Module 1: Defining Art: Assumptions, thought output.

Art creation can be

Scope, and Limitation of systematic and it is a deliberative well-
constructed act.
Arts
Art is Everywhere. Art can be found 4. Art and Experience. The aphorism that
anywhere and everywhere logically because says “experience is the best teacher” holds
we exist. It is in our nature as humans to true in the world of art. As one feels, sees,
express and to seek beauty as diversions and
from the mundanity of living. The reality of experiences, the artists’ experiences are
life is tough and art balances out that part of his/her total being, and once the
harshness, giving us a venue to breathe artists express their thoughts, emotions and
and to break from monotony. We bring art to perspectives through their craft, they
the world because we continually seek manifest them in their art.
balance. From the moment we wake up until Experience does not only help you learn
we get into bed, we encounter so many art how to go about art, but it also contributes
forms without even noticing them. Say, you to how you express art in the most organic
are bored and you need music as diversion, and authentic way.
or when you relax at a coffee shop and
stare at the colorful paintings on the café 5. Art and Nature. Have you ever drawn a
walls, or when you go up to a landscape, or a human body?
spiral staircase embellished with intricate These images depict a common theme
metal works on the railings. Art co-exists which is nature. We duplicate nature using
with us simply because they also bring with different media and techniques because we
them functions apart from beauty. appreciate their beauty by curating them in
artworks. So, how do you draw the line
2. Art as Expression and between art and nature? Going back to Art
Communication. There are a lot of things as creation, art is a deliberative well-
thatvisual art, auditory art and performing constructed act. Nature is not art because it
arts can say. Our individuality is not made by human beings, but nature
and our emotions toward people can be can only be an inspiration for making art
portrayed in different manners, whether a which human beings can imitate.
song, a poem, a painting, or a sculpture.
Moreover, because art is an expression, it 6. Art as Beauty. Our perspective and taste
also has the capacity to establish an for art are subjective because of our culture
identity. Artists become artists because they and breadth of artistic knowledge. What we
stand out from the crowd, this is because consider beautiful may be a taboo for
they express and communicate differently others, and what others consider beautiful
among others through their craft or art may be peculiar for our taste. The decision
forms. to on sider what is “beautiful” is very hard
when it comes to art. With this, beauty is not
3. Art as Creation. Art, more than its just in the eye of the beholder, but in the
outcome, is its process. Art is given culture of the
meaning because of how it is made. What beholder.
makes an artist feel accomplished is his/her
exploration and experimentation. The
process consists of important steps and
techniques that make up
the totality of the artwork. Creation entails
originality which requires planning, proper
execution and consciousness for a well-
Forms, Functions, and Value of Arts 2. Economic Value.

Art is not only something that is beautiful or This refers to different creative talents,
enchanting that is solely subject for skills, or artworks converted into money or
interpretation or analysis. Art is not limited business.
for the consumption of the intellect,it also
comes with different functions that provides FUNCTIONS OF ART
different benefits to our day to day living.
Personal Function - This means that the
In this lesson, we will delve into the different artwork is used as vehicle for the artist to
functions of art. This way, we will be able to express his or her thoughts, emotions,
widen our perspectives regarding feelings, and ideas as influenced by his or
its existence and relationship to us as artists her surroundings such as the era/period of
and consumers of arts. Art is a creative his/her time and limitations. When an
activity that expresses imaginative or artwork is viewed, interpreted, and
technical skill. It produces a product or an understoodnin a different way, it is called
object. The product of art is called work of conceptualization.
art. It includes drawing, painting, sculpting, Thus, the artwork is visualized or perceived
photography, performance art, dance, in two contexts - in the context of the artist
music, poetry, prose, and theater. and in the context of the viewers.

Art is part of our culture, traditions, and Physical / Utilitarian Function

practices. It is found in you, in me, and in This means that the artwork serves various
each and everyone of us, each with physical purposes for usefulness and
distinctive values, traits, and functions. comfort.
Moreover, it also refers to the idea of
Classification of satisfying man’s needs and wants equipping
Functions of Arts: himself with things for his better living.
Meaning, these are
1. Motivated (Functional) Art artworks that are created to perform some
service such as artworks classified as “tools
This refers to works of art that perform its or containers” (objects) making our lives
purpose. Examples: buildings, furniture- physically comfortable.
making, gadgets
Social Function
2. Non-motivated (Non-functional) Art This refers to artworks that collectively
address to spiritual, political, and
This refers to works of art that cannot cultural/historical
perform its purpose. This is called “art in significant events.
preservation”,
“hoarded art”, or “buried art”. Examples: 3.1 Spiritual function refers to Mass (for
painting, sculpture, music, literature. Roman Catholic), Praise and Worship (for
Born Again), Ramadan (for Muslims), and
Value of Arts others spiritual events.
1. Aesthetic Value.
3.2 Political function refers to examples of
This refers to the importance of artwork in statues of great leader.
relation to its beauty (physical appearance
or the scenic views) - the artistic worth of 3.3 Cultural / Historical function refers to
something than its practical value. statues of national heroes, landmarks,
wedding ceremonies, and feast and
festivals. EditorialCartoons

Social Function also affects and influences

the way we think and feel towards
something. Such examples are enlisted - Aims to instill awareness/changes in
below: people,society, government,
political system throughridicule.
a. Pictorial forms – a powerful means of
putting across a message through Propaganda
“landscape”. Literature

b. Satire (Caricature) – art forms that aim “to a literary art from that is usually a very
ridicule” individuals, groups, or society with powerful means of moving and persuading
the aim of sending across a message of people’s minds, feeling and ideologies
awareness and change. towards
needs. It can easily arouse indignation of
c. Propaganda Literature – a literary art people
form that is a very powerful means of to fight for a certain cause and objectives.
moving persuading people’s minds, feelings,
and ideologies towards needs. Advertising
Art
d. Advertising Art – aims to affect the buying
behavior of people. “Poster design” is an this aims to affect the buying behavior of
example of a commonly used advertising people. Examples of which are commercial
art. (magazines, billboards…) arts, posters, magazine, billboards,
newspaper, radio and television. Poster
Pictorial Forms design is an example of a commonly used
advertising art.
a powerful means of putting across a
message Cultural/Historical/Religious Functions
through “landscape”. This kind of social
function is a powerful means of putting an art form that commemorates important
across a events that is part of traditions and
message, humanitarian concerns as well as practices, important person that played a
ideological or political comments. very important part of our history and
religious person, practices and events.
Satire
(Caricature) Educational Function

they are art forms that aim to ridicule an (A) This refers as Art Education where it is
individual, groups or society with the aim of not only an institution but also an outlet or a
sending across a message of awareness procedure to express one’s or your feelings,
and emotions, thoughts, and ideas. Art should
change. be seen as means of therapy
not something to cause unpleasant stress
Cartoons and difficulty.

