Quiz HT107

Boiling and Condensation

Lucas Montogue

█ Problems

▐ Problem 1 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by a horizontal platinum-plated rod
with diameter of 10 mm. If the surface temperature of the rod is maintained at
110oC, determine the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient. Use as
properties enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9
kg/m3, viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282×10-3 kg∙m/s, specific heat of water cpl = 4217
J/kgoC, Prandtl number of water Prl = 1.75, and density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60
kg/m3.

A) h = 5400 W/m2K
B) h = 8090 W/m2K
C) h = 11,200 W/m2K
D) h = 14,080 W/m2K

■ Problem 2A (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

Water is boiled at sea level in a coffee maker equipped with a 20-cm-long,
0.4-cm-diameter immersion-type electric heating element made of mechanically
polished stainless steel. The coffee maker initially contains 1L of water at 14oC. Once
boiling starts, it is observed that half of the water in the coffee maker evaporates in
25 min. Determine the power rating of the electric heating element immersed in the
water and the surface temperature of the heating element. Use as properties
enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, density of
water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.598 kg/m3, specific heat of water cpl = 4217 J/kgoC, and Prandtl
number of water Pr = 1.75.

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A) 𝑄𝑄̇ = 150 kW/m2 and Ts = 113oC
B) 𝑄𝑄̇ = 150 kW/m2 and Ts = 132oC
C) 𝑄𝑄̇ = 300 kW/m2 and Ts = 113oC
D) 𝑄𝑄̇ = 300 kW/m2 and Ts = 132oC

■ Problem 2B
Determine how long it will take for the heater to raise the temperature of 1 L
of cold water from 14oC to the boiling temperature. Use cpl = 4.184 kJ/kg as the mean
specific heat of liquid water.
A) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 1.82 min
B) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 3.51 min
C) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 5.65 min
D) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 7.97 min

▐ Problem 3 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

A 1-mm diameter nickel wire with electrical resistance of 0.129 Ω/m is
submerged horizontally in water at atmospheric pressure. Determine the electrical
current at which the wire would be in danger of burnout in nucleate boiling. Use as
properties density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60 kg/m3,
and enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg.

A) I = 90.6 A
B) I = 142 A
C) I = 193 A
D) I = 244 A

▐ Problem 4 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

Hot gases flow inside an array of tubes that are embedded in a 3 m × 3 m
horizontal flat heater. The heater is used for boiling water in a tank at 160oC. With
the interest of avoiding burnout, determine the maximum rate of water vaporization
that can be achieved by the heater. Use as properties density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 907.4
kg/m3, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 3.26 kg/m3, and enthalpy of vaporization hfg =
2083 kJ/kg.

A) 𝑚𝑚̇vapor = 5.45 kg/s

B) 𝑚𝑚̇vapor = 10.9 kg/s
C) 𝑚𝑚̇vapor = 15.4 kg/s
D) 𝑚𝑚̇vapor = 20.6 kg/s

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▐ Problem 5 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)
A long mechanically polished stainless steel sheet is being conveyed at 2 m/s
through a water bath to be cooled. The 0.5-m-wide and 5-mm-thick stainless steel
sheet has a temperature of 125oC as it enters the water bath. The length of the
sheet submerged in water is 1 m as it is being conveyed through the water bath. As
the hot sheet enters the water bath, boiling would occur at 1 atm. In order to
prevent thermal burn on people handling the sheet, it must exit the water bath at a
temperature below 45oC. Is the rate of heat that could be removed from the
stainless steel sheet in the water bath sufficient to cool it to below 45oC as it leaves
the water bath? Use as properties density of liquid water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, density of
water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60 kg/m3, enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, viscosity of
water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282 × 10-3 kg/m∙s, specific heat of water cpl = 4217 J/kg, and Prandtl
number of water Prl = 1.75. Use 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 7900 kg/m3 , cp,ss = 450 J/kg∙K, and 𝜀𝜀 = 0.5 as the
density, specific heat and emissivity of steel, respectively.

▐ Problem 6 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

A 2-mm-diameter cylindrical metal rod with emissivity of 0.5 is submerged
horizontally in water under atmospheric pressure. When electric current is passed
through the metal rod, the surface temperature reaches 500oC. Determine the
power dissipation per unit length of the metal rod. Use properties density of water
𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.383 kg/m3, specific heat of water
vapor cpv = 1997 kJ/kg, thermal conductivity of water vapor kv = 0.0435 W/mK, and
viscosity of water vapor 𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣 = 2.05×10-5 kg/m∙s.

A) 𝑄𝑄̇′ = 454 W/m

B) 𝑄𝑄̇′ = 769 W/m
C) 𝑄𝑄̇′ = 1080 W/m
D) 𝑄𝑄̇′ = 1400 W/m

▐ Problem 7 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

Two configurations are being considered in the design of a condensing
system for steam at 1 atm employing a vertical plate maintained at 90oC. The first
configuration is a single vertical plate L×w and the second consists of two vertical
plates (L/2)×w, where L and w are the vertical and horizontal dimensions,
respectively. Which configuration would you choose? If need be for a numerical
comparison, use as properties enthalpy hfg = 2257 kJ/kg for saturated water vapor,
density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 962 kg/m3, dynamic viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 296×10-6 N∙s/m2,
thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.678 W/mK, specific heat of water cp,l = 4212
J/kg∙K, and kinematic viscosity of water 𝜈𝜈𝑙𝑙 = 3.08×10-7 m2/s.

