ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Simple Supported and Indeterminate

Structures
Contents
1. Framed Structures
2. Structural Members of a Framed Structure
3. Types of Structural Supports
4. NSCP 2015
5. Gravity and Lateral Loads
6. Load Transfer
7. Determinacy and Degree of Determinacy
Framed Structures
Framed Structures
• A framed structure in any material is one that
is made stable by a skeleton that is able to
stand by itself as a rigid structure without
depending on floors or walls to resist
deformation.
• Materials such as wood, steel, and reinforced
concrete, which are strong in both tension and
compression, make the best members for
framing.
Examples of Framed Structures
Examples of Framed Structures
Examples of Framed Structures
Examples of Framed Structures
Structural Members of a Framed
Structure
 Slab
A slab is a flat
piece of concrete,
put on the walls or
columns of a
structure. It serves
as a walking
surface but may
also serve as a load
bearing member,
as in slab homes.
 Beam
A beam is a structural
element that is capable
of withstanding load
primarily by resisting
bending. The bending
force induced into the
material of the beam
as a result of the
external loads, own
weight, span and
external reactions to
these loads is called a
bending moment.
 Column
A column is a
structural element
that transmits,
through
compression, the
weight of the
structure above to
other structural
elements below. In
other words, a
column is a
compression
member.
 Load Bearing Wall/Shear Wall
A load-bearing wall
or bearing wall is a
wall that is an active
structural element of
a building, which
holds the weight of
the elements above
it, by conducting its
weight to a
foundation structure
below it.
 Foundation
A foundation
transfers the load of
a structure to the
earth and resists
loads imposed by the
earth. A foundation
in residential
construction may
consist of a footing,
wall, slab, pier, pile,
or a combination of
these elements.
Types of Structural Supports
Structural Supports
• A structural support is a part of a building or
structure that provides the necessary stiffness
and strength in order to resist the internal forces
and guide them safely to the ground.
• External loads that act on buildings cause internal
forces in building support structures.
• Supports can be either at the end or at any
intermediate point along a structural member or
a constituent part of a building and they are
referred to as connections, joints or restraints.
Translation and Rotation
• A translation is a rigid transformation in which
the location of the preimage is changed, but
not its size, shape, or orientation. Translations
are sometimes called slides.
• A rotation is a rigid transformation in which
the location of the preimage is rotated around
a fixed point, but its size and shape are not
changed.
Types of Structural Supports
 •Fixed support is an important type of
Fixed Support support in beams and structures that can
resist horizontal and vertical forces, and
moments.
•They are also known as rigid supports
because they prevent both rotation and
translation.
•This indicates that for a structure to be
stable, it only requires one fixed support.
•It is possible to satisfy all three
equilibrium equations.
•This kind of support can be seen in a
flagpole set into a concrete base or a
beam connected to a wall.
•Fixed supports are often represented by
two forces (vertical and horizontal) and a
moment.
•The pole in the figure is an example of a
fixed support; the concrete prevents the
base of the pole from moving at all.
Fixed Support
• Application: Fixed supports are extremely beneficial
when you can only use a single support. The fixed
support provides all the constraints necessary to
ensure the structure is static. It is most widely used as
the only support for a cantilever.
• Limitations: Fixed supports offers absolutely no ‘give’.
In a sense, its greatest advantage can also be its
downfall, as sometimes a structure requires a little
deflection or ‘play’ to protect other surrounding
materials. For instance, as concrete continues to gain
its strength it also expands. So if a support is not
designed correctly the expansion could lead to a
reduction in durability.
Pinned/Hinged Support
•Both vertical and horizontal forces can be
resisted by pinned supports, but they
cannot resist moment.
•It means that the pinned support is kept
in place to prevent translation.
•The components of horizontal and
vertical forces can be determined using
equations of equilibrium.
•A large member is supported by a pin
support in the figure and would not be
able to move up or down, but would be
able to rotate.
•Like a hinge, a pinned support allows
rotation to occur but no translation (i.e. it
resists horizontal and vertical forces but
not a moment). Think of your elbow; you
are able to extend and flex the elbow
(rotation) but you cannot move your
forearm left to right (translation).
Pinned/Hinged Support
• Application: Pinned supports can be used in
trusses. By linking multiple members joined by
hinge connections, the members will push against
each other; inducing an axial force within the
member. The benefit of this is that the members
contain no internal moment forces, and can be
designed according to their axial force only.
• Limitations: A single pinned support can not
completely restrain a structure, as you need at
least two supports to resist the moment.
Roller Support
•Roller supports can rotate and
translate along the roller’s resting
surface.
•The surface may be vertical,
horizontal, or sloped in either
direction.
•A bridge is able to expand
horizontally with the aid of a
roller support. The roller in the
figure supports one side of the
