Inverse trigonometric Functions

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS 2
EXPECTED FOR PU BOARD EXAMS:  
 y   0,      is called as inverse of seceant
1 mark (MCQ) : 1 question (Part-A) 2
function.
1 mark (fill in the blanks) 1 question (Part-A)
2 marks 1 question (Part-B)   
vi) A function f : R   1, 1    ,   0 defined
 2 2
3 marks 1 question (Part-C)
by y  f  x   cosec1 x  x  cosec y ,
Total : 7 marks.

  
Definition:  x  R   1, 1 ,  y    ,   0 is called as
 2 2
  
i) A function f :  1, 1    ,  defined by inverse of cosecant function.
 2 2
Domain and range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
y  f  x   sin 1 x  x  sin y , x   1, 1 ,
Functions Domain Range
  
y    ,  is called as inverse of sine function.
 2 2   
i) y  sin 1 x  1, 1  2 , 2 
ii) A function f :  1, 1   0,   defined by
 

y  f  x   cos 1 x  x  cos y , x   1, 1 ii) y  cos 1 x  1, 1 0,  

 y   0,   is called as inverse of cosine function.
  
iii) y  tan 1 x R  , 
    2 2
iii) A function f : R    ,  defined by
 2 2
1
iv) y  cot 1 x R 0,  
y  f  x   tan x  x  tan y , x  R

  
 y    ,  is called as inverse of tangent function. v) y  sec1 x R   1, 1 0,    
 2 2 2

iv) A function f : R   0,   defined by   

vi) y  cosec1 x R   1, 1   2 , 2   0
y  f  x   cot 1 x  x  cot y ,  x  R  
Note:
 y   0,   is called as inverse of cotangent function.
1) The symbol sin 1 x should not be confused with
 
v) A function f : R   1, 1   0,      defined by  sin x 1 . In fact sin 1 x is an angle, the value of whose
2
sine is x, similarly for other inverse trigonometric
y  f  x   sec1 x  x  sec y ,  x  R   1, 1 functions.

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 Inverse trigonometric Functions

2) The smallest numerical value either positive or Multiple Choice Questions

negative, of  is called the principal value of the function.
1) The principal value branch of sec1 x is:
3) Whenever no branch of an inverse trigonometric
function is mentioned we mean the principal value   
branch. a)  0,   b)   ,   0
 2 2
4) The value of the inverse trigonometric function which
lies in the range of principal branch is its principal value.     
c)  0,      d)   , 
2  2 2
5) The domain of inverse trigonometric function is the
range of corresponding trigonometric function. 2) The principal value branch of f  x   sin 1 x is:
6) The range of inverse trigonometric function is also
called the principal value branch.   
a)   ,  b)  0,  
1
 2 2
7) The principal value branch of y  sin x is
  
   c)   ,  d)  0,  
  2 , 2  and its other branches are  2 2
 
1
3) If sin x  y , then :
  3   3 , 5  ,  5 , 7  ,
 2 , 2  ,  2 2   2 2 
   
a) 0  y   b)   y
 3    5 3  2 2
  2 ,  2  ,   2 ,  2  etc.
     
c) 0  y   d)   y
2 2
8) The principal value branch of y  cos 1 x is  0,  
4) The principal value branch of cot 1 x is:
and its other branches are  , 2  ,  2 , 3  , 3 , 4 
  
  , 0 ,  2 ,    etc. a)   ,  b)  0,  
 2 2

9) The maximum value of sin 1 x is and the minimum   
2 c)   ,  d)  0,  
 2 2

value of sin 1 x is  . 5) Which of the following is a principal value branch of
2
cos 1 x ?
10) The maximum value of cos 1 x is  and the minimum
  
value of cos 1 x is 0. a)   ,  b)  0,  
 2 2

 
c)  0,   d)  0,     
2

6) The domain of cosec 1 x is:

a)  1, 1 b) R   1, 1

c) R   1, 1 d)  1, 1

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 Inverse trigonometric Functions

7) Which of the following is a principal value branch of

14) The domain of sec1 x is:
1
cosec x :
a)  1, 1 b) R   1, 1
    
a)   ,  b)  0,      c) R   1, 1 d)  1, 1
 2 2 2
15) The domain of sin 1 2x is:
     
c)   ,  d)   ,   0 a)  0, 1 b)  1, 1
 2 2  2 2

1  1 1
8) One branch of cos x other than the principal value c)   , d)  2, 2
 2 2 
branch corresponds to:
Answer Key:
  3   3 
a)  ,  b)  , 2     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 2  2 
c) c) b) b) c) b) d) d) b) a)
c)  0,   d)  2 , 3  11 12 13 14 15

9) The principal value branch of tan 1 x is: b) d) b) b) c)

   Composition of Trigonometric and its Inverse function:

a)  0,   b)   , 
 2 2   
1) sin 1  sin     for all     , 
      2 2
c)   ,   0 d)  0,     
 2 2 2 2) cos 1  cos     for all    0,  

10) The domain of sin 1 x is:    

3) tan 1  tan     for all     , 
    2 2 
a)  1, 1 b)   , 
 2 2 4) cot 1  cot     for all    0,  
c)  1, 1 d)  ,    
5) sec 1  sec     for all    0,     
2
11) The domain of tan 1 x is:
  
a)  1, 1 b)  ,   6) cosec 1  cosec    for all     ,   0
 2 2
  
c)   , 
 2 2
d)  1, 1 7)  
sin sin 1 x  x for all x   1, 1

8) cos  cos x   x for all x   1, 1

1
12) The domain of cos 1 x is:
a)  1, 1 b)  ,   9) tan  tan x   x for all x  R
1

c)  0,   d)  1, 1
10) cot  cot x   x for all x  R
1

13) The domain of cot 1 x is: 11) sec  sec x   x for all x   ,  1  1,  
1

a)  1, 1 b) R
12) cosec  cosec x   x for all x   ,  1  1,  
1

  
c)   ,  d)  1, 1
 2 2
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Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Note: Answer Key:

1) x   ,  1  1,   is same as x  R   1,1 is 1 2 3 4 5 6
same as x  1 b) c) b) c) b) a)

2) x   1, 1 is same as x  1 Concepts of Trigonometry used to find principal values:

1)  sin   sin    2)  tan   tan   
Multiple Choice Questions
3) cosec   cosec    4)  cos   cos    
1
1) The equation sin sin    is true for:
5)  sec  sec      6)  cot   cot     
   7) sin   sin      8) cos   cos  2   
a)     ,   b)     , 
 2 2
9) tan   tan     10) cot   cot     
c)    0,   d)    0, 2  11) sec  sec  2    12) cos ec  cos ec     

2) The equation cos 1 cos    is true for:

Problems Type I :
  
a)     ,   b)     ,  1) Find the principal value of tan 1  1
 2 2
c)    0,   d)    0, 2  
Solution: Let y  tan 1  1  tan y  1   tan
4
3) The equation tan 1 tan    is true for:
 
 tan     tan   tan    
    4
a)     ,   b)     , 
 2 2
   
y    , 
c)    0,   d)    0, 2  4  2 2

4) The equation cot 1 cot    is true for: 

Thus the principal value of tan 1  1 is 
4
  
a)     ,   b)     ,  1  2 
 2 2 2) Find the principal value of sec  
 3
c)    0,   d)    0, 2 
1  2  2 
5) The equation sec1 sec    is true for:
Solution: Let y  sec    sec y   sec
 3 3 6

       
a)     ,   0 b)    0,      y    0,     
 2 2 2 6 2

c)    0,   d)    0,    2  
Thus the principal value of sec1   is 6
 3
6) The equation cosec1cosec   is true for:
1  1 
3) Find the principal value of sin  
      2
a)     ,   0 b)    0,     
 2 2 2
1  1  1 
c)    0,   d)    0,   Solution: Let y  sin    sin y   sin
 2 2 4
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Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

  
y  tan      tan   tan    
4  3
   
1  1   y  , 
Thus the principal value of sin   is 3  2 2
 2 4

1  1 
1
Thus the principal value of tan  3 is    3
4) Find the principal value of cot    [June-2019]
 3
1  1 
1  8) Find the principal value of cos   
1  1   2
Solution: Let y  cot     cot y     cot
 3 3 3
1  1 
  Soluition: Let y  cos   
 cot       cot   cot        2
 3
1 
2 2
 cos y     cos
 cot y   0,   2 4
3 3
 
1   cos       cos   cos      
1  2  4
Thus the principal value of cot    is
 3 3
3
 cos
1 4
5) Find the principal value of cosec  2
 1  3
1  Thus the principal value of cos 1    is
Solution: Let y  cosec  2   cos ecy  2  cosec  2 4
6
   
y    ,  0 9) Find the principal value of cot 1  3
6  2 2 

 
Thus the principal value of cosec1  2  is
6
Solution: Let y  cot 1  3   cot y  3  cot
6

1  3  y    0,  
6) Find the principal value of cos  2  6
 

1 
3 3
 cos
 Thus the principal value of cot
1
 3  is 6
Solution: : Let y  cos    cos y 
 2  2 6
1
10) Find the principal value of cosec  2  

 y    0,   [March-2017, 1M]
6
Solution: Let y  cosec
1
 2 
1  3  
Thus the principal value of cos  2  is 
  6  cosec y   2  cosec
4
1
7) Find the principal value of tan  3    
 cosec      cosec  cosec    
  4
1
 
Solution: Let y  tan  3  tan y   3   tan
3
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Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

   1 
y  13) Evaluate tan 1  2 cos  2 sin 1   [Important; 2M]
4   2 

   1 
1

Thus the principal value of cosec  2 is   4
Solution: G  E  tan 1  2 cos  2 sin 1  
  2 

1  1  1  1    2  
1
11) Find the value of tan 1  cos     sin     tan 1 2 cos   
 2   2   6 

[Important; August - 2022; 2M]    

 tan 1  2 cos   
Solution:   3 

   1 
Let   tan 1 1  tan   1  tan    tan 1  2    tan 1 1 
4 4  2  4

1  1 1 14) Find the value of tan 1 3  sec 1  2  [Important; 2M]

Let   cos     cos   
 2 2

Solution: Let   tan 1 3  tan   3  tan
   2 2 3
  cos  cos      cos  
3  3 3 3 
 
3
1  1 1
Let   sin     sin    Let   sec1  2   sec   2
 2  2
   2 2
      sec  sec      sec  
  sin  sin        3  3  3 3
6  6 6
 2 
 Required is     3  3   3
 2    3
 Required is       4  3    6   4
 
15) Find the value of tan
1
3  cot 1  3  
1  1  1  1 
12) Find the value of cos    2sin   [Important; 2M]
2 2

[Important; 2M] Solution: Let   tan 1 3  tan   3  tan
3

1  1  1  
Solution: Let   cos    cos    cos  
2 2 3 3


1
 
Let   cot  3  cot    3
 
3
   5 5
  cot  cot      cot  
6  6 6 6
1  1  1  
Let   sin    sin    sin   
2 2 6 6  5 
 Required is      
3 6 2
      2
 Required is   2  3  2  6   3  3  3
 