-Promote and instill good values, formation, If a student becomes tensed and wired up
molding of character, from stress in their learning environments,
good manners and behavior there is a
tendency that they will raise their concerns method, no modifications are made,
to other subject teacher/s. To give off a however, since the subjects are presented
relaxed vibe, as they are, making the artwork would be
putting designs on walls and/or transitioning very tedious. Take the image below
teaching strategies and approaches may as an example:
lighten up the students’ mood and feelings.
The self-esteem, confidence, and pride that If you notice, the subject here is not
comes from art in education leaning towards any sort of abstraction
is truly incredible and each child should and distortion of features and colors. Since
experience it. it is a portrait, the artist meticulously
copied the subject down into its smallest
(B) This refers to experiences, symbols, and details. Also notice how the artist
signs illustrating knowledge not given in represented light and shadow, tints and
words. shades as they would appear in real life.

Forms of Arts Abstraction

Abstraction finds its meaning with the
Arts may be grouped into three such as artist. The predisposition of meaning is
Fine Arts, Practical Art, and Performing Arts. deposited with the maker of the work. One
may find difficulty in understanding the work
Fine Arts but the artist is given the task of creating the
- are made primarily for aesthetic essence of his work. Abstraction is the
enjoyment through the senses manner or the process of simplifying or
especially visual and auditory. reorganizing objects and elements either
a. painting with shapes or colors. Hence, instead of
b. literature sketching or presenting one’s work in its
normal or natural form, an artist used
Practical Arts shapes instead of cubes, and geometric
- Are intended to practical use or shapes or just a splash of colors to present
utility its subject and meaning. Similarly, abstract
a. Sculpture art refers to the visual works that
b. Architecture move beyond reality as contrasted to
realism that gives us the notion of
Performing Arts preciseness. Whatmakes abstraction an
- involved movement, gesture, and interesting concept is that it is personal and
speaking unique to the artistbecause his/her
a. dance representation is how he/she perceives the
b. singing world. It is breakingfree from what was
c. music deemed beautiful, pristine, and acceptable
d. cinema/film to the eyes ofthe viewers. Under
abstraction, there are three subcategories.
Module 3: Manner of Presenting Art & This includes Cubism,Distortion, Mangling,
Levels and Meaning of Subject and Abstract Expressionism.

Realism
The common aphorism that goes ‘what you
see is what you get’ best fits
this art presentation. In this method of
presenting, artists portray subjects
exactly in replicas in either 2-dimensional or
3-dimensional byproduct. In this
 Mangling is a Dadaist approach (a
rebellious movement towards realism) to
Cubism takes precedence as a highly art, and it was introduced around 1918. The
influential visual art in the 20th century. common characteristics of this presentation
Pablo Picasso’s work became a landmark are the qualities of being mutilated, cut,
in this visual art presentation. The crushed, slashed, and disfigured; an
common characteristics of this art exaggeration beyond distortion.
comprise the two- dimensional surface of
the picture plane or apply geometric forms
or figures, that emphasize the flatness,
and also reject the traditional forms of
foreshortening, modeling, coloring, and
perspectives.

Abstract Expressionism is a
manner of art presentation that is also
known as color field or action painting
or “gestural abstraction” because the
work of art becomes an event. In this
presentation, the “manner of
production” is the subject of the art.
Distortion is an alteration of the shape. The Characteristics of this presentation
form may appear twisted or bent out from its include messiness and exceptionally
original shape or form in its regular energetic applications of paint which
condition. have been introduced into the art
This is commonly used as an expressive scene after World War II. Part of the
technique rendering emphasis or distinguishing features of the art
superimposition to depict disturbance in includes spontaneity, movement,
peace freedom, and personal expression.
to induce emotions and trigger anxiety.

Surrealism is a way of
representing the subject by
combining realism and distortion.
Surrealism involves contradictions
of situations of reality and that of
absolute reality. There are
elements that may seem paper knife was stuck into a French-german
believable, but some parts of it are dictionary that pointed to the word ‘dada’.
not, causing “suspension of Furthermore, this European artistic and
disbelief.” Surrealism is often literary movement promoted the
compared to a dream state in art. conventional cultural and aesthetic works
identified incongruity and travesty. Dada
often shows rejection of logic, rather zeroes
on nonsense, intuition, and irrationality.
Dadaism intends to express art in an
offensive, provocative manner against the
“proper” art.

Fauvism employs colors in art

presentation. Artists use colors as
bright as they can be to express joy,
fun, quirk, and freedom. This means
that artists do not use dark colors.
Artists under this method include
Henri Matisse, Vincent Van Gogh, and Expressionism is characterized by
Paul Cezanne to name a few. These free brushwork, generous and textured
artists are distinguished as the pigment, the color is intense and non-
Fauves, avant-garde, or the “wild naturalistic. Further, the artist lets the
beasts” because they belong to a viewers see the depiction of subjects with
group of loose French painters swirling, swaying brushstrokes. The
admired strokes are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle
that when joined together would create a
The turning road by André Derain, 1906 for greater image.
personal expression and freedom
from the conventions of elitist art.

