A

MODALS
Auxiliary verbs that indicate
the 'mode or
'manner'
action are known
of
as Modals.
They express ability,
possibility, -Kinds of MODALS
necessity, permission,
obligation etc.
MODALS WITH MAXIMUM EMPHASIS ON 'MODE"
Dare, Need, Must, Have to
Examples:
How dare you hurt him? (courage)
You need not worry about your child. He is in safe hands. (absence of necessity)
You must discipline yourself. (compulsion)
You must consulta surgeon. (emphatic odvice)
You have to follow the protocol. (emphasis on rule)

MODALS WITH MEDIUM EMPHASIS ON 'MODE'

Should, will, Ought to, Could, Would
Examples:
You should have a proper routine in life. (advice)
You should not be late for work. (duty)
Eat healthy food, else you will become thin. (simple
future)
Iwill help you. . (promise)
You ought to behave properly with others. (duty)
He could eat a big pizza in less than five
minutes. (capacity)
If he had a bike, he could reach
Iwould have done this, if I
early. (conditional possibility)
were in your place. (possibility)
Iwould rather read a book than watch TV. (preference)

MODALS WITH LEAST EMPHASIS ON 'MODE'

Can, May, Shall, Might, Used to
Examples:
REMEMBER: Can Ishare this seat? (permission)
alone.
1. Modals cannot be used Anyone can jump off this fence.
May I take this pen? (very polite (possibility)
change their
2. Modals do not
in person or permission)
form with change He ispracticing
number ofsubject. everyday so that he may win the race. (purpose)
Shall I help you cross the road? (polite
used to make the offer)
3. 'Not is You shall not refuse.
negative form of modals. It might be foggy in the (command)
modals cannot be
used in morning. (possibility)
4. All As a child, tI used to wake up very early in the
the past or
future tense. morning. (habit)
 "to used:
Will' is 266)
'Shall'is
used: WILL
SHALL She Wil Wil invitation He A determination
to Hewil I Ok, (I, You person
The subject. to
You
and
assurance, toShall What with toshall I We we).T, to Interrogative.NOTE: cat will express
TE:WVhen They will express put will Iwe) expressPrincipal will
shall |shallHe
shall express make shall express wil you you will
shal take thirdweshall stay "Will' have neverinmeet as succeed
be do go the go not come shut usually my or
as for we firstoffers with to abide left or let best subject. will third
Simple
protect care inperson. is to the you
in
deep you command, a do you the Pure never for request a any announce in
determination,
of walk? this chase
lunch? door, characteristic
by effort willingness, life
their trouble are
doubt, everything person orwhen market Delhi harm tomorroW. when person
weekend? the through Future(Negative:
told.(you, (suggestion)suggestions used (nvitation please? the to
Future(Negative: rules by reach
complete the
usehonour. tomorrow.
you used
if
(command) (I, now. mouse. and (promise)
he are with of (request) result hard (you,
'will'. for fails he, threat, (advice) we) insistence. you. when
discipline. (assumption)
(determination) you. alone. with the (characteristic this with
intention, ofwork.
the she, ete.
in (determination)
habit, he, Wil
or Shall task. the
(promise test. they,warning, Shall the first used
with to the (insistence)
the painting she, not/
(willingness/intention)
(threat) drive l ask
interrogative. person first with
eto.) first not/ assumption,
habit) it,
assurance) l the the for competition.
promise, they)second Won't)
promise, car? Shan in person
second advice person the
(offer) 't) as

