rails placed
Out between uses.
Have söfficient spread to dry
lower on wall encourage children to be tidy.

Toilet paper holders

interleaved tissue or d¢signed to hold
.
Holders can be of box type for unhindered.
a roll of paper, provided they
allow the roll to sWing around
recessed into the wall, with a spring-loaded rod.
The latter are best
reached by all
where It can be comfortably
Be s u r e to place the holder
let mixer

Flush valve wlth concealed fittlings

Flush valve withelbow toP push

ls. They are

person in front of the urinal or WC and supplies water through
antages- It is flowing only when
that it
ere is only a electromagnet1c valve for a preset t1me, so

fter another required.

BATHROOM ACCESsORIES

Towel rails
IUtomatically There should be towel rails near the shower, the
bath and the washbas1n.
p. Auto tap bráckets or rings,
ter through Towel rails come in the form of fixed rods, h1nged Tollet paper holder with cutter
t1mber. Toilet paper roll holder
in metal, plast1c, and
hand moves Singlyor in muitiples,
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USers, at optimum, this woUld be directiy in tront OL LTIe apiaIue, vU Some are
on the same principle.
when this is notpossible to the right is better than the left, s1nce the oothbrush racks a r e all designed etc.
such as nail brush, pumic,
majority of peóple a r e right handed. combined with a hold all for other items, and toothbrush.
and others come with àn extra rack just for toothpaste
Soap cases Only turmbler holders are also available.
the wall or projecting one. Most
be recessed in
Soap cases can Miscellaneous Accessories
Satisfactony SO3p dishes and rubber pads. Rubber
of all are the magnetiC
mentioned basic accessories, few
more things
pads can be.attached to a vertical suriace the
wall beside the bath or -

Apárt from the above

a r e also required in the bathroom like, bath robe hook, pegs for clothes,
shower, and hold the soap vertically instead of horizontally, water.çan
actually dráin accord1ng to the natural laws of grav1ty

Toothbrush holders
A toothbrush which is constantly returned wet to a cupboard is doomed,
sutable rack is locatéd:,
to a vety short Iife. Thus, it is preferable that

Twin peg bracket Storage cabine

Six pegs bracket

atc. These pegs should be provided the dry area of the bathroom.
94J the smoker's bathroom. The
engt, forget to provide an ashtray in
EIther near the WC o r the bathtub
inieriaeL
aC
35ntray 1S
Soap dish
345mmx 170mm
Y
Soap dish Electronic hand dryer

Electronic hand dryer are the hot air blowers, which dries the wet
hands, if placed under the blower. These are normally used in hotels,
hosptals, etc. for a hygienic replacement of the towels. These dryers
70 are either manually operated or automatic.

In manual
before
dryers, one just had to shake excess water off the hand
starting the blower.It starts blowng out hot ar, which
quicky
dries the hands. Automatic dryers have in-built sensors, which starts
the, blower as soon the hands are placed under the dryer, and it stops
automatically as soon as the hands are removed from there.
85
Mirrors
Soap Dish
150mmx 150 mm Many prefabr1cated bathroom cab1nets have mrrors doors, some with
Tumbler holder and
Typesof soap dishes toothbrush holder in-built lights. Storage abov
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.. chon of inlerar design