Futurism/Modernism is characterized
by technology, modernity, youth, and
speed. Common themes and objects
seen in this art presentation include
Dadaism started as a protest against art in airplanes, cars, modern inventions or
Zurich technological advancements, and
Switzerland. Dada means hobby horse urbanized cities. Advocacy of this art
which technically means “non-sensical” way inculcates thrusts of modern
of presenting art. One theory postulates that technology to express the dynamism
it came from a meeting of the group when a and movement of modern life.
 the differences between an element and a
principle in relation to arts.
When we talk about elements, we are
talking of the basic components that make
up the artwork. Elements are observable
parts of the artwork, particularly with visual
arts, which are directly seen by the eyes or
directly felt by the sense of touch.
On the other hand, the principles are the
rules that the artist follow or defy from.
Principles cannot be seen immediately,
rather have to be reflected upon, because
Conversely, compared to realism and these are decisions that the artist has made
surrealism, so s/he could achieve what is ought to be
exhibited or portrayed in the work.
symbolism art depicts reality however Take the artwork above as an example—
incorporates images, subjects, elements, or The Great Wave of Kanagawa by
references that are almost universally Katsushika Hokusai. One element we could
recognizable. Symbols such as white dove pick out from this whole image is the lines
for peace, or the grim reaper for death, or a that make the wave. However, the lines are
rose for the woman's genitalia are curved, in which, by principle, means
incorporated in a scene that the artist change and fluidity.
imagines. Most of the time, the scenes are This is the reason why the artist
realistic however, symbols are inserted to incorporated the line element and at the
cameo the whole picture, which basically same time chose to have the lines curved
signals the viewers of a foreshadowing or so he could portray rightfully the nature of
an implication of a circumstance that may the wave.
not be directly seen by those who do not
think deeply and profoundly of the artwork. The Visual Art Elements and their
Symbolism is also alive in films, drama, Underlying Principles
songs/poetry, The Trial of Time by Alfred .
Dolezal Element #1: Line
and prose. Lines are used to control where they eyes
will lead and focus or are used to delineate
shapes and indicate texture whether it is
rough, smooth, thin, or thick. Lines are
important because they indicate movements
and directions.
Horizontal line- expresses serenity, rest,
stability in general
Vertical line- implies growth, authority,
confidence, and poise
Diagonal line- growth, pursuit,
Module 5: Elements and Principles of Visual persistence, dynamism
Arts Curved line- connotes change, direction,
movement, femininity, uncertainty,
Elements vs. Principles grace
Before we talk about the core concepts of Jagged line- expresses erraticism,
this module, it is important that we know anxiety, turmoil, inconsistency
Let us observe the line element on this
painting of a ballerina by Kovalenko.
 considered the most intense. Those mixed
Element #2: Shape with other colors are considered less
Shapes are two-dimensional, flat elements intense.
that are generally enclosed spaces. There are two methods that can be used to
Shapes in art can be used to control how dull the intensity of a color:
the viewer perceives a piece. There are two 1) Mix the color
major classifications of shape which are the with gray, and
organic and the geometric shapes. 2) Mix the color with its complement. Lastly,
Organic shapes are those with a natural value is the lightness or
look and a flowing and curving appearance. darkness of a color.
They are typically irregular or asymmetrical A color’s value changes when white or black
and are associated with things from the is added. Adding white
natural world, like plants and animals. On creates a “tint” of that color and adding
the other hand, geometric shapes are black creates a “shade”.
circles, Using color effectively in the creation of art
rectangles, squares, triangles and so on, involves understanding three basic
that have the clear edges one achieves areas: the color wheel, color value, and
when color schemes or as it is also referred to,
using tools to create them. Most geometric color harmony. The Color Wheel
shapes are easily measurable. Basic Color Wheel
The color wheel (sometimes called a color
Shapes actually tell us which belongs to circle) is a handy tool often used by artists
nature and what is man-made because we and interior decorators as a visual aid in
recognize them from what is around us. understanding the relationship between
colors. It
was developed in 1666 by Sir Isaac Newton
when he took the color spectrum and bent it
Element #3: Form into a circle. The color wheel is a circular
Form connotes something that is three- chart divided into 12 sections with each
dimensional and encloses volume, having sector
length, width, and height, versus shape, showing a different color. It is made up of
which is two-dimensional, or flat. A form is a three different types of colors – primary,
shape in three dimensions, and, like secondary, and tertiary. The term “tertiary”
shapes, can be geometric or organic. means third, by the way.