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■ Problem 8A (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)
A 2 m × 2 m vertical plate is exposed on one side to saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure and on the other side to cooling water that maintains a plate
temperature of 50oC. What is the rate of heat transfer to the water? What is the rate
at which steam condenses on the plate? Use as properties enthalpy of vaporization
hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 975 kg/m3dynamic viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 =
375×10-6 N∙s/m2, thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.668 W/mK, specific heat of
water cp,l = 4193 J/kg∙K, kinematic viscosity of water 𝜈𝜈𝑙𝑙 = 3.85×10-7 m2/s, and Prandtl
number of water Prl = 2.35.
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.52 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.433 kg/s
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.52 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.866 kg/s
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 1.04 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.433 kg/s
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 1.04 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.866 kg/s

■ Problem 8B
For plates inclined at an angle 𝜃𝜃 from the vertical, the average convection
coefficient for condensation on the upper surface, ℎ�𝐿𝐿,inc , may be approximated by an
expression of the form ℎ�𝐿𝐿,inc ≈ ℎ�𝐿𝐿,vert (cos 𝜃𝜃)1⁄4, where ℎ𝐿𝐿,vert is the average coefficient
for the vertical orientation. If the 2 m × 2 m plate is inclined 45o from the normal,
what are the rates of heat transfer and condensation?
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.46 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.397 kg/s
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.46 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.791 kg/s
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.95 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.397 kg/s
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 0.95 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.791 kg/s

■ Problem 9A (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

Saturated steam at 1 atm condenses on the outer surface of a vertical, 100-
mm-diameter pipe 1 m long, having a uniform surface temperature of 94oC.
Estimate the heat transfer rate to the pipe and the condensation rate. Use as
properties enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, specific heat of water cpl = 4214
J/kg∙K, thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.679 W/mK, dynamic viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 =
289 ×10-6 N∙s/m, and kinematic viscosity of water vl = 3.01×10-7 m2/s.
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 16.0 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 7.04 g/s
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 16.0 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 12.4 g/s
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 25.1 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 7.04 kg/s
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 25.1 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 12.4 kg/s
■ Problem 9B
Repeat the previous problem if the steam in contact with the pipe is
saturated at 1.5 bars. The corresponding saturation temperature is 385 K, the
enthalpy of vaporization is hfg = 2225 kJ/kg, and the properties of liquid water at the
film temperature are now cpl = 4220 J/kg∙K, kl = 0.681 W/mK, 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 271 × 10-6 N∙s/m,
and vl = 2.83 × 10-7 m2/s.
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 32.8 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 17.5 g/s
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 32.8 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 25.8 g/s
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 39.9 kW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 17.5 kg/s
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 39.9 MW and 𝑚𝑚̇ = 25.8 kg/s

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© 2019 Montogue Quiz
▐ Problem 10 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)
A vertical plate 500 mm high and 200 mm wide is to be used to condense
saturated steam at 1 atm. At what surface temperature must the plate be
maintained to achieve a condensation rate of 𝑚𝑚̇ = 25 kg/h? Use as properties
enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 967.1 kg/m3, specific
heat of water cpl = 4203 J/kg∙K, dynamic viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 324×10-6 N∙s/m2,
thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.674 W/mK, and kinematic viscosity of water 𝜈𝜈𝑙𝑙 =
3.35×10-7 m2/s.

A) Ts = 77.3oC
B) Ts = 98.4oC
C) Ts = 120oC
D) Ts = 141oC

▐ Problem 11 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

Consider wave-free laminar condensation on a vertical isothermal plate of
length L, providing an average heat transfer coefficient of ℎ�𝐿𝐿 . If the plate is divided
into N smaller plates, each of length LN = L/N, determine an expression for the ratio
of the heat transfer coefficient averaged over N plates to the heat transfer
coefficient averaged over the single plate, ℎ�𝐿𝐿,𝑁𝑁 �ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 .

A) ℎ�𝐿𝐿,𝑁𝑁 �ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 = N1/4

B) ℎ�𝐿𝐿,𝑁𝑁 �ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 = N1/2
C) ℎ�𝐿𝐿,𝑁𝑁 �ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 = N3/5
D) ℎ�𝐿𝐿,𝑁𝑁 �ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 = N3/4

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▐ Problem 12 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)
Saturated vapor from a chemical process condenses at a slow rate on the
inner surface of a vertical, thin-walled cylindrical container of length L and diameter
D. The container wall is maintained at a uniform temperature Ts by flowing cold
water across its outer surface. Derive an expression for the time tf required to fill the
container with condensate, assuming that the condensate film is laminar. Express
your result in terms of D, L, (𝑇𝑇sat − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 ), g, and appropriate fluid properties.

