1.

1 Technical Standards
1. Technical Standards for Floatation Devices
The technical standards for flotation devices can be categorized into three sub-heads
namely [a] technical standards that provide guidance on environmental loads (recommended);
[b] technical standards that provide guidance on structural design (mandatory); and [c] technical
standards for material testing (mandatory).
(a) Technical standards providing guidance for environmental loads
As detailed in previous sections, flotation devices must withstand a variety of
environmental and operational loads during their design life. These loads range from permanent
loads (e.g., load due to weight of equipment), variable loads (e.g., load due to movement of
personnel), environmental loads1 (e.g., loads due to wind, waves etc.), pre-stressing loads
(e.g., pretension load on bolted connections), accidental loads and deformation loads. (DNV
GL, 2021). The following standards provide requisite guidance on accurate assessment of
these loads such that the structural elements of the flotation devices be designed to ensure
safe operations of the FSPV during the design life of the structure. These standards would
support the developer in assessing loads and are thereby recommended apart from IS 875
which is mandatory.
1) DNV GL-ST-0119: Standards for floating wind turbine structures
2) DNV GL-ST-0164: Standards for tidal turbines
3) ISO 2394: General principles on reliability for structures
4) DNV GL RP 0584: Recommended practice for design, development, and operation of floating solar
photovoltaic systems
5) IS 875: Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures
6) IS 1893: Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structures
7) ASCE 7: Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures
8) DNV GL-RP-C204: Recommended practice for design against accidental loads
9) DNV GL-RP-C205: Recommended Practice for Environmental conditions and Environmental loads
(b) Technical standards providing guidance on structural design
It is imperative that the floats be designed based on established technical standards
on structural design in conjunction with a realistic assessment of operational loads on the float.
The various technical standards, depending on the material, to be referred to while designing
are mentioned below.
1) IS 456: Plain and reinforced concrete – code of practice
2) IS 800: General construction in steel – code of practice
3) IS 801: Code of practice for the use of cold-formed Light Gauge Steel structural members in general
building construction
4) IS 8147: Code of practice for use of aluminum alloys in structures
5) ASCE Manual: Structural plastics design manual
6) DNVGL-ST-C501: Composite components
At this juncture, it may be noted that while clear design principles are available for
materials such as steel, concrete and aluminum, similar standards for plastics (especially in the
Indian context) are missing. This makes design for plastics difficult. As an alternative, till such

1
Environmental loads encompass all natural phenomena on the considered site including, but not
limited to, meteorological conditions, limnological and oceanographic conditions, water depths, soil
conditions, seismicity, biology, ground conditions, water quality, contamination, water basin
topography, bathymetry, waterproofing and various human activities (DNV GL 2021)
 standards for plastics are evolved, factor of safety may be adopted using principles outlined in
Plastics Design Manual by ASCE and ISO 2394.
(c) Technical standards for material testing - plastics
In all the typology of floats, the expected design life 25-year life and during this period
the float is exposed to harsh environmental and operational conditions. The floats, therefore,
should have sufficient strength, durability, and resistance to degradation. Also, a significant
portion of the float (in either typology) is thermoplastic, which is either to provide the structural
element or to provide the buoyancy element. As mentioned in the previous section, requisite
design standards exist for metal and concrete. In case of thermoplastic2, however, due to
unavailability of such standards, a series of tests are mandated primarily to determine the
material’s susceptibility to degradation. A list of mandated tests for plastics is provided below
1) ASTM D638: Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics
2) ASTM D695: Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastic
3) ASTM D790: Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics
and electrical insulating materials
4) ASTM D16933: Standard test method for environmental stress cracking of ethylene plastics
5) ISO 75: Plastics – determination of temperature of deflection under load
6) ISO 178: Plastics – determination of flexural properties
7) ISO 179: Plastics – determination of Charpy impact properties
8) ISO 180: Plastics – determination of Izod impact strength
9) ISO 306: Plastics – Thermoplastic materials – determination of Vicat Softening Temperature (VST)
10) ISO 527: Plastics – determination of tensile properties
11) ISO 4582: Plastics – determination of changes in colour and variation in properties after exposure
to glass filtered solar radiation, natural weathering or laboratory radiation sources
12) ISO 4892: Plastics – methods of exposure to laboratory light sources
13) ISO 6721: Plastics – determination of dynamic mechanical properties
14) IS 15410: containers for packaging of natural mineral water and packaged drinking water
15) ISO 22088: Plastics - determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking
16) ISO 868:2003: Plastics and ebonite – determination of indentation hardness by means of a
durometer (shore hardness)
17) RoHS Directive (EU) 2015/863: Test for restriction of hazardous substances
18) ASTM G155: Standard practice for operating Xenon Arc Light apparatus for exposure of non-
metallic materials
19) ASTM G154: Standard practice for operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) lamp apparatus for
exposure of non-metallic materials
20) ISO 11357-6; 2018: Plastics – differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) – Part 6: Determination of
oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT)

