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IC Engines and Turbo-Machinery Laboratory

MEng (4203)
Pumps, Blowers and Turbines
AMU
2015

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Pumps Classification of Pumps

Based on the method by which mechanical energy is transferred to the
 To transport water or liquid through pipes energy has to be fed to fluid there are two broad classification.
1. Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps
the water. • Transforms kinetic energy to static pressure – adds energy
via rotating impeller
 Pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into
• Fluid enters through the center of an impeller and is thrown outwards
fluid/hydraulic energy. by the vanes.
2. Positive displacement pumps
 It is driven by electricity or combustion engines or other sources. • These pumps discharge a given volume of fluid for each
stroke or revolution.
• Energy is added intermittently.
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PUMP Positive Displacement Pump (PD)

Principle of Operation
Rotodynamic Positive displacement
PD pumps use some type of mechanical device to force the
Centrifugal/
Radial flow
liquid through the pump by applying pressure directly to the
Reciprocating Rotary
Axial flow liquid by a reciprocating piston, or rotating members.
Gear
Mixed flow Piston/
Plunger They have an expanding cavity on the suction side, and a
Turbine
Lobe decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
Diaphragm
Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the
Screw
suction side expands, and forced/displaced out of the pump as
Sliding Vane
the cavity on the discharge side collapses.

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 PD pumps actually have a fixed displacement volume

through each cycle of pump operation.
 The pressures they generate are determined by the system‟s
resistance to this flow.
PD’s Pump Characteristics
 PD pumps can theoretically produce the same flow at a given
speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.
 Therefore, PD pumps can be regarded as constant flow
devices.

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Rotodynamic / Centrifugal Pumps

 Works on the principle of centrifugal force. This is the force that
Components of centrifugal pump
pushes the liquid away from the center(in tangential direction).
 Impeller
 They are used to transport liquids/fluids by the conversion of
the rotational kinetic energy to the hydro dynamics energy of the  Casing/volute
liquid flow.  Suction pipe
 In dynamic pumps energy is added to the fluid continuously  Delivery pipe
through the rotary motion of the blades.  Shaft
 The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric
motor or turbine.  Air Relieve Valve
 This increase in energy is converted to a gain in Pressure Energy
when the liquid is allowed to pass through an increased area.
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Principle of operation 1. As the impeller stirs the water, it removes air from the Pump Performance Parameters
casing, then it creates an area of low pressure, or
partial vacuum, at the suction eye. Pump Head
2. The weight of the atmosphere on the external body of
water pushes water rapidly though the hose and pump Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at
casing toward the suction eye of the impeller. equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of
3. Centrifugal force created by the rotating vanes pushes gravity.
water away from the eye, where pressure is lowest, to
Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion to depth measured
the vane tips.
4. Due to impeller action the velocity head as well as from the surface because of the increasing weight of fluid
pressure head of the liquid are increased. exerting downward force from above.
5. As the water is forced through the volute, its velocity The height of this column is called the static head and is
is getting slow down as volute area increases,
6. As the water slows down, its kinetic energy decreases,
expressed in terms of meter of liquid, and the pressure is called
that water's potential energy increases (to conserve static pressure.
energy),
7. And discharged from the pump. 11 12

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o Terminologies in Pumps

The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created
by the pump.
Head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the
pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.

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1. Static Suction Lift/Head, hS

 It is a Head resulting from elevation of the liquid to be pumped relative to the
2. Static Discharge Head, hd
pump center line.
 If the liquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative. It is the vertical distance in meter between the pump
 Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a “suction lift” condition centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the
 If the liquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive, and it is called “suction
head”, liquid in the discharge tank.
Ambient
Pressure
Total Head

Static Suction Head

+ve
Ambient
Pressure
Static Suction lift -ve 15 16

3. Friction Head, hf 4. Vapor pressure Head, hvp

Friction head is the amount of energy loss due to friction
of the fluid moving through pipes and fittings. Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid and its vapor
co-exist in equilibrium at a given temperature.
When the vapor pressure is converted to head, it is referred
 where
• hf= pressure drop or friction loss in m,
to as vapor pressure head, hvp.
• fD=friction factor,
• L=length of pipe (m), The value of hvp of a liquid increases with the rising
• V=line velocity (m/s),
• D= pipe ID (m), temperature, or lowering pressure.
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6. Velocity Head , hv
5. Pressure Head, hp
Velocity head also known as “dynamic head”
 Pressure head is an expression of energy, specifically it is energy per
It is a measure of a fluid‟s kinetic energy, which refers to the
unit weight of fluid displaced.
energy of a liquid as a result of its motion at some velocity „v‟.
It is the equivalent head in meter through which the water would
have to fall to acquire the same velocity, or in other words, the
head necessary to accelerate the water.
𝑣2
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hv = , (m)
2𝑔