2.12h fg ρl Ac
A) t f = 14
 g ρ ( ρ − ρv ) kl3 h fg 
πD l l 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L 
3

4.24h fg ρl Ac
B) t f = 14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl3 h fg 
πD 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L 
3

2.12h fg ρl Ac
C) t f = 14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl3 h fg  1
πD 
 µl (Tsat − Ts )
3
 L3 4

4.24h fg ρl Ac
D) t f = 14
 g ρ ( ρ − ρv ) kl3 h fg  1
πD l l 
 µl (Tsat − Ts )
3
 L3 4

▐ Problem 13 (Çengel & Ghajar, 2015, w/ permission)

A horizontal tube 1 m long with a surface temperature of 70oC is used to
condense saturated steam at 1 atm. What diameter is required to achieve a
condensation rate of 125 kg/h? Use as properties enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257
kJ/kg, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.596 kg/m3, vapor temperature Tsat = 100oC,
density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 968.6 kg/m3, specific heat of water cpl = 4201 J/kg∙K, dynamic
viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 332×10-6 N∙s/m2, and thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.673
W/mK.
A) D = 83 mm
B) D = 144 mm
C) D = 206 mm
D) D = 267 mm

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■ Problem 14A (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)
A horizontal tube of 50-mm outer diameter, with a surface temperature of
o
34 C, is exposed to steam at 0.2 bar. Estimate the heat transfer rate per unit length
of the tube and the condensation rate. For saturated steam at 0.2 bar, the saturation
temperature is Tsat = 333 K. In addition, use as properties density of vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.129
kg/m3, enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2358 kJ/kg, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 989.1 kg/m3,
specific heat of water cpl = 4180 J/kg∙K, viscosity of water 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 577×10-6 N∙s/m2, and
thermal conductivity of water kl = 0.640 W/mK.

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ ′ = 14.1 kW/m and 𝑚𝑚̇ ′ = 5.1 g/s∙m

B) 𝑞𝑞̇ ′ = 14.1 kW/m and 𝑚𝑚̇′ = 11.6 g/s∙m
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ ′ = 28.3 kW/m and 𝑚𝑚̇′ = 5.1 g/s∙m
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ ′ = 28.3 kW/m and 𝑚𝑚̇′ = 11.6 g/s∙m

■ Problem 14B
The tube of the previous problem is modified by milling sharp-cornered
grooves around its periphery, as in the figure below. The 2-mm-deep grooves are
each 2 mm wide with a pitch of S = 4 mm. Estimate the minimum condensation and
heat transfer rates per unit length that would be expected for the modified tube.
How much is the performance enhanced relative to the original tube of the previous
problem? Compute the heat enhancement ratio E. In addition to the data in the
previous part, use as surface tension 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0661 N/m.

A) E = 1.09
B) E = 1.28
C) E = 1.47
D) E = 1.66

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█ Additional Information
Table 1 Surface tension of liquid-vapor interface for water

Table 2 Surface tension of some fluids

Table 3 Values of Csf and n for various fluid-surface combinations

Table 4 Values of coefficient Ccr for use with

the formula for heat transfer in nucleate boiling

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█ Solutions
P.1▐ Solution
The excess temperature is Δ𝑇𝑇sat = 110 – 100 = 10oC, which is relatively low
(less than 30oC), so that we can surmise that nucleate boiling will occur. The
properties are liquid density 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, vapor density 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60 kg/m3, surface
tension 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0589 N/m (Table 1), Prandtl number Prl = 1.75, latent heat hfg = 2257
kJ/kg, liquid water viscosity 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282×10-3 kg∙m/s, and liquid water specific heat 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
4217 J/kg∙oC. We have Csf = 0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water. Substituting in
the Rohsenow relationship gives

3
 c pl (Ts − Tsat ) 
12
 g ( ρl − ρ v ) 
qnucleate = µl h fg    n  
 σ   Csf h fg Prl 
0.5 3
 9.81× ( 957.9 − 0.60 )   4217 × (110 − 100 ) 
qnucleate= ( 0.282 ×10 ) × ( 2257 ×10 ) × 
−3 3
 × 
0.0589  0.0130 × ( 2257 ×10 ) ×1.75 
3 1.0
 
140.8 kW m 2
∴ qnucleate =

The heat transfer coefficient is obtained by solving Newton’s law of cooling

for h,

q
q = h (Ts − Tsat ) → h =
(Ts − Tsat )
140,800
=∴h = 14, 080 W m 2 K
(110 − 100 )
♦ The correct answer is D.

P.2▐ Solution
Part A: The rate of condensation heat transfer is

=q
m × h fg
=
( 0.5 ×1.0 ) ×=
2257
0.752 kW
∆t ( 25 × 60 )
Given the surface area of the coffee maker As = 𝜋𝜋 × 0.004 × 0.20 = 2.51 × 10-3
m2, the power rating of the heating element is determined as

0.752
=Q = −3
300 kW/m 2
2.51×10
The surface temperature is determined next. The properties to use are
water viscosity 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282×10-3 kg∙m/s, enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2257 kJ/kg,
density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.598 kg/m3, specific
heat of water cpl = 4217 kJ/kgoC, Prandtl number of water Pr = 1.75, surface tension 𝜎𝜎
= 0.0589 N/m (Table 1). For boiling of water, we have Csf = 0.0130 and n = 1.0.
Applying the Rohsenow relationship gives
3
 c pl (Ts − Tsat ) 
12
 g ( ρl − ρ v ) 
Q = µl h fg    n 
 σ   Csf h fg Prl 
12 3
 9.81× ( 957.9 − 0.598 )   4217 × (Ts − 100 ) 
∴ 300, 000= ( 0.282 ×10 ) × ( 2257 ×10 ) × 
−3 3
 × 
0.0589  0.013 × ( 2257 ×10 ) ×1.75 
3 1.0
 

Solving for Ts with a CAS such as Mathematica yields Ts = 113OC. The

temperature of the heating element is just above 110 degrees Celsius.

♦ The correct answer is C.