27
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Problems: Type II
   
   , 
2  6  2 2
1 
1) Find the principal value of sin  sin .
 3 
1  7  
[Important; June-2015 & June - 2016; 2M] Thus the principal value of tan  tan  is
 6  6

1  2  1     13 
Solution: Let y  sin  sin   sin  sin    3   1 
 3     4) Find the principal value of cos  cos 
 6 
[Important; 2M]
1  
 sin  sin   sin      sin  
 3 1  13 
Solution: : Let y  cos  cos 
     6 
   ,
3  2 2     
 cos 1  cos  2   
2     6 
1 
Thus the principal value of sin  sin  is
 3  3 
 cos 1 cos  cos  2     cos  
6 
1  3 
2) Find the principal value of sin  sin . 
 5     0,  
6
[Important; 2M]

 13 
1  Thus the principal value of cos 1 cos is
Solution: Let y  sin  sin 3  6 6
 5

    1  3 
 sin 1  sin    2   5) Find the principal value of tan  tan 
  5   4 
[Important; 2M]
1  
 sin  sin 2   sin      sin  
 5 1  
Solution: Let y  tan  tan 3 
2      4
   ,
5  2 2     
 tan 1  tan     
3  2   4 
1 
Thus the principal value of sin  sin  is
 5  5  
 tan 1   tan   tan       tan  
 4
7
3) Find the principal value of tan 1  tan .

 6     
 tan 1  tan       tan   tan    
[Important; 2M]   4   

7       
1  1     , 
Solution: Let y  tan  tan   tan  tan    6   4  2 2
 6    


 tan 1 tan  tan       tan  
6

28
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

1 
6) Find the principal value of cos  cos
7 
.
4)  
tan 1 3  cot 1  3 is equal to:
 6 
[Important; 2M]  
a)  b)  c) 0 d) 
7  5  2 4
1
Solution: Let y  cos cos  cos1 cos  2  
6  6 
1  1 
5 5) The principal value of cos    is:
 cos 1 cos  cos  2     cos    2
6 
 3  
5 a) b) c) d) 
   0,   4 4 2 4
6
  1 
 1  1   6) sin   sin 1     is equal to:
7) Find sin   sin      3  2 
3  2 

[Important; March-2017, March - 2023; 2M] 1 1 1

a) b) c) d) 1
2 3 4
  1 
Solution: G  E  sin   sin 1   
 3  2  1  1  1  1 
7) The value of cos    2sin   is:
2
  2
 1
 sin   sin 1 
3 2  2 3
a) b) c)  d)
     1 3 3 4
 sin     sin  
3 6  6 2 1  2 
8) The principal value of sin  sin  is:
  3 
 sin 1
2  2  
a) b) c) d) 
3 3 6 3
Multiple Choice Questions
1  3 
1) tan 1 3  sec 1  2  is equal to:
9) The principal value of tan  tan  is:
 4 

  2  3  5
a)  b)  c) d) a) b) c)  d)
3 3 3 4 4 4 4

1  3 1  13 
2) The principal value of cos   2  is: 10) The principal value of cos  cos  is:
   6 

  5 2  7  13
a) b) c) d) a) b) c)  d)
6 3 6 3 6 6 6 6

 7  1  7 
3) cos 1  cos  is equal to: 11) The principal value of tan    is:
 6   6 
 7  5
7 5   a) b) c)  d)
a) b) c) d) 6 6 6 6
6 6 3 6
29
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

 3  1  1  
12) The principal value of sin 1    is: 20) The value of tan  sin     is :
 2    2 

2  4 5 1
a)  b)  c) d) a) 1 b) 1 c) 0 d)
3 3 3 6 2

1  1  21) sin 1  sin 2  is:

13) The principal value of sin   is:
 2
a) 2 b)   2
   
a) b) c) d) c) 2   d) does not exist
2 4 6 3
22) sin 1  cos130 is:
1  1 
14) The principal value of sin   
 2
2 2  
a) b)  c) d) 
    9 9 9 9
a)  b) c)  c)
6 3 3 6
23) cos 1  cos 2  is:
15) The principal value tan 1  1 is:
a) 2 b)   2
  3 3 c) 2   d) does not exist
a)  b)  c)  d)
4 6 4 4
Answer Key:
16) The principal value of tan
1
  3  is: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b) c) b) b) b) d) b) a) c) a)
  2 
a)  b)  c) d) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
3 6 3 3
a) b) b) a) a) a) c) b) a) a)
1
1  21 22 23
17) The principal value of cos    is:
 2
b) b) a)
  2 5
Some Important simplications in Trigonometry:
a) b)  c) d)
3 3 3 6
x x
2sin cos
sin x 2 2  tan x
1  1  1) 
18) The principal value cot    is: 1  cos x x 2
 3 2cos 2
2
 2 5  x x
a) b) c) d) 2sin cos
3 3 6 6 sin x 2 2  cot x
2) 
1  cos x x 2
2sin 2
19) The principal value cosec
1
 2  2

x
  3 3 2 sin 2
a)  b)  c)  d) 1  cos x 2  tan 2 x
4 3 4 4 3) 
1  cos x x 2
2 cos2
2
30
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Problems:
x x
cos  sin 2
2
cos x 2 2
 1 1  cos x
4) 1  sin x x x x x 1) Write tan , 0  x   in the simplest
cos 2  sin 2  2sin cos 1  cos x
2 2 2 2
form.
[Important; March-2014, June-2014, & June-2018; M]
 x x  x x
 cos  sin   cos  sin 
2 2  2 2
 2 2sin 2
x
 x x 1  cos x 2
 cos  sin  Solution: Let y  tan
1
 tan 1
 2 2  1  cos x 2 x
2cos
2
x x x
cos  sin 1  tan x
 2 2 2  x   tan 1 tan 2
x x x  tan    2
cos  sin 1  tan  4 2
2 2 2
x  x 
 tan 1 tan  0  x   , tan 2 is  ve 
x x 2  
cos 2  sin 2
cos x 2 2
 x
5) 1  sin x x x x x 
cos 2  sin 2  2sin cos 2
2 2 2 2