'Should'
used: is " Would'is
toused:
" WOULD
express
guess.
-to
permission.
express to
"
"to Might'is
used: 'Mused: " . SHOULD
MIGHT
ay' is MAY
IfThey express
logical to She Iwould
to Iwish toWould Would to MyHe
express to to
topossibility.
Heis permission.
toexpress possibility/probability.
Work to assumption, NOTE:
advice. You You should I to
express mother should should express express
would express express fatherhabits).
express
would(past) Focus
express express express hard, should rather you you you
practicing be regularly
should Itis
'Should' look would
haveplease
lest be exercise be at would
purpose a dutylobligation,
wearing work a
a you at milder dinner polite always
better ansleep strong a
get carry on
less hard wish,
purpose. seeairport (Negative:imaginary early take (Negative:
should often
regularly. now.
so me with chance a
with this :
possibility.
(Negative:Might
not/Mightn't) (Negative form your (duty) than request, ask brief
that faith fail. after
out now. shorter
hair. wish,
mebag me
USAGE
implies seat breaks
he or at
(possibility) of
(advisability) repent to on for to
lest' suchsupposition,
inference, 'must' belt. visit Sunday?
may hope. advisability,
Should condition. preference. me? brush on
win an a(obligation) later. the offer long Would
That Might might It May : (in hour, and mild sea teeth OF
might the expressions not/ orworking
suggest l be race. May May may It 'ought coast. not/
not/ she suggestion invitation before
be a Godborrow l be (probable
Aunt stormy will desirability.Shouldn't) Wouldn't)
bless true. to'. going days. ODALS
new a Mayn't) be
Agnes. you! your offear).condition) angry. to
plan? night. pen? or bed.
 belowN. You.
ix (viii) (vii) (vi) (U) (iv) (iii) (i) (i) from (A)
(vii) (vii) (vi) (v) (iv) (iii) (i) (B)
Fil Fil
CLASSROOM
the ASSIGNMENT
tresspassers in "I..... He might)
(may, Work
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Youailing
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definitely
come.
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volume
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radio? house, You The (notgo) to She believe
down, onlyhomework.
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she have I would,
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works you hard blanks
had That's blanks options.
-..... already request beg. (Shall, . or
not tomorrow.
school harmful
so ...... under with
I for with
fallen mny ...... that
you the bring decided earnlonger .....would,
should) appropriate
ill,
mind best
order."
you
mimay,ght
appropriate
more should, (will,him. will, (shall,
the
bacteria.
.(may, vould, rather Will)
threat.
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63
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prosecuted..be meet
win! family.
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go) so modals will) SECTION
CLASS &
ofwater? not help
down out that have go take tomorrow? NAMEE
let now. Date
of given you bite chosen
the the she you done care
if if
dlmight/ our
ifI (misht/would
(wouldlwill
programme her beShe (D) (vi) (iv) (iüi) (ii) (C) (xii) (xi) (c) (ix)
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depended to your decided shall,
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give not should,
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it remindedlmay/should) in
and (would the alas waste
in work.
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the (iii) the modals. fast. a somewhere
here.be (Usage
time. (iv).. that, traffic I tosentences taking
am chocolate time ......miss
any bus.the
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26R
Focus on : USAGE OF MODALS

recommend something.
CAN (Negative: Cannot/ Can't) . to give advice or to
You simply have to learn to be polite.
'Can'is used:
You have (got) to try this new eatery.
to express permission. Can luse your pen? (Negative :Need not/ Needn't)
to express possibility. Anyone can make mistakes. NEED
. to express ability or capacity. 'Need'is used:
He can stay without water for an entire day.
. chiefly to show absence ofnecessity or
compulsion
COULD (Negative:Could not/ Couldn't) in the negative and interrogative.
'Could' is used: You need not worry about Granny. I'lIl take care of everything here.
NeedI wait for him?
. to express abilitylcapacity in the past.
Its past is 'had to' in the affirmative, 'need not
He could out-run everybody in the class.
have' in the negative and 'need have' in the
Icould do it now, if you like.
interrogative.
. to express a polite request. You needn't have spoiled this plan for the sake of mere fun.
Could we borrow your ladder, please?
Needl have to see my doctor?
. to express possibility under certain conditions.
Ilf we had the money, we could buy a car.
OUGHT (Negative: Ought not to/ Oughtn't to)
MUST (Negative:Must not/Mustn't) 'Ought' (followed by a'to-infinitive) is used:
Must'is used: . to express the subject's obligation or duty.
We ought to respect our elders.
. to express obligation or duty. We ought not to be dishonest.
You must obey the instructions.
Soldiers must obey the orders of their officers.
There is no external authority in 'ought' as there
We mustn't cry over petty things. is in 'must' which expresses the speaker's

to express necessity, compulsion or prohibition.