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 Part B: The heat transferred to the water is given by the elementary relation

Q= mc p ∆T → Q ∆=
t mc p ∆T
mc p ∆T 1.0 × 4.184 × (100 − 14 )
∴∆
= t = = 478 s ≈ 7.97 min
Q 0.752

♦ The correct answer is D.

P.3▐ Solution
Properties for water at the conditions in question include 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3,
𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60 kg/m3, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, and 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0589 N/m (Table 1). Parameter L* is
obtained by the following expression, noting that the radius r = 0.0005 m is the
characteristic dimension of the wire,

12 12
 g ( ρl − ρ v )   9.81× ( 957.9 − 0.60 ) 
L* =
L 0.0005 × 
 =  0.20 m
=
 σs   0.0589 
Since 0.15 < L* < 1.2, Coefficient Ccr can be obtained from the relation (see
Table 4)

0.12 L *−0.25 =
Ccr = 0.12 × 0.20−0.25 =
0.18

The maximum heat flux is such that

14
=qmax Ccr h fg σ s g ρv2 ( ρl − ρv ) 

∴ qmax = 0.18 × ( 2257 ×103 ) × 0.0589 × 9.81× 0.602 × ( 957.9 − 0.60 ) 

14
= 1526 kW m 2

Noting that electric power is given by P = R×I2, the electrical current at which
the wire would be in danger of burnout in nucleate boiling is

R× I2 qmax × As qmax × π DL qmax × π D

q=
max →
= I = =
As R R R
 
 L
= 0.129

=∴I
(1526
=
×10 ) × π × 0.001
3

193 A
0.129
The current needed for the wire to be in danger of burnout in nuclear
boiling is 193 ampères.

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.4▐ Solution
The characteristic length of the heater is
12
 g ( ρl − ρ v ) 
L* = L  
 σ 
Here, length L = 3 m, density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 907.4 kg, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣
= 3.26 kg/m3, and surface tension 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0466 N/m (Table 1). Thus,

12 12
 g ( ρl − ρ v )   9.81× ( 907.4 − 3.26 ) 
L* =
L 3× 
 =  1309 m
=
 σ   0.0466 
Since this is greater than 27, the cylinders can be treated as horizontal flat
heaters and coefficient Ccr = 0.149 (Table 4). The maximum heat flux is given by

14
=qmax Ccr h fg σ g ρv2 ( ρl − ρv ) 

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© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 Here, enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 2083 kJ/kg, surface tension 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0466
N/m, density of water vapor 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 3.26 kg/m3, and density of water 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 907.4 kg/m3,
with the result that

qmax = 0.149 × ( 2083 ×103 ) × 0.046 × 9.81× 3.262 × ( 907.4 − 3.26 ) 

14
= 2.52 ×106 W/m 2

The surface area of the heater is As = 3 × 3 = 9 m2, and the rate of heat
transfer follows as

qheater= qmax A=
s ( 2.52×10 ) × 9=
6
2.27 ×107 W

The rate of water vaporization can be obtained by dividing 𝑞𝑞̇ heater by the heat
of vaporization hfg,

qheater 2.27 ×107

m=
vapor = = 10.9 kg/s
h fg 2083 ×103

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.5▐ Solution
Properties of water at 100oC include 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.60 kg/m3, Prl =
1.75, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282×10-3 kg∙s/m, cpl = 4217 J/kg, and 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0589 N/m
(Table 1). The heat that needs to me removed from the sheet can be established
with the heat formula

qremoved ρ ss c p , ssVwt (Tin − Tout )

=

in which 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 7900 kg/m3 is the density of the stainless steel, cp,ss = 450 J/kg∙K is the
specific heat of the stainless steel, V = 2 m/s is the velocity with which the sheet is
introduced in the bath, w = 0.5 m is its width, t = 5 mm is its thickness, Tin = 125oC is
the entrance temperature, and Tout = 45oC is the exit temperature. Substituting, we
obtain

= 7900 × 450 × 2 × 0.5 × 0.005 × (125 − 45=

qremoved ) 1422 kW
Thence, we can compute the nucleate boiling heat flux with the usual
formula

3
 g ( ρl − ρv )   c pl (Ts − Tsat ) 
12

qnucleate = µl h fg    n 
 σ   Csf h fg Prl 
where we substitute 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 0.282×10-3 kg/m∙s, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 =
0.60 kg/m3, cpl = 4217 J/kg, Csf = 0.0130, Pr = 1.75, n = 1.0, 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0589 N/m (Table 1), Ts
= 125oC as the temperature of the water bath. Thus,

12 3
 9.81× ( 957.9 − 0.60 )   4217 × (125 − 100 ) 
qnucleate= ( 0.282 ×10 ) × ( 2257 ×10 ) × 
−3 3
 × 
0.0589  0.0130 × ( 2257 ×10 ) ×1.75 
3 1.0
 
∴ qnucleate =2199 kW m 2

The heat transfer surface area of the sheet submerged in the water bath is

As = 2lw + 2lt = 2 ×1× 0.5 + 2 ×1× 0.005 = 1.01m 2

The rate of heat removed from the sheet in the water bath, 𝑄𝑄̇, follows as

Q boiling =As qnucleate =1.01× 2199 =2221 kW

Notice that heat is removed from the sheet at a rate of 2221 kW, which is
considerably greater than the rate of 1422 kW with which heat needs to be removed
for the sheet to exit the water bath at the minimum acceptable temperature, 45oC.