1  cos x  sin x  
 2x 2 x  x x 2) Write tan   , 0  x  in the simplest
 cos  sin  cos  sin   cos x  sin x  2
 2 2  2 2
 2 form. [Important; July-2015 & March-2018; 2M]
 2x x
 cos  sin 
 2 2 1  cos x  sin x 
Solution: Let y  tan  
 cos x  sin x 
x x x
cos  sin 1  tan
2 2 2  x Divide both Numerator & denominator by cos x
   tan   
x x x  4 2
cos  sin 1  tan  cos x sin x 
2 2 2   
 y  tan  cos x cos x 
1
Note:  cos x sin x 

 cos x cos x 
1  sin x  x   x 
1) sec x  tan x   cot     tan   
 1  tan x  
cos x  4 2   4 2 1   
 tan 1    tan  tan   x     x
 1  tan x    4  4
1  sin x  x  x
2) sec x  tan x   cot     tan    1  cos x  3 
cos x  4 2  4 2 3) Write tan  ,   x  in the simplest
 1  sin x  2 2
1  cos x x form. [Important; 3M]
3) cosec x  cot x   cot
sin x 2 1  cos x 
Solution: Let y  tan  
 1  sin x 
1  cos x x
4) cosec x  cot x   tan
sin x 2  x x 
 cos2  sin 2 
 tan  1 2 2

 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x 
 2 2 2 2
31
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Important Substitution:
 x x  x x
  cos  sin  cos  sin   Expression Substitution
2 2  2 2
 tan 1  
 x x
2  1) 1  x 2 x  sin  or x  cos 
  
 cos  sin 
  2 2 
2) 1  x 2 x  tan  or x  cot 

 x x  x
 cos 2  sin 2   1  tan 2  3) x2  1 x  sec  or cosec
1 1
 tan    tan  
 cos x  sin x   1  tan x  4) 1  x , 1  x x  cos  or x  cos 2
 2 2  2

x 1 x
   x  5) , x  sin 2  or x  cos2 
 tan 1  tan        x 1 x x
  4 2  4 2
x 1 x
1 
1  sin x  1  sin x  x 6) , x  tan 2  or x  cot 2 
4) Prove that cot   , 1 x x

 1  sin x  1  sin x  2
x x 1
  7) , x  sec2  or x  cosec2
x   0,  x 1 x
 2
Solution: Consider, Expression Substitution

x x x x 1) a 2  x2 x  a sin  or x  a cos 
1  sin x  cos 2  sin 2  2sin cos
2 2 2 2
2) a2  x2 x  a tan  or x  a cot 
2
 x x x x
  cos  sin   cos  sin 3) x2  a2 x  a sec or x  a cosec
 2 2  2 2
4) a  x , a  x x  a cos  or x  a cos 2
x 2 x
2 x x
Now, 1  sin x  cos  sin  2sin cos
2 2 2 2 x ax
5) , x  a sin 2  or x  a cos 2 
ax x
2
 x x x x
  cos  sin   cos  sin
 2 2 2 2 x a x
6) , x  a tan 2  or x  a cot 2 
ax x
 x x  x x
  cos 2  sin 2    cos 2  sin 2   x xa
 LHS  cot 1      7)
xa
,
x
x  a sec 2  or x  a cosec 2
 x x  x x
  cos 2  sin 2    cos 2  sin 2  
   
 a  x  x  b 
x x 8) a  x x  a cos 2   b sec 2 
 cot 1 cot   RHS
2 2 xb

32
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Problems :
 1  x2  1 
1
 x  3) Write tan   , x  0 in the simplest form.
1
1) Write tan   , x  a in the simplest form  x 
 2 2   
 a x 
[Important; March - 2017 & September-2022, 3M]
[Important; Mrach-2024; 3M]
 1  x2  1 
  1
Solution: Let y  tan  2
x
1
 Solution: Let y  tan  x


2   
 a x 

x  x Put x  tan     tan 1 x -----(*)

Put x  a sin    sin     sin 1   ----- (*)
a a
 1  tan 2   1 
   y  tan 1  
a sin   tan  
 y  tan 1    
 2 2 2 
 a  a sin  
 1 
   1 
1  sec   1  1 cos 
1 
 tan 
a sin   1
 a sin    tan    tan  sin  
  tan    tan    

 
 a 2 1  sin 2   

2
 a cos 
2
  cos  

 a sin     
 tan 1  1 2sin 2
  tan tan     1  cos    2 
 a cos    tan 1  1
  tan  
 sin    
 2sin cos 
 x  2 2
 sin 1   [Using (*)]
a
  1 1
 tan 1 tan   tan x [Using (*)]
 1  2 2 2
1
2) Write cot  2  , x  1 in the simplest form.