bridge.
Roller Support
• Application: The most common use of a roller support
is in a bridge. In civil engineering, a bridge will typically
contain a roller support at one end to account for
vertical displacement and expansion from changes in
temperature. This is required to prevent the expansion
causing damage to a pinned support.
• Limitations: This type of support does not resist any
horizontal forces. This obviously has limitations in itself
as it means the structure will require another support
to resist this type of force.
 •A simple support is simply a support
Simple Support for a structural member to rest on.
•They, like roller supports, are unable
to resist lateral movement and
moment.
•With the help of gravity, they only
prevent vertical support movement.
•The horizontal or lateral movement
permitted is minimal, and the
structure loses its support after that.
•Simple supported systems, on the
other hand, can be found in areas with
a lot of seismic activity.
•Stonehenge is a great example of a
simple support. The upper stone rests
on the ‘column’ stones, the weight of
which keeps it in place.
Simple Support
• Simple supports aren’t widely used in real-life
structures unless the engineer can be sure
that the member will not translate; otherwise,
they run the risk of the member simply falling
off the support.
Support Reactions
• Reactions are the forces and moments which are
applied to a rigid body by its supports.
• When external loads are applied to a rigid body,
these support reactions which are forces and
moments react to those external forces.
• Generally, a support exerts a reaction force (in
opposite direction with the external force) in a
certain direction if it blocks translation in that
direction.
• If rotation is blocked, the support applies a
couple or moment in that direction of rotation.
Support Reactions
• With the external forces exerted on the structure,
support reactions are in equilibrium. In theory,
the result of the external forces and the opposite
support reactions is zero. It is necessary to
determine the reaction forces at the supports as
a result of the external forces acting on a
structural member while analyzing a structure. To
calculate the reaction forces, free body diagram
of the structural element can be drawn and
utilized.
Support Reactions
NSCP 2015
NSCP 2015
National Structural Code of
the Philippines (NSCP, 2015)
is the primary design code in
the country, providing
guidance to civil and
structural engineers on the
design and assessment of
buildings and any other
structures since its first
edition in 1972.
NSCP 2015 Contents
Chapter 1: General
Requirements
Chapter 2: Minimum Design
Loads
Chapter 3: Earthworks and
Foundation
Chapter 4: Structural
Concrete
Chapter 5: Structural Steel
Gravity and Lateral Loads
Gravity and Lateral Loads
• Gravity loads are the loads that act along with
the gravity or in the vertical direction.
• Lateral loads are the loads that act in the
horizontal directions.
• This classification is important in determining
the structural system that is to be used.
NSCP 2015 Section 203.2
• Buildings, towers and other vertical structures
and all portions thereof shall be designed to
resist the load combinations specified in
Section 203.3, 203.4 and 203.5.The most
critical effect can occur when one or more of
the contributing loads are not acting. All
applicable loads shall be considered, including
both earthquake and wind, in accordance with
the specified load combinations.
Types of Gravity and Lateral Loads
Load Transfer
Load Transfer
• The load transfer mechanism in a framed structure
refers to the way that loads are transmitted from one
element to another and eventually to the ground.
• In a framed structure, loads are introduced into the
structure through various means, such as gravity, wind,
earthquakes, and other external forces.
• These loads are then transferred from one element to
another, through stress and deformation in the
material, until they reach the foundation where they
are transferred to the ground.
Load Transfer Mechanism
Load Transfer Mechanism
Load Transfer Mechanism
Load Transfer in Slabs
• The load transfer in a framed structure starts with the
slabs which are flat horizontal surfaces made with a
combination of concrete and steel.
• The total load of a slab includes the Live Load,
Superimposed Dead Load, and the self-weight of the
slab.
• This load is transferred to the beams which provide
support to the slab, and from the beams, the load is
transferred to the supporting columns.
• Again, from columns to the footings and finally to the
soil on which the whole structure is to be constructed.
Load Transfer in Slabs
• The transfer of loads from a slab to beams
depends completely on the type of slab,
whether it’s one-way or two-way. The type of
slab is determined by calculating its aspect
ratio (i.e., the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span) as Ly/Lx.
 Types of Slabs
•If Ly/Lx ≥ 2, the slab is considered a one-way slab. And for a
two-way slab Ly/Lx < 2.
 Beams, Girders, and Joists
•Beams are intended to bend to resist and redistribute the
load. It usually supports gravity loads only.

•Girders are more rigid, as they are there to support the

beams and provide the main horizontal support for the
structure. The girder is built to support significant, all-
encompassing loads such as gravity and lateral loads.

•Joists are the smallest of the three and are often used
abundantly to act as secondary support to ceilings and
floors.
Beams, Girders, and Joists
Determinacy and Degree of
Determinacy
Determinacy and Degree of
Determinacy
Determinacy and Degree of
Determinacy
Determinacy and Degree of
Determinacy