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The standards available for plastics pertain to commonly used products and not specific to that can be
used in design of flotation devices
3
UV testing for a minimum of 2000 h is recommended, with the change in physical less than 5% of the
initial value after test.
2. Technical standards for station keeping system
Classification societies and Regulatory agencies such as DNV-GL, American Petroleum
Institute (API), International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse activities
(IALA) inter alia have developed various guides and specifications on anchors, mooring lines,
concomitant Health, Safety and Environment. Please note that most of the standards
mentioned below are recommended standards (not mandatory in India) and their reference
depends on the typology of configuration, anchors and mooring lines. These are mentioned
below:
1) American Petroleum Institute (API)
a. API RP 2SK: Design and analysis of station-keeping systems for floating structures
b. API Spec 2F: Specification for mooring chain
c. API RP 2I: In-service inspection of mooring hardware for floating structures
d. API RP 2MIM: Mooring integrity management
2) British Standards (BS)
a. BS 6349-6: Maritime structures – part 6: design of inshore moorings and floating
structures.
3) DNV
a. DNVGL-ST-0119: Floating wind turbine structures
b. DNVGL-OS-E301: Position mooring
c. DNVGL-OS-E302: Offshore mooring chain
d. DNVGL-OS-E303: Offshore fibre ropes
e. DNVGL-OS-E304: Offshore mooring steel wire ropes
f. DNVGL-RP-E301: Design and installation of fluke anchors
g. DNVGL-RP-E302: Design and installation of plate anchors in clay
h. DNVGL-RP-E303: Geotechnical design and installation of suction anchors in clay
i. DNVGL-RP-E304: Damage assessment of fibre ropes for offshore mooring
j. DNVGL-RP-E305: Design, testing and analysis of offshore fibre ropes
k. DNVGL-ST-N001: Marine operations and marine warranty
l. DNVGL-OTG-18: Guidance for long-term near shore mooring systems
m. DNVGL-CP-0100: Type approval: synthetic fibre ropes for towing, mooring and
anchoring
n. DNVGL-CP-0255: Approval of manufacturers: wire ropes
o. DNVGL-RU-OU-0512: Floating offshore wind turbine installations
p. DNVGL-RP-0584: Design, development and operation of floating solar PV system
4) International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse activities (IALA)
a. IALA guideline no. G 1006 on Plastic buoys
b. IALA guideline no. 1066 on the design of floating aid to navigation moorings
c. IALA guideline no. 1099 on hydrostatic design of buoys
5) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
a. IEC TS 62600-10:2015: Wave, tidal and other water current converters (part 10)
assessment of mooring system for marine energy converters
6) International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
a. ISO 19901-7: Station keeping systems for floating offshore structures and mobile
offshore structures
7) NORSOK (standards developed by Norwegian petroleum industry)
a. NS 9415.E:2009: Marine fish farms – requirements for site survey, risk analysis,
design, dimensioning, production, installation, and operation
 All aspects of a station keeping system including design, installation and operation are
important to ensure a system that is robust and durable. However, to ensure smooth operation
post installation, it is recommended that the developer undertakes an ‘as laid survey’ of the
mooring system such that a risk-based framework for future inspections may be established.
Further, as regular inspection of mooring line may be expensive. It is therefore recommended
to undertake annual inspection of above water parts based on the developed risk-based
inspection framework.

3. Technical standards for Earthing.

Indian Electricity Rules

Standard/Code Description
IS 3043 Code of Practice for Earthing
IEEE 80 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
IEC 62561-2 Requirements for conductors and earth electrodes
IEC 62561-7 Requirements for earthing enhancing compounds
IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
IEEE 142
Commercial Power Systems