Element #4: Color Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue.
Color is the element of art that involves These colors are equally distanced apart on
light. It is produced when light waves strike the color wheel. There only three primary
an object and are reflected into our eyes. It colors and they are the most basic colors on
consists of three properties: hue, intensity, the wheel. They cannot be created by
and value. mixing any other colors together and can
Hue simply refers to the name that is given only be
to a color, such as red, yellow, blue, derived through natural pigments. All other
purple, green, orange, etc. On the other colors found on the color wheel can be
hand, intensity (or saturation) refers to the mixed from these three basic colors.
purity or dullness of a color. Purity is
determined by whether or not a color has
been Secondary colors are orange, green and
mixed with another color and if so, to what purple (or violet). These colors are created
degree. Colors straight from the tube are from mixing equal parts of any two primary
colors together.
Red + yellow = orange creating the illusion of realism and adding
Yellow + blue = green unity.
Blue + red = violet
(purple)
Element #6: Space
Tertiary colors are red-purple, red-orange, Space refers to the distance between or the
blue-green, blue-purple, yellow-green, area around and within shapes, forms,
and yellow-orange. There are six tertiary colors and lines. Space can be positive or
colors and they are the result from mixing negative. It includes the background,
equal parts of a primary color with a foreground and middle ground. Both
secondary color. The proper way to refer to positive and negative space can play
tertiary important
colors is by listing the primary color first and roles in the overall success of a work of art.
then the secondary color. That’s why By understanding the difference between
tertiary colors are referred to by a two word the
name. two, you will:
Red + violet (purple) = red-violet (red- Become better at designing unified
purple) Red + orange = red-orange compositions.
Blue + green = blue-green Be more successful in visually
Blue + violet (purple) = blue-violet (blue- communicating your story.
purple) Yellow + orange = yellow-orange Gain important clues about the meaning
Yellow + green = yellow-green of an art piece.
Element #5: Texture There are two types of space that exist
Texture refers to the surface quality in a within art — positive space and negative
work of art. We associate textures with the space. Positive space is the actual objects
way that things look or feel. Everything has or shapes within an artwork and negative
some type of texture. We describe things as space is the space around and between
being rough, smooth, silky, shiny, fuzzy and those objects. A good way to demonstrate
so on. positive and negative space is by utilizing
Texture is experienced in two ways — with Rubin’s vase. (Refer to illustration.) As you
touch (tactile) and with our eyes (visually). can
Fine artists often use texture in the following see the vase occupies what would be
ways to: referred to as positive space and the space
create a focal point surrounding the vase is negative space.
add interest Notice how the negative space is forming
provide contrast silhouettes of two faces in profile.
visually balance their compositions
Texture is essential in paintings to make Positive Space
objects appear to be real. Even in abstract Positive space is the area or part of the
paintings texture can serve to enhance the composition that an object or subject
viewers experience by suggesting certain occupies. It is usually the main focus of the
feelings or mood regarding the artwork. painting, such as a vase of flowers, fruit, or
Texture can also serve to organize and unify candle in a still life, a person’s face in a
various areas of a composition. portrait, or an animal in a wild life painting,
or a
Texture can either add to or take away from building, trees and hills in a landscape.
the overall effect of the composition. When used skillfully, positive space will add
When it is used haphazardly or in the wrong interest by enhancing and balancing the
way, it can confuse or clutter the painting. negative space in a composition.
However, when used with deliberate skill, Negative Space
texture will bring a composition together
Negative space is that empty or open space double bass). The smaller instruments
that surrounds an object. It helps to produce the higher tone; the bigger
define the object, gives it some breathing ones produce the lower tone. The stringed
room to prevent the painting from being too instruments are considered as
crowded and has a huge impact on how the important pieces of the orchestra.
art piece is perceived.
An interesting thing about negative space is
it can be used to prompt viewers to seek
out subtle hidden images within the
negative space causing your design to get
more
attention and to be remembered while other
less interesting works aren’t.

Modules 5A: Mediums and Techniques:

Music; Auditory Arts, The harp is optional in an orchestra. On the
Sculpture, Architecture, Mediums and other hand, it is one of the
Techniques of Painting oldest stringed instruments.
The guitar is the most popular stringed
The Medium of Music instrument. However, it is seldom
There is a saying which says, “The used in
language of the soul is music.” It is music the orchestra but always part of the jazz
that we are able to express how we feel and band. It is always used to
experience in music. Its material accompany the singing of the folksongs. It
is imbedded with sound. Music produces could also be used as a solo
sound while tones are produced by instrument. A classicalguitar is used to
man-made instruments and by the human accompany a solo player while the electric
voice. guitar is used to
play with amplifiers.
There are three mediums produced by 2. Woodwind Instruments. These are found
music: (1) produced by instruments by behind the stringed instruments
vibrators like piano and guitars wherein in an orchestra. It is played by blowing into
strings produce the sound or music (i.e. them. Examples of wood wind
musical instrument objects that are made to instruments are the following:
produce sound and resonators (i.e. 2.1 Flute is a slender pipe made of
sound produced by any instrument that wood and metal. It is a melody
amplifies the vibrators or reinforcing the instrument. It is often played a
sound like the “belly” of a stringed solo part in the orchestral
instrument; (2) produced by groups of composition.
musical instruments; and (3) music or sound
produced by human voices. Bamboo and Metal
Flutes
These are the FOUR GROUPS OF
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
1. Stringed. It is made of string and
produces a hollow sound box across which
nylon, wire or guts strings are stretched.
Stringed musical instruments are
composed of the smallest (e.g. violin, viola,
etc.) to the biggest (e.g. cello,
 bell- shaped end. In the orchestra, it is
positioned at the back of the
woodwind. These are the brass instruments:
The trumpet produces a piercing tone. It is
associated with martial
pomp. The French Horn is the most
expressive member of the brass choir.

2.2 Piccolo is replica of the flute and

woodwind with reed at the
mouthpieces.
2.3 Clarinet is a flat piece of cane
place against a flat surface. It is a
cylindrical, and it plays alto when
the flute places the melody.
The Sliding Trombone has sliding u-shaped
2.4 Oboe is a slender instrument tubes that change the
about the same length as the length of the vibrating column of air inside
flute. The tone is nasal. the tube.
Other brass instruments are Cornet, and the
2.5 Cor-Anglais is known as English Tuba is the biggest of all the
horn. It usually plays solo brass instruments that produce a low tone.
passage expressing sadness and
mystery. 4. Percussion Instruments. These are
instruments played by means of sharp
2.6 Bassoon is longer and larger striking of one body against another. It is
than the others. It looks like two composed of all instruments
wooden tubes fastened together. played by striking. It is used to emphasize
When it plays solo, it often the rhythm, generate excitement
suggests the humorous or the and enliven the orchestral sound. It also
grotesque. highlights the program when it is
2.7 Double Bassoon is longer than about to end.
the bassoon. Its ends point
upward instead or downward like
the others. It produces the lowest
tones among the woodwinds.

2.8 Saxophone is not a regular

member of the orchestra.
Although made of brass, it is
classified as woodwind, equipped
with a reed.