11
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
P.6▐ Solution
Under these conditions, the excess temperature is Δ𝑇𝑇sat = 500 – 100 = 400oC,
which is considerably greater than 30oC and hence allows us to surmise that there
will be film boiling. The film boiling heat flux is given by

 gkv3 ρv ( ρl − ρv )  h fg + 0.4c pv (Ts − Tsat )  

qfilm = Cfilm   (Ts − Tsat )

µ v D ( T s − Tsat ) 
Here, we have kv = 0.0435 W/mK, 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 957.9 kg/m3, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.383 kg/m3, hfg =
2257 kJ/kg, cpv = 1997 J/kg, 𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣 = 2.05×10-5 kg/m∙s, D = 2 mm as the diameter of the
cylindrical rod, Ts = 500oC as the temperature on the surface of the rod, and Tsat =
100oC; finally, coefficient Cfilm = 0.62 for a horizontal cylinder. Substituting each
variable, we obtain

0.25
 9.81× 0.04353 × 0.383 × ( 957.9 − 0.383) × ( 2257 ×103 ) + 0.4 ×1997 × ( 500 − 100 )  
  
qfilm 0.62 × 
=  ( 500 − 100 )
 ( 2.05 × 10 −5
) × 0.002 × ( 500 − 100 ) 

115, 200 W m 2
∴ qfilm =

Thence, we compute the radiation heat flux with the Stefan-Boltzmann law,

qrad =εσ (Ts4 − Tsat4 ) =0.5 × ( 5.87 ×10−8 ) × ( 500 + 273) − (100 + 273)  =9,570 W m 2
4 4

The total heat flux is given by the simple sum

3
qtotal = qfilm + qrad = 115, 200 + 0.75 × 9,570 = 122, 400 W m 2
4
Power dissipation per unit length in the metal rod easily follows,

Q 
Q = qtotal A → Q = qtotal × π DL → = Q ′= qtotal × π D
L
∴ Q ′ 122, 400 × π × 0.002
= = 769 W m

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.7▐ Solution
The heat transfer and condensation rates are respectively given by

q = hL As (Tsat − Ts )
and

q
m =
h fg

where the total area As is the same for each case. Hence, the following ratio applies,

q1 m 1 hL ,1
= =
q2 m 2 hL ,2

In which the average convection coefficients ℎ�𝐿𝐿,1 and ℎ�𝐿𝐿,2 are evaluated for plate
lengths of L and L/2, respectively. For laminar film condensation on both plates,
using the correlation below,

14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl3 h′fg 
hL = 0.943  
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L 
we see that ℎ�𝐿𝐿 ∝ 𝐿𝐿−1⁄4 and the ratio of heat transfers is, consequently,

12
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 −1/4
q1  L 
= =  0.84
q2  L 2 

Hence, case 2 is preferred and provides 19% more heat transfer (since 𝑞𝑞̇ 2 ⁄𝑞𝑞̇1
= 1/0.84 = 1.19). It should be noted, however, that the laminar solution is valid
provided that parameter P < 15.8, therefore we require that L be
13

µl h′fg ( vl2 g )
13
( 296 ×10 ) × ( 2286 ×10 ) × ( 3.08 ×10 )
−6 3 −7 2
9.81

L < 15.8 15.8 ×
= 0.034 =
= 34 mm
kl (Tsat − Ts ) 0.678 × (100 − 90 )

Note that the corrected latent heat h’fg = hfg + 0.68𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇sat − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 ) = 2257 +
0.68×4212× 10−3 ×(100-90) = 2286 kJ/kg, hence the value used above. We can
anticipate that for other, larger values of L the comparison of ℎ�𝐿𝐿 values cannot be so
easily made. Nevertheless, an examination of graphical trends in condensation
regimes (Fig. 10-26 in Çengel & Ghajar, or Fig. 10-13 in Bergman et al.) shows that we
can expect the same behavior of ℎ�𝐿𝐿 in the wavy region since ℎ�𝐿𝐿 decreases with
increasing 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝛿𝛿 (corresponding to increasing L), and anticipate that indeed case 2 will
provide the greater condensation rate. Note, however, that in the turbulent region,
with the increase in ℎ�𝐿𝐿 with 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝛿𝛿 , we cannot establish with certainty which case is
preferred.

In dealing with single-phase, forced or free convection, we associate thin

thermal boundary layers with higher heat transfer rates. For vertical plates, we
would expect the shorter plate to have the higher convection heat transfer
coefficient. The results of this problem suggest the same is true for condensation on
the vertical plate.

P.8▐ Solution
Part A: The modified latent heat is ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
′
= ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 0.68𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇sat − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 ) = 2257 +
0.68×4193×(100 – 50) = 2400 kJ/kg. Parameter P is then

k L (T − T ) 0.668 × 2 × (100 − 50 )
=P = l sat s1 3 = 3002
µl h′fg ( vl2 g )
13
( 375 ×10 ) × ( 2400 ×10 ) × ( 3.85 ×10 ) 9.81
−6 3  −7 2 

which is within the range 𝑃𝑃 ≥ 2530 (along with Pr ≥ 1), so the Nusselt number can be
obtained with the correlation

1 43 1 43
NuL = ( 0.024 P − 53) Pr1 2 + 89  = × ( 0.024 × 3002 − 53) × 2.351 2 + 89  =0.193
P 3002
and the heat transfer coefficient is

kl 0.668
hL
= × Nu
= = 5215 W m 2 K
× 0.193
(v g )
13 L 13
2
l
( 3.85 ×10 )
−7 2
9.81
 
The heat and condensation rates are then

q = hL A (Tsat − Ts =
) 5215 × ( 2 × 2 ) × (100 − 50=) 1.04 MW
m = q h fg 1, 040, 000 ( 2400
= = ×103 ) 0.433 kg s

♦ The correct answer is C.

