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03 - Classification of Mining Systems

The document discusses different types of underground mining methods including supported methods, unsupported methods, and caving methods. It also discusses cut and fill stoping as a mining method including how it is practiced, the mining procedure, advantages, and disadvantages.

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27 views

03 - Classification of Mining Systems

The document discusses different types of underground mining methods including supported methods, unsupported methods, and caving methods. It also discusses cut and fill stoping as a mining method including how it is practiced, the mining procedure, advantages, and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

eaglesniper008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASSIFICATION OF MINING SYSTEMS

Types of Mining Methods


Methods and procedures
DIFFERENT TYPE OF UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS

Supported Unsupported Caving


methods methods methods
1) Cut and fill 1) Room-and-pillar 1) Longwall
stoping mining mining
2) Stull stoping 2) Stope-and-pillar 2) Sublevel
mining caving
3) Square set 3) Shrinkage stoping 3) Block Caving
stoping
4) Sublevel stoping
TABLE: METHODS FOR UNDERGROUND MINE
Major UG Mining Equipments
 Winning & Loading
1) Drilling Machines-Hand 2) Road Header 3) Shearer
held, tyre/crawler mounted
4) Continuous Miner 5) Side Discharge 6) Load Haul Dump (LHD)
Loader (SDL)

o Shuttle car
o Roof Bolter
o Powered Support

Drilling machines, road header, shearer, continuous miner, side discharge loader, Load haul dump
 Transportation
 Conveyors
 Haulages
 Winding systems
 Man Riding systems
 Shuttle cars/Ram Cars
 Locos
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
Cut and Fill Stoping: This method is used in vertical stopes and in
mining high-grade irregular ore bodies.
 The rock mass surrounding the ore deposit is usually week
 Unable to support loads over and extended stoping height
 Successive cutting of the ore into horizontal slices is carried out
starting from the bottom and progressing upwards towards the
surface
 The ore is extracted in horizontal slices and replaced with
backfill material
 The fill material varies, depending on the support required, and
the material available
CUT AND FILL STOPING: (CONT.)
CUT AND FILL STOPING: (CONT.)
It is one of the popular and expensive but selective

mining method, with low ore loss and dilution
 Is done only in high grade minerals/resources (why)
 Ore is drilled, blasted and removed from stope
 The ore is mined in slices
Voids are backfilled with a variety of fill type to support
the walls ----rock waste, tailings, sand or other suitable
materials
MINING PROCEDURE OF CUT AND FILL STOPING
 In cut and fill stoping, the orebody is retrieved in horizontal
slices beginning at the very bottom and advancing
upwards towards the surface.
 Ramps (inclined tunnels) are excavated to connect the
surface to the underground ore body.
 Drifts are excavated to come in contact with the ore slices.
The slices are drilled using a jumbo, blasted by charging the
drill holes with explosives, and ore is removed by using
dump trucks or Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicles.
 The ore is dumped into an ore pass, an inclined tunnel
where ore is transported to a lower elevation in the mine.
 The ore is picked up at the other end of the ore pass by a
LHD to be transported out of the mine through a ramp
(inclined tunnel).
 Once a slice is completely mined out, the empty space is
partially backfilled hydraulically.
 The backfill material used can be a mixture of sand and
rocks, waste rock with cement, or dewatered mill tailings
(rejected low grade ore from processing, usually fine and
sandy).
 The backfill underground serves to keep the mine walls
stable and also as the floor for mining the next slice.
 Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the
orebody is depleted.
It is practiced both direction-

 Overhand (Upward) cut and fill


 Is applied to ore lies underneath the working area
and the roof is backfill
 Involves a work area of cemented backfill while
mining ore from the roof
 Underhand (Downward) cut and fill
 Is applied to ore lies beneath the working area and
the roof is cemented backfill
 Ore overlies the working area and the machines
work on backfill
Advantages:

 Minimum developments before mining starts.


 Possibility of selective mining.
 Versatility under varying conditions.
 Openings are small therefore low dilution.
 Change to another method can be achieved readily.
 Investment in machinery is small.
 Large extent ground movements such as subsidence are kept
to minimum.
Disadvantages:

 Ore production is highly cyclical.


 The method is labour intensive and especially skilled labour
intensive.
 Use of mechanization is low therefore low productivity.
 Personnel work under freshly cut roof that can cause safety
problems.
 Degree of ground control is very high making the method
an expensive one.

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