3. Brass Instruments. These are made of Examples of the percussion instruments are
cylindrical brass metal of the following:
is either doubled on itself or coiled for ease 4.1 Chimes are instruments consist
in handling and expands into a of a set of tuned metal tubes of
different lengths, suspended from instruments as its nucleus. It is headed and
a frame and struck with a controlled by a Conductor,
hammer. It is frequently used to the person entrusted with the tremendous
imitate church bells. task of controlling some one
4.2 Glockenspiel is a series of hundred players at a time in an orchestra.
tuned steel plate, variously The responsibilities of a conductor are the
arranged on a table like frame. following: (a) Selecting the
4.3 Bell-lyre is a lyre shaped form program for each concert; (b) Studies the
attached when used in the score – a written record of the
marching bands. composer’s work and contains every single
4.4 Xylophone is made of tuned note; and (c) It determines how
wooden blocks which produce he or she wants the piece to be played.
clicking sounds when struck. It is Rehearsing is the conductor’s most
associated with exotic dance important job.
music.
Other percussion instruments are The Orchestra
tambourine, maracas, triangle,
cymbals and castanets (i.e. an instrument
used to accompany the
Mexican dance “flamingo”.

5. Keyboard Instruments. These are

The Chamber Music is a music performed
equipped with keyboards which
before small audiences in private
occasionally play with the symphony
rooms.
orchestra.
5.1 Piano is the most familiar
Auditory Arts
keyboard instrument. It is also a
The Band is smaller and mostly composed
stringed instrument because it
of wind and percussion
produces sound with the striking
instruments. It is a musical group that
of the string when the keyboard is
performs in town fiestas.
also struck. It is used to
7. Philippine Instrumental Group. These are
accompany solo or choral
the musical groups formed in the
singing. It is indispensable to
country:
musician in studying their
7.1 Philippine Rondalla is the best
scores.
known Philippine instrumental
5.2 Organ is once regarded as the
grouping today. It is a band made
“King of the Instrument” because
up mostly of stringed
it has all the sound of the
instruments.
different instruments used to
7.2 Pangkat Kawayan is a
accompany the organ.
Philippine musical ensemble
5.3 Celesta is a keyboard that
composed of instruments made of
consists of series of small steel
bamboo.
bars placed over resonators. It
7.3 Musikang Bumbong is a set of
sounds like soft chimes. It is the
western – like wind instruments
keyboard mostly used by old
made of bamboo, some brass
churches.
instruments and a bamboo-
6. Musical Group. These are the following
bodied bass drum. It is
musical groups:
composed of instruments made
The Orchestra is a big gathering of
of bamboo. It is a Philippine
instrumentalists with the string
musical ensemble.
 involves the pitch, tempo, harmonies and
8. Human Voice. This is human’s most blending if both human and
wonderful instrument. It is used by instruments used.
humans to express themselves through
music. It is an instrument out of
humankind’s inventions. It is unique. It has In the world of art, he or she is responsible
the ability to combine two in interpreting different works,
mediums of communication: Speech and selecting, classifying, differentiating them,
Music. Acapella (music produced even to the point of labeling
out of human voices) is an example of this. them, doing catalogue essays and other
Please check this video from activities that need to support and
Pitch Perfect’s riff off prepare an exhibit.
The word curator came from the Latin word
Classification of the Human Voice “cura” meaning “to take
Soprano –female high pitch care”. A curator serves as a manager,
Alto – female low pitch overseer and keeper of a cultural
Mezzo-Soprano – a voice combining the heritage either of an institution, a gallery,
attributes of both soprano and alto museum, library or archive. The
Tenor – male high pitch content or collection of an institution is
Bass – male low pitch considered to be a heritage material.
Baritone – lying between the tenor and bass To become a curator, he or she needs the
for male right educational background
preferably in art, history and philosophy. He
Auditory is the gift to listen and appreciate or she should also be
what is heard such as music, passionate and knowledgeable. He or she
poetry, concert and the like. also should possess good
MUSIC communication skills and proficient in
The “language of the soul” is the silent way writing since they will be responsible
to communicate with one another in documenting and cataloguing materials.
through the beats, sounds of the Hence, the task of a curator
instruments, complimented with the requires patience, eye for art and beauty,
beating of one’s heart and soul. Indeed, aesthetic touch, but above all, it
besides the visual arts, music is requires them to possess multi- tasking
one of the well- known mediums of sharing skills.
and communicating one’s
experiences, emotions complimented with
the beautiful blending of the
musical instruments and human voices.
Putting them together, one will
create and produce a magical and
enchanting musical piece.
Music is a form of art that also serves as a
cultural activity which medium is
sound. It is cultural because the kind of
music that an individual and group of
people belongs to in terms of practices,
traditions, cultural background and
country influences. It is not only the melody,
lyric of the music, but also its
interpretation and the musical instruments it
needed to be used. It also
Module 5B: Elements and Principles of “breathy,” “piercing,” “ringing,” “rounded,”
Music, Dance, Theatre, Cinema, and “warm,” “mellow,” “dark,” “bright,”
Literature “heavy,” “light,” “vibrato.”
4. Texture pertains to the density (thickness
Elements and Principles of Music or thinness) of layers of sounds,
Some artists may define or enumerate the melodies, and rhythms in a piece: e.g., a
elements and principles of music into complex orchestral composition will
rudimentary elements that pertain to the have more possibilities for dense textures
initial stages of how it started which is than a song accompanied only by
basically on a form of communication— guitar or piano.