 x 1  1
2 1
4) Prove that sin 2 x 1  x  2sin x , 
[Important; March-2019 & June-2019, 2M]
1 1
for  x . [Important; March-2015,
 1 
1
2 2
Solution: Let y  cot  2 
 September-2020, April-2022, March-2024, 2M]
 x 1 
Solution: Put x  sin     sin 1 x -------(*)
Put x  sec     sec 1 x -------(*)

 1    
LHS  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  sin 1 2sin  1  sin 2  
 y  cot 1  
 2 
 sec   1   sin 1  2sin  cos    sin 1 sin 2

 1   2  2sin 1 x  RHS [Using(*)]

 cot 1  1
  cot  cot    
 tan  
1
1
 sec x [using (*)]
5) Show that sin
1
 2x 1  x   2cos2 1
x , for
2
 x 1

[Important; March-2016 & March-2017, 2M]

Solution: Let x  cos     cos1 x
33
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Double angle & Triple Angle Formulae


LHS  sin 1 2cos  1  cos 2  
2 tan x
1) sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x 
 sin 1 1
 2cos  sin    sin  sin 2   2 1  tan 2 x

 2cos 1 x  RHS 2) cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1

 1 x  1  x   1 1  tan 2 x
6) Prove that tan 1  1
,  1  2sin 2 x 
 1  x  1  x   4  2 cos x 1  tan 2 x
 

1 2 tan x
  x 1. 3) tan 2 x 
2 1  tan 2 x

Solution: Put x  cos     cos 1 x -----(*) 4) sin 3x  3sin x  4sin 3 x

5) cos 3x  4 cos3 x  3cos x

1 
1  cos   1  cos  
LHS  tan 
 1  cos   1  cos  
  3 tan x  tan 3 x
6) tan 3x 
1  3tan 2 x
 2  
 2cos  2sin 2  Problems:
 tan 1  2 2
 2 2   1 1
 2 cos
 2
 2sin
2
 1 1 3

1) Prove that 3sin x  sin 3 x  4 x , x   , 
 2 2

   [Important; June-2016, 2M]
 2 cos  2 sin 
 tan 1  2 2
 Solution: Put x  sin     sin 1 x ----- (*)
 2 cos   2 sin  
 2 2

RHS  sin 1 3 x  4 x 3  
 sin 1 3sin   4 sin 3  
    
 cos  sin   1  tan   sin 1 sin 3  3  3sin 1 x  LHS [ using (*)]
 tan 1  2 2  tan 1 2
  
 cos   sin    1  tan  
1 
 2 2  2  
2) Prove that 3cos 1 x  cos 1 4 x3  3 x , x   , 1
2 
    
 tan 1  tan         [Important; March-2014, 2M]
  4 2  4 2
Solution: Put x  cos     cos 1 x ---- (*)
 1
  cos 1 x = RHS [ Using (*)]
4 2   
RHS  cos 1 4 x 3  3 x  cos 1 4 cos3   3 cos  
 cos 1 cos 3

 3  3cos 1 x = LHS [ using (*)]

34
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

 1  x2  1 1 x 
3) Prove that 2 tan 1 x  cos 1  , . 6) Prove that tan x  cos 1   , x   0, 1 .
 1  x 2  x  0  1 x 
 
[Important; 2M]
[Important; 2M] 1
Solution: Put x  tan     tan x ------(*)
1
Solution: Put x  tan     tan x ------ (*)
 1 2 
RHS  cos  1  1 
x
 cos 1   x 
 1 x2    2 
RHS  cos 1   1 x   1  x 
 1  x 2   
 
 1  tan 2  
 1  tan 2    cos 1    cos 1 cos 2  2
 cos 1   1  tan 2 
 1  tan 2    cos 1 cos 2  
 
 2 tan 1 x = LHS [ using (*)]
 2  2 tan 1 x  LHS [ using (8)
2 3
1  3a x  x  a
7) Write tan  3  for x
2 
x  in the
 2x   a  3ax  3
4) Prove that 2 tan 1 x  sin 1   , x   1, 1
 1  x2  simplest form. [Important; 2M]
[Important; 2M] 2 3
1  3a x  x 
Solution: Let y  tan  3 2 

1
Solution: Put x  tan     tan x ----- (*)  a  3ax 
Divide both Numerator and Denominator by a3
2x 
1 
RHS  sin  
 1  x2    x   x 3 
 3     
1   a   a  
 2 tan    y  tan
 sin 1   2 
  sin 1  sin 2  x
 1  3   
 1  tan 2  
 a 
 2  2 tan 1 x  LHS [ Using (*)
x x
Put  tan     tan 1   ------(*)
 2x  a a
5) Prove that 2 tan 1 x  tan 1   , x   1, 1
 1  x2   3 tan   tan 3  
 y  tan 1 
[Important; 2M]
 1  3tan 2  
 
Solution: Put x  tan     tan 1 x ----- (*) x
[ Using (*)]
 tan 1 tan 3  3  3 tan 1
a
 2x 
RHS  tan 1   1 2x 1 y2 
 1  x2  8) Simplyfy: tan sin 1 2
 cos 1 ,
2 1 x 1  y2 
 2 tan  
 tan 1  1
  tan tan 2 x  1, y  0 and xy  1 [Important; 2M, 3M]
 1  tan 2  

 2  2 tan 1 x  LHS [ Using (*)] Solution: Put x  tan  and y  tan  ---- (*)
2
1  1 2 x 1 1  y 
Let y  tan sin  cos 
2 1  x2 1 y2 
35
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions in terms of each other