Part B: Using the relationship proposed, the convection coefficient for the
inclined configuration is

5215 × ( cos 45o ) =

14
hL ,inc = 4782 W m 2 K

The heat transfer coefficient therefore reduces by 1 – 4782/5215 = 8.3% and

the heat transfer and condensation rates should reduce accordingly, yielding

13
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 q=
inc 0.917 ×=
q 0.95 MW

m inc = 0.397 kg s

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.9▐ Solution
Part A: The Jakob number is given by

c pl (Tsat − Ts ) 4214 × (100 − 94 )

=Ja = = 0.0112
h fg 2257 × 103

and the corrected enthalpy of vaporization follows as

h′fg= h fg (1 + 0.68Ja=
) 2257 × (1 + 0.68 × 0.0112=) 2274 kJ/kg
The next step is to compute parameter P,

kl L (Tsat − Ts )
P=
µl h′fg ( vl2 g )
13

0.679 ×1.0 × (100 − 94 )

P = 13
295
( 289 ×10 ) × ( 2274 ×10 ) × ( 3.01×10 ) 9.81
−6 3  −7 2 

Since 15.8 < P < 2530, the correlation to use for the heat transfer coefficient
is

kl 1
( 0.68P + 0.89 )
0.82
=hL
(v g )
13
2 P
l

0.679 1
× ( 0.68 × 295 + 0.89 )
0.82
=∴ hL 13
× = 8500 W/m 2 K
( 3.01×10−7 )2 9.81 295
 

The heat transfer rate follows from Newton’s law of cooling,

q= hL A (Tsat − Ts )= 8500 × (π × 0.1×1.0 ) × (100 − 94 )= 16.0 kW

The condensation rate, in turn, is obtained if we divide 𝑞𝑞̇ by the enthalpy of

vaporization,

q 16.0 ×103
m
= = = 7.04 g/s
h′fg 2.274 ×106

♦ The correct answer is A.

Part B: The Jakob number is now

c pl (Tsat − Ts ) 4220 × ( 385 − 367 )

=Ja = = 0.0341
h fg 2225 ×103

and the enthalpy of vaporization becomes

h′fg= 2225 × (1 + 0.68 × 0.0341=

) 2277 kJ/kg
Parameter P is calculated as

0.681×1.0 × ( 385 − 367 )

P = 13
987
( 271×10 ) × ( 2277 ×10 ) × ( 2.83 ×10 ) 9.81
−6 3  −7 2 

14
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 Since 15.8 < P < 2530, the correlation to use for the heat transfer coefficient
is the same as before, namely,

0.681 1
× ( 0.86 × 987 + 0.89 )
0.82
=hL 13
× = 7060 W/m 2 K
( 2.83 ×10−7 )2 9.81 987
 

The heat transfer rate is determined as

q= 7060 × (π × 0.1×1.0 ) × ( 385 − 367 )= 39.9 kW

and the condensation rate follows as

39.9 ×103
=m = 17.5 g/s
2.277 ×106
The calculations are summarized below.

Part A Part B
Pressure 1.01 1.5
T s a t (K) 373 385
T s a t - T s (K) 6 18
h L (W/m²K) 8500 7060
q (kW) 16 39.9
m (g/s) 7.04 17.5

Clearly, increasing the steam pressure by about 50% causes the excess
temperature to increase three-fold, the heat transfer coefficient to drop 17%, and
the heat transfer and condensation rates to increase by a factor of 2.5.

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.10▐ Solution
With knowledge of 𝑚𝑚̇ = 25 kg/h = 6.94×10-3 kg/s, the Reynolds number 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝛿𝛿
can be computed with the relation

4m 4 × ( 6.94 ×10−3 )

Re
= = = 428
δ
µl b ( 324 ×10−6 ) × 0.2
Hence, flow is wavy-laminar and the correlation to apply for the heat
transfer coefficient is

kl Reδ
h=
(v g )
13
2 1.08 Re1.22
δ − 5.2
l

in which kl = 0.674 W/mK and 𝜈𝜈𝑙𝑙 = 3.35×10-7 m2/s as given, with the result that

0.674 428
h = 7325 W m 2 K
( 3.35 ×10 ) 9.81 1.08 × 428 − 5.2
−7 1 3 1.22

 

The heat transfer rate is obtained with Newton’s law of cooling,

q = hAs (Tsat − Ts ) = 7325 × ( 0.5 × 0.2 ) × (100 − Ts ) (I)

where we have substituted the convection coefficient along with the plate
dimensions in As = 0.5×0.2. The surface temperature Ts is the variable we seek. The
modified latent heat ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
′
is

h′fg = h fg + 0.68c pl (Tsat − Ts ) = 2257 + 0.68 × 4203 × (100 − 50 ) = 2400 kJ kg

and the equation for condensation rate allows us to write

15
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 q
m = → q = ′fg
mh
h′fg

q = ( 6.94 ×10 ) × ( 2400 ×10 ) =

−3 3
16, 656 W (II)

Equations (I) and (II) must yield the same result. Equating one to the other,
we obtain

= 7325 × ( 0.5 × 0.2 ) × (100 − Ts )

16,656

77.3o C
∴ Ts =

♦ The correct answer is A.