syntax and words. That is understandable
because music during the early stages was 5. Melody is the succession of musical
used as a form of chant, a ritual to celebrate notes; a series of pitches often organized
harvest or the start of hunting period, or into
weddings and other traditional-spiritual phrases. Sometimes it is referred to as the
practices. musical line, which is a combination of
However, in 1930’s, music started to make a pitch and rhythm. Sometimes a melody is
change wherein pitch, timbre and the theme of a composition. We might
harmony were incorporated, which we call characterize melody by its contour (rising or
perceptual element. falling) and the size of the intervals
MUSIC has the following elements: in it. A melody that uses mostly small
1. Pitch refers to the frequency of the note’s intervals (or scale steps) and is smooth is
vibration (note names C, D, E, etc.). said to be a conjunct melody. Not
Pitch is also what we sometimes refer to as surprisingly, a melody that uses large
“register” (highness and lowness of intervals
the sound); organization of pitches with a is called a disjunct melody. A motif (or
pattern of intervals between them motive) is either a very short melody or a
creates scales; words we might use to distinctive part of a longer melody.
describe scales: major/minor, chromatic, 6. Tempo is basically the beats per minute;
gapped, and pentatonic. how fast, medium, or slow a piece of
2. Rhythm is the organization of music in music is played or sung.
time. Also closely related to meter. A 7. Dynamics is the volume (also known as
specific rhythm is a specific pattern in time; the “amplitude”)—how loud, soft,
we usually hear these in relation to a medium, gradually getting louder or softer
steady pulse, and mentally organize this (crescendo, decrescendo).
pulse or tempo into meter (sometimes
called a "time signature"). Meter Elemenys and Principles of Dance,
organizes beats into groups, usually of two Theatre and Cinema
or (Combined/Performing Arts)
three; beats can be divided into small units
usually 2, 3 or 4 subdivisions. DANCE, the movement of the body in a
3. Timbre is the sound quality or tone color; rhythmic way, usually to music and within a
timbre is the characteristic that allows given space, for the purpose of expressing
us to distinguish between one instrument an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or
and another or identify one singer simply taking delight in the movement itself.
from another. This element is the tone color It is a powerful impulse, but the art of
of a sound resulting from the dance is that impulse channeled by skillful
overtones. Each voice has a unique tone performers into something that becomes
color that is described using adjectives intensely expressive and that may delight
or metaphors such as “nasally,” “resonant,” spectators who feel no wish to dance
“vibrant,” “strident,” “high,” “low,”
themselves. These two concepts of the art performances in which the action is
of dance—dance as a powerful impulse and precisely planned to create a coherent and
dance as a skillfully choreographed art significant sense of drama. Though the word
practiced largely by a professional few—are theatre is derived from the Greek
the theaomai, “to see,” the performance itself
two most important connecting ideas may appeal either to the ear or to the eye,
running through any consideration of the as
subject. is suggested by the interchangeability of the
In dance, the connection between the two terms spectator (which derives from words
concepts is stronger than in some other meaning “to view”) and audience (which
arts, derives from words meaning “to hear”).
and neither can exist without the other. Sometimes the appeal is strongly
The following are the elements of dance: intellectual, as in William Shakespeare’s
1. Theme is an element that refers to the Hamlet, but the intellectual element in itself
story where in it conveys or evokes is no assurance of good theatre. However,
emotions. It is the basic element that the full participation of the spectator is a
conveys a message. Classical ballet deals vital element in theatre.
with romantic stories about mythical
characters and situations. Modern dance The following are the elements of theatre:
concert revolves around themes from
folklore and poetry, as well as current 1. Script is considered the backbone of
events and social problems. theatre. It serves as the blueprint of the
2. Movement is the fundamental element of production that dictates how every
dance. The dancers can externalize an technicality of the whole production should
inner state or condition and thus, run.
communicate with the audience by 2. Plot refers to the process by which the
movements. playwright’s work is put into picture and
It results from the need to express an realization by the directors and his staff, his
emotional or physical state of condition. It actors, the stage designers,
occurs in space and must convey a certain technicians, and all other collaborators.
kind of quality that is purposive. It is a 3. Musical score is an important element
given form and structure of choreography, that sets the mood and heightens the
and it also involves the dancers’ emotions of certain scenes of the story.
techniques on how they execute actions or 4. Costumes are big part of making the
body gestures and facial characters. Apart from the carefully selected
expressions. actors who can embody the characters’
3. Music is the background which dancers dispositions and attitudes and actions,
would rhythmically portray with their costumes augment the portrayal of the
movements. The music must relate to the characters.
theme of the dance in order to portray CINEMA or motion picture is another art that
the full meaning of the art form. is of complex nature. This art form
4. Spectacle is the ability to create an involves capturing scenes through a
impact on the audience by sequencing the camera. It is one medium that is of great
movements and music it creates. Spectacle appeal to
would also pertain to what the people. It embraces many types of films or
audience could see apart from movements, movies, cartoons, news, commercial,
such as costumes, props, backdrops industrial films, educational films, social
and lighting. documentaries and even home movies.
On the other hand, THEATRE is an art