1 2 tan  1 1  tan  
 tan sin 1  cos 
2 1  tan 2  1  tan 2   1. In ABC ,

1 1
 tan sin 1 sin 2  cos1 cos 2   sin   x ; cos ec 
2 x
1
 tan  2  2   tan     cos   1  x 2 ; sec  
1
2
1  x2
tan   tan  x y
  [ using (*)]
1  tan  tan  1  xy
x 1 x2
tan   ; cot  
Remember 1  x2 x

Equation Domain From the above, we conclude

 1 1
1
 3 1
1) sin 3 x  4 x  3sin x  x   ,
 2 2 
For x  0;sin 1 x  cos 1 1  x 2

1  x 1
1 3
 1
2) cos 4 x  3 x  3cos x  x   , 1
2 
 tan 1
1 x 2
 cos ce 1
x
3
1  3 x  x   1 1 
3) tan  2 
 3tan 1 x x ,  1 1  x2

 1  3x   3 3  sec 1  cot 1
1  x2 x
 1  x2  1  1
1
4) tan    tan 1 x x  R  0 1
 x  2 2) In ABC cos   x; sec  
  x
 1 1 
1
 2 1
5) sin 2 x 1  x  2sin x  x  

, 
2 2 sin   1  x 2 ; cosec  =
1
1 x2
 1 
6) sin
1
 2x 1  x   2 cos
2 1
x x  , 1
 2  1  x2 x
tan   ; cot  
x 1  x2
1  cos x   x  3  
7) tan    x   , 
 1  sin x  4 2  2 2 From the above we conclude,

1  1  x  1  x 
8) tan   For x  0; cos1 x  sin 1 1  x 2
 1 x  1  x 

 1  1  1 x2
  cos 1 x x   , 1  tan 1
4 2  2  x

1
 x  1 x 1 1
9) tan  2   sin
 x   a, a   sec 1  cosec 1
 a x
2
 a x 1  x2

1  1  sin x  1  sin x  x   x
10) cot    x   0,   cot 1
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  2 1  x2
36
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

3. In ABC , Multiple Choice Questions

tan   x; cot  
1 1
 
1) The value of sin tan x , for x  1 is:
x
1 x2 x
2 a) b)
x 1 x
sin   ; cosec  x 1 x2
1 x 2 x
1 x
1 c) 2 d)
cos   ;sec   1  x 2 1 x 1  x2
2
1 x
1 x
From the above we conclude 2) The simplified form of tan , x a
a  x2
2
For, x  0 ,
1  x  1  a 
x a) sin   b) cos  
tan 1 x  sin 1 a  x
1  x2
1  a  1  x 
c) sin   d) tan  
1 1  x a
 cos 1  cot 1
1 x 2 x  1  x1  1 
3) The simplified form of tan 1   , x  0 is:
 x 
 
1 x2
 cosec1  sec1 1  x 2
x 1
a) tan 1 x b) tan 1 x
2
Examples:
c) 2 tan 1 x d) cot 1 x
1 3 4 3
1) sin  cos 1  tan 1
5 5 4
1
 1 
5 5 4 4) The simplified form of cot  2  , x  1 is:
 cosec1  sec1  cot 1 
 x 1 
3 4 3
a) sec1 x b) sin 1 x
1 12 5 1 5
2) cos  sin  tan 1 c) cot 1 x d) tan 1 x
13 13 12
12 13 13
 cot 1  sec 1  cosec 1 1  cos x  sin x  
5 12 5 5) The simplified form of tan  , 0 x
 cos x  sin x  2
1 8 8 15 is:
3) tan  sin 1  cos 1
15 17 17  
a) x b) x
15 17 17 2 4
 cot 1  cosec 1  sec1
8 8 15  
c) x d) x
Remember: 3 6

The familiar pythagorean triplets are 1 1  cos x

6) The simplified form of tan , 0  x   is:
(i) 3, 4 and 5 (ii) 6, 8 and 10 1  cos x

(iii) 5, 12 and 13 (iv) 8, 15 and 17 x x

a) x b) 2x c) d)
(v) 7, 24 and 25 (vi) 15, 20 and 25 2 4
37
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

12) The set of values of x for which


1
7) The value of cot sin x is: 
 1  x2 
2 tan 1 x  cos 1 
1  x2 x  1  x 2  holds is:
a) b)  
x 1  x2
a)  1, 1 b)  0,  
1 2
1 x
c) d) c)  , 0 d)  ,  
x x

  3 
8) The set of values of x for which 3 sin
1

x  sin 1 3 x  4 x 3  2 1
13) sin  cos  5   is:
  
holds is:
4 16 9 25
a)  0, 1 b)  1, 1 a) b) c) d)
5 25 25 9

 1 1 1   1  3
c)   ,  d)  , 1 14) cos  tan  is:
 2 2 2   4 

9) The set of values of x for which 4 3 3 2

a) b) c) d)
5 5 4 5
 
3cos 1 x  cos 1 4 x3  3 x holds is:
Answer Key:
 1 1 1  1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a)  0, 1 b)  1, 1 c)   ,  d)  , 1
 2 2 2  d) a) b) a) b) c) d)
10) The set of values of x for which 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
c) d) b) c) b) b) a)

2sin 1 x  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  holds is: Solutions to selected questions:

 1   1 1   x  x
a)  1,


2
b)  
 2
, 
2 1)   
sin tan 1 x  sin  sin 1
1  x2


1  x2
 

 1 
c)  , 1 d)  1, 1  1  x2  1 x2
 2  7)  

cot sin 1 x  cot  cot 1
x

 x
 
11) The set of values of x for which
2

2 cos 1 x  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  holds is: 2 1  3   2
13) sin  cos     sin  sin
  5 
1 4  
   sin sin
5 
1 4 
5
 