P.11▐ Solution
The dimensionless parameter P, which is used in Bergman & Lavine’s
discussion of film condensation, is given by

kl L (Tsat − Ts )
P=
µl h′fg ( v 2 g )
13

Equation 10.43 in the aforementioned textbook states that the Nusselt

number is

Nu = 0.943P −1 4
hence the proportion

hL ,1 ∝ P −1 4 ∝ L−1 4

For multiple plates, each of length LN = L/N, the following proportion holds,

−1 4
−1 4 L
hL , N ∝ L N ∝ 
N
Dividing the two previous proportions, we can state that

hL , N
= N1 4
hL ,1

Notice that by breaking the single plate into shorter segments, the average
liquid film thickness is reduced, resulting in a modest increase in the average heat
transfer coefficient, i.e., resulting in a heat transfer enhancement. For instance,
dividing the plate into 3 segments would produce a system whose convection
coefficient is 31/4 ≈ 1.32 times the heat transfer coefficient for condensation of a
single plate.

♦ The correct answer is A.

P.12▐ Solution

16
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 The length and diameter of the cylindrical container are L and D,
respectively, and the surface temperature of the wall is maintained at Ts by cold
water flowing across its outer surface. The liquid mass in the container is expressed
as

=M ρl Ac ( L − x )

where x is the vertical coordinate. The rate of change of mass, dM/dt, with respect to
time is obtained as

dM
m ( t ) =
dt
which, using the expression we just posed for M, becomes

dM dx
− ρl Ac
= m ( t ) (I)
=
dt dt
Using Newton’s law of cooling and the latent heat hfg, we can express the
condensation rate as

hAs (Tsat − Ts )
m ( t ) = (II)
h fg

Here, the average convection coefficient is expressed by the correlation

14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl3 h fg 
h = 0.943  
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) x 

The surface area subject to condensation is 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. Substituting the

relations we have for ℎ� and As in equation (II), it follows that

14
 g ρ ( ρ − ρv ) kl3 h fg 
0.943  l l  π Dx (Tsat − Ts )
 µ ( T − T ) x 
m ( t ) =
l sat s

h fg
14
0.943  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg 
3 14
L
=∴ m ( t )   ×   × π Dx
h fg  µl (Tsat − Ts )3 L  x
14
0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg   L 
3 14

∴ m ( t ) =    −3 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L   x 
3
h fg

Next, we equate the expression above and (I) to obtain

14
dx 0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg   L 
3 14

∴− ρl Ac =    −3 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L   x 
3
dt h fg
14
0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg 
3
34
∴− x dx =   L1 4 dt
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L 
3
h fg

By integrating the above relation gives

14
0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg 
3
0 tf
− ∫ x dx = 
34
 L1 4 ∫ dt
L h fg ρl Ac  µl (Tsat − Ts )3 L  0

0 14
0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρ v ) kl h fg 
3
 x1 4 
=∴−     L1 4 × t f
1 4 L h fg ρl Ac  µl (Tsat − Ts )3 L 

17
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 14
0.943π D  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl h fg 
3
14
=∴ 4L   L1 4 × t f
h fg ρl Ac  µl (Tsat − Ts )3 L 

4.24h fg ρl Ac
∴ tf = 14
 g ρ ( ρ − ρv ) kl3 h fg 
πD l l 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) L 
3

The expression above provides the time required to fill the container with
condensate.

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.13▐ Solution
We first compute the Jakob number, Ja,

c pl (Tsat − Ts ) 4201× (100 − 70 )

=Ja = = 0.0558
h fg ( 2257 ×103 )
The modified latent heat of vaporization easily follows,

h′fg= h fg (1 + 0.68Ja=
) 2257 × (1 + 0.68 × 0.0558=) 2343 kJ kg
The heat transfer rate can be given as the product of the mass flow and the
modified latent heat,

 ′fg
q = mh

Alternatively, the heat transfer rate can be determined by means of

Newton’s law of cooling,

h π DL × (Tsat − Ts )
q =×

Equating the two previous expressions, we can establish the diameter

required to achieve the prescribed condensation rate,

m × h fg =h × π DL × (Tsat − Ts )
mh
 fg
∴D =
π Lh (Tsat − Ts )

Substituting 𝑚𝑚̇ = 125 kg/h = 0.0347 kg/s, hfg = 2343 kJ/kg, L = 1 m, Tsat = 100oC,
and Ts = 70oC gives

mh
 fg 0.0347 × ( 2343 ×103 ) 862.64
=∴D = =
π Lh (Tsat − Ts ) π ×1× h × (100 − 70 ) h

862.64h −1 (I)
∴D =

Hence, we cannot determine the pipe diameter without the heat transfer
coefficient. This quantity can be established with the correlation for condensation in
radial systems,

14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) h′fg kl2 
h=C 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) D 

For a tube, coefficient C = 0.729. Furthermore, we have 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 968.6 kg/m3, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 =
0.596 kg/m3, cpl = 4201 J/kg∙K, 𝜇𝜇𝑙𝑙 = 332×10-6 N∙s/m2, and kl = 0.673 W/mK.
Substituting, we get

 9.81× 968.6 × ( 968.6 − 0.596 ) × ( 2343 ×103 ) × 0.6733 

14

0.729 × 
h=  3694.36 D −1 4
=
 ( 332 ×10−6 ) × (100 − 70 ) × D 

18
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 We then substitute h in equation (I), giving

862.64 × ( 3694.36 D −1 4 ) =
−1
862.64h −1 =
D= 0.234 D1 4

D
∴ 0.234
=
D1 4
∴ D3 4 =
0.234
4
∴D
= ( 0.234
= )3 0.144 m

144 mm
∴ D=

The pipe should have a diameter of 144 millimeters.

