SUBJECT: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

ENGR. ZOREN P. MABUNGA

Differential Calculus – branch of mathematics concerned b. 1.5 d. 1.89
with determining and evaluating the rates at which Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
quantities change.
𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑥 (c) = 0
1. Limit of a Function
2. Derivatives 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 𝑛 ) = n𝑢 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
3. Maxima and Minima
4. Time-rates 𝑑
3. 𝑑𝑥 (uv) = udv + vdu
The Seven Indeterminate Forms
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢⁡−⁡𝑢𝑑𝑣
4. 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑣2
1. 0^(0) 5. ∞-∞
2. ∞^(0) 6. 0x∞ Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
3. 1^(∞) 7. ∞/∞
4. 0/0

L’Hospital’s Rule – In calculus, this rule employs derivatives

to evaluate a function that becomes indeterminate as it
approaches to a certain value.

Examples:

1−cos⁡ 𝑥
1. Evaluate: lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
a. 1 c. 0
b. indeterminate d. -1

3𝑥 3 −4𝑥+2 Examples:
2. Calculate: lim ( )
𝑥→∞ 7𝑥 3 +5
1. Differentiate: 𝑦 = √3 − 2𝑥 2
a. ∞ c.2/7 2𝑥 −2𝑥
b. 3/7 d. 3/5 a. c.
√3−2𝑥 2 √3−2𝑥 2
b. 2𝑥√3 − 2𝑥 2 d. −2𝑥√3 − 2𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
3. Evaluate: lim ( 𝑥 ) 2. Differentiate: 𝑦 = sin⁡(√𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→0
a. 2 c. 1 cos⁡(√𝑥−1)
a. c. −cos⁡(√𝑥⁡) −1
2√𝑥
b. 3 d. 4
cos⁡(√𝑥−1)
b. –sinx cosx d. 2𝑥
tan3 2𝑥
4. Determine: lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥3
3. Differentiate: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
a. 5 c. 8
a. −2𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
b. 3 d. 9
b. −2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥 c. ⁡2𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
5. Evaluate: lim (1−𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥→0 d. 2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
a. 1 c. 3
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
b. 0 d. -1

√2𝑥+22⁡−4
6. Find: lim ( )
𝑥→⁡−3 𝑥+3
a. 0 c. 1/2
c. 1/3 d. 1/4

𝑥 2 −4𝑥−21
7. Evaluate: lim (3𝑥 2 −17𝑦−28)
𝑥→⁡7
a. 1/5 c. 3/5
b. 2/5 d. 4/5

𝑥
8. Determine: lim (3−√𝑥+9⁡)
𝑥→0
a. 6 c. 3
b. -3 d. -6
Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥−1
9. Evaluate: lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
a. 0 c. 1
b. ∞ d. -1

(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+cos2 𝑥)
10. Calculate: lim ( )
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥
a. 1.3 c. 1.67
Examples: f’(x) = 0
f”(x) = + (concave upward)
1. Differentiate: y = arctan3x
a. 3/(1 − 9𝑥 2 ) c. 3/(1 + 9𝑥 2) 3. @Point of Inflection
2
b. 9/(1 + 3𝑥 ) d. 9/(1 − 3𝑥 2 ) F”(x) = 0

2. Differentiate: 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥)2 *The point of inflection is the point on the curve wherein
8𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
a. c. the curve changes its concavity.
√1−4𝑥 2 √1−16𝑥 2
8𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 4𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 Examples
b. d.
√1−16𝑥 2 √1−16𝑥 2

𝑥
1. Given the function y= x^3 – 5x^2 -8x +3, determine its
3. Find the first derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2) maximum point, minimum point, and its point of inflection
1 1
a. c. a. (-0.67,5.81), (4,-45), (1.67,-19.65)
√4+𝑥 2 2√4+𝑥 2
2 1 b. (0.67,5.81), (-4,45), (-1.67,19.65)
b. d.
√4−𝑥 2 √2+4𝑥 2 c. (-0.78,6.74), (4,45), (1.67,19.65)
d. (5.81,0.67), (45,-4), (1.67,-19.65)
4. Find y’ if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
2. Find the point of inflection of the curve x^3 – 3x^2 – x +
a. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 c. 3𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
7
b. −3𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 d. 3𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
a. 2,3
b. 2,6
5. Find y’ if 𝑦 = 5(2𝑥+1)
c. 1,5
a. (5^(2x+1))ln25 c. (5^(2x+1))ln(2x+1)
d. 1,4
b. (5^(2x+1))ln5 d. (5^(2x+1))ln10
3. A point from which a curve changes from concave
6. Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5)(𝑥 3 − upward to concave downward and vice versa is known as:
2𝑥 + 3) a. Point of Concavity
a. 3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 15 b. Point of Inflection
b.⁡21𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 c. Point of Deflection
c. 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 6 d. Symmetric Point
d. 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10
Steps in Solving Worded Problems of Maxima and Minima
8. Differentiate: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 D – Draw
a. 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) E – Equation
b. 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) D – Differentiate
c. 2𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) E – Equate to zero
d. 2𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
Examples:
9. Differentiate: 𝑦 = ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 1) ⁡ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − 𝑥)
a. (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(sin2 𝑥 − 𝑥)) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 1. A painting of height 3 feet hangs on the wall of a
1) sin2 𝑥) + (2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) museum, with the bottom of the painting 6 feet above the
b. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(sin2 𝑥 − 𝑥)) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − floor. If eyes of an observer are 5 feet above the floor, how
1) sin2 𝑥) + (2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) far from the base of the wall should the observer stand to
c. (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(sin2 𝑥 − 𝑥)) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − maximize his angle of vision?
1) sin2 𝑥) + (2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) a. 3 c. 2
d. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(sin2 𝑥 − 𝑥)) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − b. 5 d. 4
1) sin2 𝑥) + (2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2. Two posts, one 8 feet high and the other 12 feet high
stand 15 feet apart. They are to be stayed by wires
Maxima and Minima attached to a single stake at ground level, the wires running
to the tops of the posts. How far from the shorter post
Maximum Point should the stake be placed to use the least amount of wire?
a. 6 feet c. 9 feet
Point of Inflection
b. 5 feet d. 8 feet