7. Total suction/dynamic suction Head, HS 8. Total discharge/dynamic discharge Head, Hd

 Total suction head is the summation of suction reservoir pressure head (hps) plus the static suction  It is the summation of discharge reservoir pressure head (hp(d)), static discharge head (h(d)),
head (hS) plus the velocity head at the pump suction flange (hvs) minus the friction head in the suction
the velocity head at the pump discharge flange (hv(d)) and the total friction head in the
line (hfs ).
discharge line (hf(d)).
 Hs = hp(s) ± h(s) + hv(s)–hf(s) - h(i), and  Hd=hp(d) + h(d) + hv(d)+ hf(d) + h(e), and
𝑝
 hp(d) = 𝑑
𝑝𝑠 𝜌𝑔
 hp(s) =
𝜌𝑔 𝑣𝑒(𝑑)2
 hv(d) = 2𝑔
, then,
𝑣𝑖(𝑠) 2 hs is + for suction head.
 hv(s)= , then, 𝑝 𝑣𝑒(𝑑) 2
2𝑔 hs is - for suction lift.  Hd= 𝜌𝑔𝑑 + h(d) + 2𝑔
+ hf(d) + h(e)
𝑝 𝑣𝑖(𝑠) 2  Where
 Hs =𝜌𝑔𝑠 + h(s)+ - hf(s) - h(i)
2𝑔 • h(e)= exit loss,
• Ve = flow velocity at exit ,
 Where
• h(i)= entrance loss, • p(d) = overpressure in discharge tank in m,
• Vi = flow velocity at entrance, 21 22

• p(s) = overpressure, other than atmospheric in suction tank in m.  Note: The friction loss is subtracted on the suction side but added on the discharge side.

9. Total Head/Total Dynamic Head, HT 2. Flow Rate (Q)

The difference between the pressure head at the discharge and

suction flange of the pump.  The flow rate (capacity or discharge) of a pump is the volume

HT = Hd – Hs of liquid pumped per unit of time.

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3. Net positive suction head (NPSH)

It is calculated based on system or process conditions.
 A minimum amount of suction head that is needed for a pump to
operate without cavitating.

3.1 Net positive suction head required (NPSHr)

 NPSHr is the minimum amount of NPSH that the pump requires to

avoid cavitation.

 3.2 Net positive suction head available (NPSHa)

 NPSHa is the amount of NPSH available to the pump from the suction 25 26

line.

4. Power and Efficiency

a. Brake Horse Power (BHP)
The brake horsepower or input to a pump is greater than the
 Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower delivered to
the pump shaft. water horsepower or output due to the mechanical and
 Pump output or water horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower delivered by
the pump. These two terms are defined by the following formulas hydraulic losses incurred in the pump.

Therefore the pump efficiency is the ratio of these two values.

Where
Q= discharge (m3/s)
H= total head (m)
ɳ= Pump efficiency 27
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ρ= fluid density (kg/m3))

1.3 Pump Configurations 1. Series operation of centrifugal pumps

 In series operation, the pumps are connected one after the other
so that the developed heads can be added for a given flow rate.

Series/parallel operation of pumps

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2. Parallel operation of centrifugal pumps

Blowers and Fans
 Where one pump is unable to deliver the required flow Q at the
operating point, • Fans and blowers provide air for ventilation and industrial
process requirements.
• Fans generate a pressure to move air (or gases) against a
resistance caused by ducts, dampers, or other components in a
fan system.
• The fan rotor receives energy from a rotating shaft and
Qparallel = Q1 + Q2 H1 = H2 = constant
transmits it to the air.
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Difference between Fans, Blowers and Compressor Fan classification

1. Centrifugal fans-airflow changes direction twice - once when entering
• Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated by the method and second when leaving.
used to move the air, and by the system pressure they must • Radial, forward and backward curved.
operate against. 2. Axial fans-air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction
• Propeller, tube-axial and vane-axial.

Axial fan
Centrifugal fan

ASME
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Blowers Positive displacement

Centrifugal blower
Difference with fans • Rotors trap air and push it
• Gear-driven impeller that through housing.
• Much higher pressures as high as1.20 kg/cm2. accelerates air.
• Constant air volume regardless
• Used to produce negative pressures for industrial vacuum • Single and multi-stage of system pressure.
systems blowers. • Suited for applications prone to
Types • Operate at 0.35-0.70 kg/cm2 clogging.
• Centrifugal blower pressure. • Turn slower than centrifugal
• Positive displacement blowers.
• Airflow drops if system
pressure rises. • Belt-driven for speed changes.
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Turbines
Definition
• The device which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or
vice versa is known as Hydraulic Machines. The hydraulic machines
which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are known as
Turbines.
Classification
• Impulse turbines
– Pelton turbines
• Reaction turbines Pelton turbine
– Radial flow: Francis turbines Kaplan turbine
Francis turbine • Available energy at the entrance
• Low head turbine
– Axial flow: propeller (fixed blades) or Kaplan (variable pitch blades) • Large flow rate
• Medium head turbine is completely kinetic energy.
• Moderate flow rate • High head and low discharges
turbines • Low specific speeds
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