authority. 'Must' compels action on the part of
the subject. 'Ought' expresses duty,
Imust switch off the computer now. inner
conscience, a sensible action or advice. It has
You musn't wear casuals at work. (It's not allowed)
the same sense as 'should'.
to express emphatic advice or determination.
" to give advice.
You must see the Principal at once.
You ought to study for four hours everyday.
We must get together soon for dinner.
Itis less forceful than 'must'.
to express assumption, conclusion / inference,
DARE
certainty/strong probability. (Negative: Dare not/ Daren't)
She is not here. She must have left already. 'Dare' means 'to have courage'. It is
He must have reached the station by now. in the negative and generally used
'Must' is not used in the Negative or Interrogative in interrogative.
I dare not ask my brother to help me.
this sense. Instead, 'can'is used. Dare we challenge them?
How dare you misbehave?
HAVE TO (Negative: don't have to) USED TO (Negative: Used not
"Have to'is used: to/didn't use to)
to express necessity in the sense of must. 'Used (to)' is used:
Sorry, I've to leave early tonight (- Sorry, l must leave early " to express past habit.
tonight)
NOTE: 'must' Iused to go to the temple every Tuesday. (M don't go
is used to talk about what the now)
listener wants and 'have (got) to' is used to speaker or to express the existence of
rules, laws and other people's tallk about something in the past.
wishes. Some years ago there used tobe a huge banyan tree at this
crossing.
(A) Put"can, can't, could, or couldn't" in the blanks in (iv) . I come here again?
the following sentences. (v) You not issue another cheque.
(i) you please come a little (vi) How ..................... you open my letters?
early tomorrow? amount now?
() Accidents. (U) ................. I pay the whole
.happen any time.
(ü) I'n afraid I come to the party (D) Fill in the blanks correctly with the modals given
tomorrow. below. You may also have to use their negative forms.
(iv) How you be so unkind? can, could, must, need, ought (to), dare, used (to)
(v) Paes played well but he
beat Federer. Mom, .. Ihave another apple, please?
(vi) ... you speak any other language (ii) you help me with grammar,
besides English ? please?
(iiü) You ........ stay) here as long as you wish.
(B) Put "have to, must, mustn't, need, needn't, ought
to, ought not to" in the blanks in the foll. sentences. (iv) .(eat) 20 boiled eggs at a time.
You reach there before dawn. () It's pretty late already. I.. go now.
(iü) They. .be in danger. (vi) You have very high fever. You
(üi) You. leave the place without (see) a doctor immediately.
permission. (vii) You (worry). I've
(iv) We. .... worry. Dad is there to help us. already made all the arrangements.
...Imeet the bosseveryday? (viii) All the letters be posted today.
Itis my order.
(vi) ................ I remind him again?
(viü) Children play on the lawn. (ix) How -you touch my books?
(viii) You write your nane
(c) He .... (complain)
to the Principal. He is scared of mne.
anywhere in the answer book.
(xi) The Principal .......be in his office.