16
25

 1 1   1 3   1 4  4
a)  1, 1 b)   ,  14) cos  tan   cos  cos 
 2 2  4  5 5

 1   1 
c)  , 1 d)  1, 
 2   2

38
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Sum and difference of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

5 4 12 3 20 36 56
      
We make use of the following compound Angle Formulae: 13 5 13 5 65 65 65

1) sin      sin  cos   cos  sin       sin 1

56
65
2) sin      sin  cos   cos  sin 
12 3 56
 cos 1  sin 1  sin 1
13 5 65
3) cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
1 8 3 77
4) cos      cos  cos   sin  sin  3) Prove that sin  sin 1  tan 1
17 5 36

tan   tan  8 8 8
5) tan      Solution: Let sin
1
   sin   ; tan  
1  tan  tan  17 17 15

tan   tan  3 3 3
6) tan      and sin
1
   sin   ; tan  
1  tan  tan  5 5 4

tan   tan 
Problems: Consider tan     
1  tan  tan 

1 4 12 33
1) Prove that cos  cos 1  cos 1 8 3 32  45 77
5 13 65 
15 4 77
[Important; March-2019, 3M]   60  60 
8 3 24 36 36
1  1
4 4 3 15 4 60 60
1
Solution: Let cos    cos   ; sin  
5 5 5
77
     tan 1
12 12 5 36
and cos 1    cos   ; sin  
13 13 13
8 3 77
 sin 1  sin 1  tan 1
Consider cos      cos   sin  sin  17 5 36

1 3 8 84

4 12 3 5
   
48 15 33
  4) Prove that sin  sin 1  cos1
5 13 5 13 65 65 65 5 17 85

33 3 3 4
     cos 1 Solution: Let   sin
1
 sin   ; cos  
65 5 5 5

1 12 3 56
2) Prove that cos  sin 1  sin 1 1 8 8 15
13 5 65 and   sin  sin   ; cos  
17 17 17
1 12 12 5
Solution: Let cos    cos   ; sin  
13 13 13 Consider, cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 

1 3 3 4
and sin    sin   ; cos    4   15   3   8  60 24 84
5 5 5           
 5   17   5   17  85 25 85
Consider sin      sin  cos   cos  sin 
39
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Sum & difference of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

84
     cos 1
85 1 1 1  x  y 
1) tan x  tan y  tan  ;
 1  xy 
1 3 8 84
Thus, sin  sin 1  cos 1
5 17 85 x  0, y  0, xy  1

63 5 3 1 1 1  x  y 
5) Prove that tan 1  sin 1  cos 1 2) tan x  tan y  tan   ; xy  1
16 13 5  1  xy 

1 5 5 5 1 1 1  x  y 
Solution: Let   sin  sin   ; tan   3) tan x  tan y    tan   ; xy  1
13 13 12  1  xy 

1 3 3 4
and   cos  cos   ; tan    1  2 x 
5 5 3  sin   ; x   1, 1
  1  x2 
tan   tan    1  x2 
Consider, tan      4) 2 tan 1 x   cos 1  ; x0
1  tan  tan   2 

 1 x 

5 4 5  16 21  tan 1  2 x  ; x   1, 1

21 3 63   1 x2 
 12 3  12  12  
5 4 20 16 16 16
1  1
12 3 36 36 Problems:

 63   3  24 
    tan 1   1) Prove that 2sin 1    tan 1   [Important, 2M]
 16  5  7 

5  3  63  1  3  1  3 
sin 1    cos 1    tan 1  
 13  5  16  Solution: LHS  2sin    2 tan  
5 4
 1 3 3
6) Evaluate : tan  sin  cot 1  [Important 2M]
 5 2  3 
 2 
4  1  2 x  
Solution: G.E  tan     ------ (1)  tan 1  
 2 tan x  tan  1  x 2  
1
  3 2    
where  1   
 4 
3 3
 sin   and cot  
5 2
 3   3 
3 2  2 
1 1
 2  1  3  8 
 tan   and tan    tan    tan    tan  
4 3 9
 1   7
   7 
 16   16 
tan   tan 
From Equation(1), tan     
1  tan  tan 
 24 
 tan 1    RHS
3 2 9 8 17  7 

17
 4 3  12  12 
3 2 1 1 6
1  1
4 3 2 2

40
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Remember :
2 cos x 2 cos x 1
   
1  cos 2 x sin x sin 2 x sin x
1. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  ;
 
cos x 
  1  cot x  1  x 
2
x  0, y  0 and x  y  1 2 sin x 4

1  1  x  1 1
2. sin 1 x  sin 1 y    sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  ; 2) Solve for x : tan    tan x  x  0  .
   1  x  2

x  0, y  0 and x 2  y 2  1 [Important; March - 2017, 2M]

1  x  1 1
3. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  ; Solution: Given, tan 1    tan x
  1 x  2
x  0, y  0  1  x  1 1
 tan 1    tan x
 1  1 x   2
4. cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  ;
 
1
 tan 1 1  tan 1 x  tan 1 x
x  0, y  0 2
 1 1
5. cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  ;   tan x  tan 1 x
  4 2
 3 1 1 2  
x  0, y  0, x  y   tan x  tan x   
4 2 3 4 6