3. A man wishes to use 100 feet of fencing to enclose a

rectangular garden. Determine the maximum possible area
Minimum Point
of his garden.
a. 625 square feet c. 345 square feet
b. 534 square feet d. 725 square feet
1. @Maximum Point
4. Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a
f’(x) = 0
semi-circle of radius 5 inches if its base lies along the
f”(x) = - (concave downward)
diameter of the semi-circle.
a. 15 square inches c. 50 square inches
2. @Minimum Point
c. 25 square inches d. 10 square inches
5. The three sides of a trapezoid are 10m long. How long a. 0.51m/s c. 0.21m/s
must the fourth side be to make the area maximum? b. 0.31m/s d. 0.71m/s
a. 15 c. 25
b. 20 d. 18 4. Two sides of a rectangle are 5 and 10 inches,
respectively. The angle between them is increasing at the
6. A rectangular box open at the top is to be formed from a rate of 5° per minute. How fast is the third side of the
rectangular piece of cardboard 3 inches by 8 inches. What triangle growing when the angle is 60°?
size square should be cut from each corner to form the box a. 0.44 in/min c. 0.75 in/min
with maximum volume? b. 1.1 in/min d. 0.67 in/min
a. 3 in. c. 1.5 in.
b. 2/3 in. d. 2 in. 5. The equation of motion of a particle moving in a plane
are x=t^2, y=3t-1 when t is the time and x and y are
7. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the rectangular coordinates. Find the speed of motion at the
breadth and the cube of the depth. Find the breadth of the instant t=2.
stiffness beam that can be cut from a log of radius 10 a. 4 c. 5
inches. b. 6 d. 7
a. 17 c. 10
b. 15 d. 12 6. Sand is pouring from a hole at the rate of 25 cu ft/s and
is forming a conical pile on the ground. If the conical
8. A rectangular field of area 2400 square meter is to be formation has an altitude always ¼ of the diameter of the
fenced off along a straight road. The front fencing costs P80 base, how fast is the altitude increasing when the conical
per meter; the sides and back costs P40 per meter. pile is 5 feet high?
Determine minimum total cost required. a. 0.08fps c. 0.06fps
a. P9800 c. P9600 b. 0.025fps d. 0.033fps
b. P9200 d. P9400
7. A helicopter is rising vertically from the ground at a
9. A closed cylinder container has a capacity if 128π cu.m. constant speed of 4.5 m/s and when it is 75 meters off the
Determine the minimum surface area. ground, a jeep passed beneath the helicopter travelling in a
a. 96π c. 100π straight line at a constant speed of 80kph. Determine how
b. 92π d. 98π fast (m/sec) the distance between them changing after 1
second.
10. A bed is in the form of a circular sector of radius and a. 12.43 c. 10.04
central angle Θ. Find its radius if the area of the sector is b. 10.32 d. 11.34
100 square centimeters and its perimeter is a minimum.
a. 10.5cm c. 10cm 8. The surface area of a sphere initially zero increases
b. 12.5cm d. 12cm uniformly at 4in^2/sec. Find the rate (in/sec) of which the
radius is increasing at the end of 2 seconds.
Steps in Solving Worded Problems Involving Time-Rates a. 0.3 c. 0.1
b. 0.4 d. 0.2
D – Draw
E – Equation
D – Differentiate with respect to time
S – Substitute

Examples:

1. A boat is being pulled into a dock by a rope that passes

through a ring on the bow of the boat. The dock is 8 feet
higher than the bow ring. How fast is the boat approaching
the dock when the length of the rope between the dock
and the boat is 10 feet, if the rope is being pulled at the
rate of 3 feet per second?
a. 3ft/s c. 5ft/s
b. 7ft/s d. 9ft/s

2. A spherical balloon is being filled with gas at the rate of

500mm^3/sec. When the diameter is 0.5m find the rate at
which the surface area is increasing.
a. 4 c. 5
b. 3 d. 2

3. A man whose height is 1.8 meter is walking directly away

from a street light at a constant rate of 1.2m/s. If the street
light is 12 meters above the ground, find how fast his
shadow lengthens?