(ix) We ..... ...odo our dutysincerely. I saw him enter it a little while ago.
(x) You .....not read somebody else's letter.
(xii) -you wait for some time, please?
It's bad manners.
(xiii) I..........(be) very naughty as a child.
(xi) You respect your teachers. I'm not naughty anymore.
(xiü) Teachers to have love for (xiv) There ............. (be) a cinema here once.
their students.
(xv) My advice is :"You .......(to) practise
(ziii) We. (not to tease) the animals. even longer."
(ziv) The rule says that all the members ...... (xvi) You.................... telllies.
(to be) present 15 min. before the meeting. (acvit) Your results itself speak of your
(0 Put 'need' or'dare' in the blanks in the following negligence. .I say anything?
sentences. (xviii) As per the rules, you...*.. -pay all
() You . . not send me the receipt. the fees in advance.
() He .not move from the place. (xix) The restaurant.. be very
(iiü) How -you disobey your father? good. It's always empty.
(A) Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries appropriate not go to the market.
(iüi) She.
to the meaning given in the brackets. I've already brought the vegetables.
He. sit and talk all day. (past habit) (i0) 1......*. .lend youmy pencil ifyou
() We. win the match. determination)
give me your eraser.
(iii) It .............raintoday. (very weak possibility)
(0) You get an ice-creamif
(iv) .. your wishes come true! (wish /prayer) you finish your homework.
(0) you open the door, please? (request) (C) Choose the correct modals from the brackets
(vi) -you spare some time for me? and fill in the blanks.
(polite request)
(vii) We. .respect our We (i) *****
.(have tolought tol shall)
moral obl
love our parents. They take so much care of us
(vii) You..........not have spoken thus. (aduice) that we (ii) (will l canImust) never
(ix) He. have lost his temper. (belie) be able to repay their love. Where (ii).
(x) You .....not worry about the problem. (canlcould/ should) we find such a relation as of
(absence of necessity)
(xi) We run or we shall miss parents? We (iv).. (will / should l can)
the train. (obligation) try to be worthy ofthem always. We (0).
(xii) Don't worry, I .do it. (promise) (must/maylcould) never let them down.
(xiii) I ran as fast as I . (ability) (D) Choose the correct modals from the options
(xiv) You sit in my room. (permission) given to complete the following passages.
(xv) You not ask for more ()
bread. (prohibition) Unless you work hard, you (a)......... not be able
(xvi) I . rather stay at home than go to pass the exams. (b) .........you decide to repeat
with you. (preference) the class, do let me know so that I(c) ....
(xvii) He .havemissed the bus. relax. AIl the teachers have been advising that
(strong probability) you (d) ......*ork very hard. When (e)..........
(xvii) You .see a doctor at once. you listen to their advice?
(emphatic advice)
(a) () can (ii) will (üi) may (iv) might
(xix) I. ... not face him. (absence of courage) (6) () Shall () Would (ii) Will (iv) Should
(xx) You ... not go to (c) ) can (ii) could (iii) would (iv) may