6. cos 1  cos 1 y   cos 1  xy  1  x2 1  y 2  ;  1

   x  tan 
6 3
x  0, y  0, x  y
1 1 
3) Solve for x : sin 1  x   2sin x  [Important,
Solution of Inverse Trigonometric Equation: 2
Given an Inverse Trigonometric Equation, we solve it 3M]
by making use of suitable formulae, or properties or 1 1 
results. Then verify that the solution obtained satisfies Solution: Given, sin 1  x   2sin x 
2
the given equation or not.

 sin 1 1  x    2sin 1 x
Problems: 2

1) Solve for x : 2 tan 1  cos x   tan 1  2cosec x   

 1  x   sin   2sin 1 x 
[Important, 3M] 2 
1 1
Solution: Given, 2 tan  cos x   tan  2 cos ec x     

 cos 2 sin 1 x   sin  2     cos  
   
 2 cos x   2 
 tan 1  2 
 tan 1  
 1  cos x   sin x   
 1  2 sin 2 sin 1 x  1  2x 2

 x  2 x2  x  2 x2  0
 1 1  2 x 
 2 tan x  tan   1
  1  x2   x 1  2 x   0  x  0 or x 
2
41
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

Verification :
3 12
7) sin 1  sin 1 is
i) When x  0; LHS  sin 1 1  0   2sin 1  0  5 13
  1 63 1 56
  2  0   RHS a) sin b) sin
2 2 65 65
1 1  1 1 1 1 33 1 48
ii) When x  ; LHS  sin 1    2sin c) sin d) sin
2  2 2 65 65

1 1      Answer Key :
 sin 1  2sin 1   2       RHS
2 2 6 6 6 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 x  0 is the only solution. c) b) c) b) b) b) a)
[Set - 1]
Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate answer
from those given in the bracket.
1 1 
1) If sin 1  x   2sin x  , then x is equal to:  1 2 5 
2
 1, , ,  1, , 
1 1 1  2 5 6 5
a) 0, b) 1, c) 0 d)
2 2 2
1   1 
2) If 2 tan 1  cos x   tan 1  2cos ec x  , then x is equal to: 1) The value of sin  3  sin   2   is ________
  
   
a) b) c) d)
2 4 6 3 2) The value of sin  tan 1 3  cot 1   3  is:______
1  1 x
 1 1
3) If tan    tan x, x  0 , then x is equal to:  1
 1 x  2 3) The value of cos  2sin 1  is:________
 2
1
a) 1 b) 3 c) d) 1 3 
3 1 
4) The value of sin  sin  is_________
 5 
2  1 1 
4) The value of cos  sin  is:
 3 1

5) The principal value of cot  3  k then k is______ 
2 8 2 2 1 [Set - 2]
a) b) c) d)
3 9 3 3
Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate answer
 1  2  1 2 
from those given in the bracket.
5) sec 2  sin 1   tan  cos  is :
 5  5
2 1 1 1 1
1  , , , , 1, 
 3 2 4 3 6
a) 0 b) 1 c) 5 d)
2
5 4

1) The value of cos tan 1 3  sec 1  2  is________ 

6) tan  sin 1  cot 1  is:
 13 3
  1 
2) The value tan 1  2cos  2sin 1    k , the k is_______
26 56 63 65  2  
a) b) c) d)
11 33 41 43
  1
3) The principal value of cos 1     k , then k is______
 2
42
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

 Answers: (Set-1)
1
4) If tan  3 x   , then x is equal to__________
4
1 2 5
1) 1 2) 1 3) 4) 5)
7  2 5 6
1 
5) If tan  tan   k , then k is equal to________
 6  Answers: (Set-2)
[Set - 3]
1 1 2 1 1
Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate answer 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
2 4 3 3 6
from those given in the bracket.
Answers: (Set-3)
1 1 1 1
 , , 1, 3, ,  1 1 1 1
2 3 6 4 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 3
3 4 6 2
2
1) If sin 1  sin   k , then k is equal to______ Answers: (Set - 4)
 3 
1 17
1  1) 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5)
2) If sin  2 x   , then x equal to______ 2 6
6
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
1 
3) If cos  3 x   , than x is equal to _______
3
i)
 1 3 
4) The value of sin  cos  is_______
 2 

  1
5) The value of tan  2sin 1  is_____
 2 

[Set - 4]
Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate answer
from those given in the bracket.
 1 17 
 1, 2, , 2, 3, 
 2 6

1) The value of sin  cosec 1 2  is________ [March-2024]

 1 1  ii)
2) The value of tan  sin  is__________
 2

 1 3 
3) The value of sec  sin  is__________
 2 

 1 1 3
4) The value of tan  sin  cos 1  is_______
 2 2 

 3 3
5) The value of tan  sin 1  cot 1  is_________
 5 2
43
Achiever’s Mathematics
 Inverse trigonometric Functions

iii) vi)

iv)
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
[Deleted from NCERT Book]


1) sin 1 x  cos 1 x  ; x   1, 1
2


2) tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ; x  R
2


3) sec 1 x  cosec 1 x  ; x  R   1, 1
2

4) sin 1   x    sin 1  x  ; x   1, 1

5) tan 1   x    tan 1  x  ; x  R
v)
6) cosec 1   x   cosec 1  x  ; x  R   1, 1

7) cos 1   x     cos 1 x; x   1, 1

8) sec 1   x     sec 1 x; x  R   1, 1

9) cot 1   x     cot 1 x; x  R

1 1  1 
10) cosec x  sin   ; x  R   1,1
 x

1 1  1 
11) sec x  cos   ; x  R   1, 1
 x

1 1  1 
12) cot x  tan   ; x  0
 x
44
Achiever’s Mathematics