concerned almost exclusively with live
The elements of cinema are the following: resorted to keep the interruptions distinct
1. Time is the most important element of from the present
cinema since cinema moves with time. It is and provide transition from one another.
subjected to contraction, expansion, breaks
or leaps through the manipulation of the 1.2 Psychological time refers to our
director. Time has three aspects: Physical emotional expression of the
(slow motion, accelerated motion, reverse duration of the action that we experience as
motion, and stopped motion), psychological we watch a film. In real
(delaying tactics in suspense or horror life, it is how our mental state effects the
films which causes us to agitate or feel a way time passes for us. A
sense of urgency), and dramatic very good example of films that actually
(flashbacks, affect us psychologically is
prologues and epilogues). suspense, which consists of delaying
1.1 Physical Time refers to the time taken resolution of a situation that
by an action as it is being arouses and maintains continues interest on
filmed and as it is projected on the screen. It the outcome of the
shows what is actually story of the film. In fact, there are even
happening in real life. times when we can hardly
1.1.1 Slow motion refers to action forget the situation and offer other possible
performed in a slow motion or solutions to have
movements in a film. It is achieved when the avoided such an incident.
frame captures 1.3 Dramatic time refers to the time taken
or takes the pictures at a rate faster than up by the events depicted in
when it will be the films. The cinema may use Story Line
played back. that will cover a single day
1.1.2 Accelerated motion refers to motion or in the life of the character or the whole story
action that occurs of a civilization to
when the camera takes pictures slower than connect the present with the past to fully
the projector can appreciate and understand
run them on the screen. the story.
1.1.3 Reverse motion is achieved when it It also includes story that embraces long
conveys an undoing of period that may be used as
time. In reverse motion, the end of the flashbacks, prologue or epilogue. Others
action is shown first use dramatic time that may
then the action is retrace from its beginning. embrace short period by making use of
1.1.4 Stopped motion is an action wherein repetition of the same events.
time is expressed with 2. Space refers to the instrument or the
a shot in a film that is fixed and cannot be contributory factors in achieving realness or
changed. reality of the objects. On the screen, the
However, there are instances wherein image is only flat and that our perception of
motions maybe altered depth is just an illusion. Hence, cinema
like when the chronological flow of events is makes use of materials in order to provide
interrupted by illusions to put some meaning and realities
images of past events that is called to the settings. It scales the size of the
flashbacks. Another way objects on the screen and their relation to
of achieving stopped motion in through flash the surrounding area, because the
forward was in perception of the size of the objects on the
the future events interrupted the forward film is artificial and very much unlike what
movement. To we experience every day.
achieve the flash forward movement, Some techniques may also be applied when
several devices maybe providing space to the setting and
this is with the use and positioning of the insignificant since we seem to see it from a
camera; one way is providing the a) angles great height. In this
and shot in order to achieve an illusion of case, the audience or those watching
depth, and b) positioning the camera. makes us feel superior.
1.1 Three Different Sizes of Shots 1.2.3 Horizontal creates an impression of
1.1.1 Long Shot is achieved when the closeness or equality
camera is positioned very far among the characters on the scene. It
from the object. Therefore, there is a wide makes the viewer feel
view on a small that he or she is part or on the same level
scale. Its purpose would be the following: as the characters.
(a) to show the Aside from the positioning and the proper
extent of the location and (b) to show the angling of the camera, the
relationship between cameraman has the responsibility of
the characters and the setting. operating and eye controlling the
1.1.2 Medium Shot is achieved when taken camera to record the objects. In addition,
from an average the director takes the
distance or medium extent. It is a person’s responsibility and authority in choosing the
shot from his or her frames and scenes significant to
head to his or her waist. the film. He or she arranges the shots and
1.1.3 Close-up Shot results when the makes use of cutting camera
camera is situated so close to movement and framing. Framing is a
the object that we could distinguish the procedure resulting from the
smallest features of the director’s choices, isolation or limitation of
object. the subject or by showing only
1.1.4 Lighting is achieved when the what is significant. One way of achieving
positioning of the light desired this responsibility is by the
by a filmmaker to create areas of the light following techniques.
and dark enabling 1.3.1 Cutting is the process of isolating
him or her to increase or decrease depth. portion of space by focusing
1.1.5 Shooting Angle allows the director to our attention on them and unconsciously
show his or her concept ignoring the rest. One
of the object or the character in the film. It image is made to succeed another without
can be expressed interruption. It
subjectively of what things are like as they consists of joining shot of a scene with a
are seen from the shot of another thus
point of a character. providing both shots as having logical
connection.
1.2 Three Angles of a Camera 1.3.2 Montague enables the director to
show only the scenes the
1.2.1 Directly Upward is achieved by taking story requires furthering its action and
the picture and angling providing variety. It
the camera upward to make the object helps him or her eliminates unwanted
appear larger than scenes and takes several
reality. Person filmed from the same angle shots and selects only those important to
may see, powerful, his or her story. It
forceful and majestic. uses cutting to build up his or her story.