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.14▐ Solution
Part A:

The heat transfer and condensate forming rates per unit length of the tube
are, respectively,

h π D × (Tsat − Ts )
q ′ =×
q ′
m ′ =
h′fg

The Jakob number, Ja, is

c pl (Tsat − Ts ) 4180 × ( 333 − 307 )

=Ja = = 0.0461
h fg ( 2358 ×103 )
and the modified latent heat of vaporization follows as

h′fg= h fg (1 + 0.68Ja=
) 2358 × (1 + 0.68 × 0.0461=) 2432 kJ kg
For laminar film condensation, we use the following equation for the heat
transfer coefficient,

14
 g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) kl3 h′fg 
h=C 
 µl (Tsat − Ts ) D 
where coefficient C = 0.729 for a tube. Substituting this and other data gives

 9.81× 989.1× ( 989.1 − 0.129 ) × 0.6403 × ( 2432 ×103 ) 

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0.729 × 
h=  6927.82 W m 2 K
=
 ( 577 ×10−6 ) × ( 333 − 307 ) × 0.050 

Lastly, substituting this and other data in the expression for heat transfer
per unit length yields

q ′ 6927.82 × (π × 0.05 ) × ( 333 − 307

= = ) 28.3 kW m
Similarly, substituting the quantities we have in the expression for 𝑚𝑚̇ ′, the
result is

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 q ′ 28.3
m ′
= = = 0.0116 kg=
s 11.6 g s ⋅ m
h′fg 2432

In each second, the system will lose about 11.6 grams of condensate per
unit length of tube.

♦ The correct answer is D.

Part B: The system in question is illustrated below.

In the previous problem, the heat transfer rate and the condensate
formation rates per unit length were determined as 𝑞𝑞̇ ′ = 28.3 kW/m and 𝑚𝑚̇ ′ = 11.6
g/s∙m. The portions of the larger tube that are not milled away serve as fins.
Therefore, the heat transfer rate from the grooved large tube is related to the heat
transfer rate from a corresponding smooth tube of smaller diameter D1 = 46 mm,
modified by the enhancement ratio. We calculate the heat transfer rate for a smooth
tube of diameter D1 as follows. The heat transfer coefficient is obtained with the
usual formula

kl  g ρl ( ρl − ρv ) Dl h′fg 
3

hD1 = 0.729  
D1  kl (Tsat − Ts ) µl 

0.640  9.81× 989.1× ( 989.1 − 0.129 ) × 0.046 × ( 2432 ×10 ) 

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3 3

hD1 = 0.729 × × 
0.046 
 0.640 × ( 333 − 307 ) × ( 577 × 10 −6
) 

7073.75 W m 2 K
∴ hD1 =

The heat transfer rate for the smooth tube per unit length is computed as

q ′ = hD1 × π D1 × (Tsat − Ts ) = 7073.75 × π × 0.046 × ( 333 − 307 ) = 26.6 kW m

Thence, the minimum enhancement factor for the finned tube is calculated
with the relation

tr2  r1 σ r1 
ε ft,min
=  + 1.02 
Sr1  r2 ( ρl − ρv ) gt 3 
Here, t is the width of the fin, r2 is the radius of the tube, r1 is the radius of
the un-finned tube, 𝜎𝜎 is the surface tension, 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 is the density of liquid in the tube, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣
is the density of vapor, and S is the pitch. Substituting t = 0.002 m, r2 = 0.025 m, r1 =
0.023 m, 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 = 989.1 kg/m3, 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 = 0.129 kg/m3, 𝜎𝜎 = 0.0661 N/m, and S = 0.004 m yields

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0.002 × 0.025  0.023 0.0661× 0.023 
ε ft,min
= × + 1.02 × =  1.16
0.004 × 0.023  0.025 ( 989.1 − 0.129 ) × 9.81× 0.0023 
Thus, the minimum heat transfer rate for the grooved tube is

qft,′ min = ε ft, min q ′ =1.16 × 26.6 = 30.9 kW m

The corresponding condensation rate is

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© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 m ′
=
( 30.9 ×10=)
3

0.0127 kg =
s ⋅ m 12.7 g s ⋅ m
( 2432 ×10 )
3

The enhancement of heat transfer due to milling of the tube, for either heat
transfer or condensation rate, is therefore

′
qft,min 30.9
E
= = = 1.09
q ′ 28.3

♦ The correct answer is A.

█ Answer Summary

Problem 1 D
2A C
Problem 2
2B D
Problem 3 C
Problem 4 B
Problem 5 Open-ended pb.
Problem 6 B
Problem 7 Open-ended pb.
8A C
Problem 8
8B C
9A A
Problem 9
9B C
Problem 10 A
Problem 11 A
Problem 12 B
Problem 13 B
14A D
Problem 14
14B A

█ References
 BERGMAN, T., LAVINE, A., INCROPERA, F., and DEWITT, D. (2011).
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 7th edition. Hoboken: John Wiley
and Sons.
 ÇENGEL, Y. and GHAJAR, A. (2015) Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications. 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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