Engon)
(absence of comp
(B) Fill in theblanks with 'will, 'shall','used to','need',
(d) () might (ü) would (i) ought to (iv) can
(e) () shall () can (iii) could (iv) will
'must'.

(i) My grandfather .............g0 for a morning (II)

walk everyday in his youth. Friends area vital part of ourlives. Whom (a).....
(ii) we ..... keepour promises. we choose, rich or poor, handsome or ugly,
English 8 Grammar : Modals71

brilliant or dull-witted? We (b) (iv) must

. look for (d) (i) will (ii) shall (iii) can
faithful, intelligent and reliable persons. He or (e) () can (ii) may
(iüi) should (iv) would
she (c).....be naughty but certainly not (ii) Should (iiü) Will (iv) Shall
() () May
It is
cunning.
essential that our friend (d) .... ........... be
optimistic. Pessimistic friends (e).....discourage
us and keep us from doing good work. So we
simply () ...... surround ourselves with an (IV)
optimistic crowd and it is not difficult. There are 5/505 Sea Shell Street
many people who (g)........ inspire us and make Prashant Nagar
us realize that we (h) Trivendrum
...........d.o great things. 15th Dec. 20xx
(a) (i) can (ii) could (iü) should (iv) may
(6) (i) would (ii) will (iüi) might (iv) must Dear Dephni
(c) (i) may (iü) must (iüü) will (iv) ought to Your letter was a pleasant surprise. I (a)
(d) () shall (i) will (iüi) might (iv) should have asked for more. I really (b). .... blame
(e) () may (i) will (iüi) should (iv) must you for not writing soon enough knowing that
() ) might (iü) have to (üi) would (iv) could you were busy with exams. How did they go for
g) () will (iü) shall (iüi) must (iv) should
you? I'm sure you (c) . . .come out with flying
colours as always.
(h) (i) will () would (ii) can (iv) might
(d) ..... you come to Trivendrum for a fortnight
now that you (e) ....... be having winter brealk
soon? It (P.....e simply fantastic.
(I)
I(g)....stop writing now. I (h) finish
my homework. Hope you () take a year's
Anu : Shiela, when (a) ........ you come to time to reply.
my house? Yours
Shiela: Not beforefive in the evening. Niharika
Anu :At what time (b) ......... we leave (a) () shall not (it) could not
for the movie then? (iü) will not (iv) must not
(6) (i) can't (iü) shan't
Shiela : There's plenty of time. Don't worry. (i) wouldn't (iv) shouldn't
We (c). .reach on time. (c) () mnay () should (iii) will (iv) would
Anu : lam quite worried. Anything (d)...... (d) () Should (ii) Shall (i) Will (iv) Can
happen to the scooter and we (e)...... (e) () might (iü) may (iüü) would (iv) must
() () nmust (ii) will (ü) can (iv) shall
have to miss the show.
g) 0 must () can (ui) shall (iv) will
Shiela : ) you please stop
(h) (i) will () shall (i) have to (iv) would
worrying unnecessarily? (i) () can't () won't () mustn't (iv) shouldn't
(a) (i) will (ii) would (iiü) could (iv) should
(b) could i) shall
() (iüi) will (iv) must
(c) () should (ü)
must (iii) can (iv) will
 Let's Revige

HA
Date

NAME

CLASS &SECTION ROLL NO. ASSESSMENT

HOMEWORK
ASSIGNMENT 29 Grammar (Modals)

(A) Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct modal 7 you hold your breath for more than
from the given options. a minute?

1. There are many dresses on display. You ...... 8. How.................you enter my room? do let
(mayImight/ shall) buy any. 9 "...... you need any help, please
me know."
2. He has been working since morning. He
10. "Come what............., Ill not leave you."
.(mustIneed / dare) be tired by now.
(C) Complete the following sentences by inserting
3. Do not leave small things around. Little children
a suitable modal as per the 'mode' mentioned in
...(might/will l shall) swallow them. brackets.
4 You (must/can Imay) stop at the 1. Sania...... cook Chinese food. (ability)
red light signal.
2 . you play the piano for me, please?
5. (May/ Could/ Would) I ask you a (polite formal request)
simple question, Sir? 3. ... borrow your book fora day, please?
6 You (needn'tImustn 'tl can') take (polite informal permission)
the hat with you. It's cool outside. 4 My dog..........jump. (ability negative)
7. (Can /May / Dare) you speakFrench? 5. Take an umbrella with you. It *......... rain
8. He (can Imay /need) stand on his today. (slight possibiity)
head for five minutes. 6. She..... speak Telugu but she
9. You (cannot/have tolmay) smoke in understands it well. (ability-negative)
the hospital. 7. You ...... wait for me here. suggestion)
10. I am not sure but he ........mightlcanlwill) 8. You .obey your boss. (obligation)
come to Delhi during vacations. 9. Children ........be regular in studies.
(B) Choose an appropriate modal from the list below (obligation)
to complete the following sentences. 10. Jim has not returned homne yet. He.
be stuck in traffic somewhere. (strong probability)
should, could, needn't, will, might, dare,
may, can, must, would (D) Fillin the blanks with suitable modals.
1 He ...........run very fast when he was young. 1. Itwas foggy, so the plane. not
take off.
2 Answer the doorbell at once. It...e your
2 You... **.... Wait in my ofice, ifyou like.
father.
3 We've got enough time. You don't.....hurry.
3 She met with an accident. She ......... have 4. Do you think .apply for this job?
jumped the red light.
5. You. practice your piano more.
4 You......wash those glasses. They areclean. 6 He won't. to breakhis promise.
5. I..........prefer to stay here tonight. 7 They
Mother ...... bake the plum cake for Christmas, .have told me that they
6
were going to be late.