1.2.2 Vertically Downward produces an

effect opposite that of the
vertically upward. The object shown here
seems small and
Transition Device Camera Techniques Subjective Effects is a camera movement to
These are the following transition device show expressions, attitudes,
camera techniques. movements or conversations of characters
Fade is used to show the old image as they react to a particular
gradually fading out and a brief period of person or situation.
darkness 3. Sound is the result of all the recordings of
before the new scene gradually appears. pitch, tone, intensity, volume and
Dissolve is also called mix. It involves the texture, from the theme called soundtrack,
superimposition of the last positions of the effects of the different sounds needed
the previous shoot over the nascent portion for the film. This is also what is known as
of the next shot to show two events sound effects and musical scoring that
happening at the same time. makes the acts realistic as how things
Iris in – Iris out is one of the favorite devices sound in real life and also heighten our
in silent movies. This involves fade emotions
from the edges of the screen to the center on certain scenes.
after which the image grows in a
widening circle from the center of the THEATER
screen.
Turn – over shows whole screen turning It is a form of literature written by a
over and continuing to the other side. playwright that consists of dialogues.
However, when a character or action is in Sometimes it is being sung between and
motion, the camera may also be used to among the characters for the purpose of
achieve the objective of providing the scene their performances. Many of these plays are
even in motion. Camera movement helps either performed for broadways,
us experience the gradual growth of ideas regional, local, community theaters or
and emotions. A change of view may be presentations like the school plays. A play
made by the continuous movement of the can
camera while shooting instead of both refer to written texts or playwright for
something from one shot to another. Some the inclusion of their complete
camera MOVEMENT’S TECHNIQUES are performance.
as a follows: Enriching your knowledge on theater:
Tracking is a camera movement technique In the Philippines, local plays include the
used if the whole camera is “cenaculo” depicting the story, life and
moved bodily while taking pictures of a sufferings of Jesus Christ in existing stage
scene. An example is when the car or set up for community and public viewing.
motor bike is moving; a second vehicle with The modern version of which that show
the camera will also move in the cased and presented in the movie and
same movement or track with the vehicle stages
and the character, or for aerial – a camera was “Jesus Christ Superstar” a rock version
maybe attached to the helicopter or drone to of the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ
trace performed by well-known Hollywood actors
the movements and of the character. and actresses.
Planning is achieved if the camera is kept in
the same place but turned on The Elements
its axis (e.g. when covering the building);
then it is spanned on the children 1. The Script or the play. It is considered to
and then on nature. be one of the important
Transference Effects is a camera movement elements of theater. It serves as the blue
wherein the camera may be print not only in building a
moved in such a way as to create familiar production but also in the choice of the
experience (e.g. earthquake effect). casts or characters for the play.
 extraordinary being whose physical
development and characteristics are
2. The Plot refers to the process by which different
the playwright’s work is put from ordinary human.
into picture and realization by the directors Setting. The setting usually takes place in
and his staff, his or her an imaginary world, within the context
actors, the stage designers, technicians and of the group where the story belongs.
all the other collaborators.
This is what they call the “the works in Plot. The action is formulaic. It follows a
progress on stage”. specific pattern of events. The main
character undergoes a series of adventures
3. The Music is one of the important or tests to prove something And the
elements in theater play. It gives narrative ends with good triumphing over
life and color to the presentation. evil or ends with a great feast.
Sometimes, it is the musical piece Theme. The theme of folk narratives usually
that registers and what is being deals with universal truths. Often, the
remembered more on the part of the themes reveal the culture, beliefs, and
audience. It provides additional drama and traditions of the group where the story
climax to the story. belongs.
Enriching your knowledge on music: Style. Traditionally told or performed orally
and in specific social contexts
4. The Costumes refer to the dress that the (festivities, family gatherings). The narrator
casts are supposed to wear or chanter follows a specific set of
to give meaning and significance to the play. principles or manner of narrating.
Other than the
appropriateness of the costume colors and POETRY
texture should also be a Poetry is both a patterned an unpatterned
consideration in order to add color and life form of written expression. It helps to
to the stage as well as to share personal experiences and feelings in
attract the attention of the audience. a concentrated, imaginative, and rhythmical
way. Poems are also meant to be read
Elements and Principles of Literature aloud. This allows the reader, as well as the
audience, to Teel the emotions and ideas
Literary works are classified into two evoked in the poem.
groups: fiction and non-fiction. Short Below are the elements of poetry:
stories, novels, folktales, poems, and plays Stanza. A division of a poem based on
are works of fiction. It is also called thought or form.
imaginative literature or literature of power.
Non-fiction, on the other hand, includes Meter. It is the pattern of stressed and
essays and biographies. It is also referred to unstressed syllable in a line of poetry The
as literature of knowledge (Ortiz, 1976). meter helps to establish the rhythmical
There are four genre or types of literature: pattern of the poem.
fiction, poetry, essay, and drama. Each of Sound and Rhythm. Repetition of similar
these genres has a distinct form, structure, sounds results to a thyme scheme while
and convention. the stressing or accenting of words and
The following are general elements of FOLK syllables results to the rhythm. Part of the
LITERATURE: meaning of the poem is carried by its sound
Character. The characters in folk narratives and rhythm since the sound affects the
are called heroes or heroines. They are responses of the audience and helps to
strong brave and possess supernatural evoke or suggest certain moods or feelings
prowess. He/she is recognized as an (Ortiz, 1976)
Figurative language. The language of poetry the choices made by the protagonist.
is figures of speech. Poetry uses d. Denouement. This is the final action. It is
words that mean something other than what the unveiling of the plot, following the
is written. This makes a poem a climax in which the writer explains how and
powerful means of emotions and ideas. why everything turned out as it
Imagery. This element makes poetry distinct did,
from other literary types. It refers to Some stories, though, do not follow the
the picture evoked in the reader’s mind as pattern for it sometimes start in the
he/she reads the words or phrases in the middle (medias res).
poem. This is achieved using figures of Setting. It refers to the time and place of the
speech. It also includes appealing to the action. In a novel, it may include
senses of the readers. Poetry should be rich several locations. The setting provides the
in imagery so the reader imagines the background of the events and helps
whole picture even in a very short type of create the mood and atmosphere of a story.
literature. Theme. Theme is the idea, general truth or
issues which are being dealt with in the
Short Story and Novel novel or story.
A short story includes one main character, Point of View. Point of view refers to the
one plot, and one dominant setting. It narrator of the story. It is the vantage point
could be short enough to be read in one from which the characters, actions, and
sitting. On the other hand, a novel is a more events are seen. It is classified into three:
extended work which may have more • First person point of view. The one who
characters in a more complicated plot. narrates in the story is one of the
Below are the characters in the story. It can be the
elements of a short story and a novel: protagonist, a minor character or the writer
Character. The person/s involved in the himself/ herself.
story, Sometimes, the characters may not • Omniscient point of view. The story is told
be human beings. Characters can be by the author using the third
dynamic or static Dynamic characters person. The narrator is "all
change present" which means that he/she
or develop during the story. While static knows the characters
characters do not change or develop and their inner thoughts and feelings.
throughout the story. The characters actions • Limited omniscient point of view. The
in a certain situation can cause the author only focuses on the
events in the plot to happen. consciousness, feelings, and ideas of only
Plot. This is the series of events or episodes one or a few of the characters,
that make up an action. It is arranged in Essay
a meaningful sequence. The parts of the An essay is defined as a composition which
plot are: discusses a single topic. It comes from the
a. Exposition. Introduces the story by French word essai which means "to
describing the setting and the attempt" or "to try". The
different characters inciting incident. An first essayist is
event that begins the conflict in the Montaigne. An author of an essay presents
story to his reader a discussion of his/her ideas
b. Rising Action. It is a series of incidents and experiences at the same time keeping
that creates suspense and tension in the the reader's interest through his/her
story manner
c. Climax. Or turning point of the story. This of presentation. After reading the essay, the
consists of a choice, a decision or an writer hopes that the reader has formed a
action made by the protagonist. The things new opinion regarding the issue or idea
that will happen next depends on being discussed.
Theme or Content. The theme or topic of an
essay can be the experiences of the
writer which he/she wants to discuss to
his/her readers, or his/her thoughts and
opinions about a certain event, experience
or issue.
Style. An essay is subjective because the
writer merely attempts to explain or clarify
something. The style of an essay is limited
to the writer's ability in composing
his/her
thoughts and his/her attitude towards the
topic he/she is writing about. Generally, an
essay uses the style and diction of an
ordinary speech. The author may use
technical
terms or figurative devices but in a limited
way.
Form and Structure. Form and structure
refer to how all parts of the essay are
connected, the way the ideas are arranged,
and the way they are transitioned. A
writer may start
from giving details and explaining them
before arriving at a generalization or may
draw first a generalization before presenting
his/her ideas in detail.