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Cartilage and Bone 2024-01

The document discusses specialized connective tissues, specifically cartilage and bone tissue. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, and details their composition and locations in the body. It also explains the composition of bone tissue and describes the different cells found in bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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10 views39 pages

Cartilage and Bone 2024-01

The document discusses specialized connective tissues, specifically cartilage and bone tissue. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, and details their composition and locations in the body. It also explains the composition of bone tissue and describes the different cells found in bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Uploaded by

jcrosa137
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Specialized Connective Tissue:

*Cartilage
*Bone

Created by: Dr. Diana Vera Estrada

Dr. Yisel Mi Guzmán Leguel


[email protected]
Block I Fundamentals of medicine I
Learning Objectives
• List the origin and Characteristics of Cartilage tissue.
• Describe the histogenesis process.
• Describe the characteristics of the cells and fibers that form cartilage
tissue.
• Identify the location of the different types of cartilage in the human
body.
• Explain the composition of bone tissue and identify its location.
• Identify the functions of bone tissue
• Identify the different types of cells found in bone tissue.
• Identify the two different types of bone structure.
• Identify the organization of the lamellar system
• List important features of Bone remodeling and bone resorption.
Cartilage Tissue

• Function: support the body.


Cells of the cartilage

• The cells of cartilage are:


• Chondrogenic cells
• Chondroblasts
• Chondrocytes
Types of cartilage.
ECM containing type II collagen
Hyaline Cartilage fibers, GAG’s proteoglycans.
It’s the most abundant

Besides Type II collagen fibers it


Elastic Cartilage contains Elastic fibers giving it
pliability.

Possesses dense, coarse type


Fibrocartilage I collagen fibers in its matrix,
allowing it to withstand strong
tensile forces
Histogenesis of Hyaline Cartilage
Cartilage develops from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate
into chondroblasts.

These cells divide mitotically and


synthesize the cartilage matrix and
extracellular material around them.

As the cartilage model grows, the


individual chondroblasts become
surrounded by the extracellular
matrix and trapped in matrix
compartments called lacunae
(singular, lacuna).
Light micrograph of hyaline cartilage (×270).
Perichondrium (Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue)

• Mesenchymal cells at the periphery of the developing cartilage


differentiate to form fibroblasts.

• Responsible for the growth and maintenance of the cartilage.

• It is vascular, and its vessels supply nutrients to the cells of


cartilage.

• In areas where the cartilage has no perichondrium cartilage


cells receive their nourishment from the synovial fluid.
Hyaline cartilage: developing bone. Stain: hematoxylin and eosin. ×80
The perichondrium has two layers:

Outer fibrous layer is composed of type II collagen, fibroblasts, and blood vessels.

Inner cellular layer is composed mostly of chondrogenic cells. The chondrogenic cells
undergo division and differentiate into chondroblasts, which begin to elaborate matrix.
Chondrocyte
Chondrocytes are chondroblasts that are surrounded by matrix.

Those near the periphery are ovoid, whereas those deeper in the
cartilage are more rounded, with a diameter of 10 to 30 µm.

Isogenous Groups
HYALINE CARTILAGE
A bluish-gray, semi translucent,
pliable substance, is the most
abundant cartilage of the body.

Molecular composition of hyaline cartilage


Location of hyaline cartilage
• body. • Nose
• Larynx
• Ribs (ventral)
• Tracheal
rings
• Bronchi
• Articulating
surfaces
Hyaline cartilage and surrounding structures: trachea. Stain: hematoxylin
and eosin. Medium magnification
Trachea. H&E Stain
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• Elastic cartilage is located in the pinna of the ear, the external
and internal auditory tubes, the epiglottis, and the larynx
(cuneiform cartilage).
• The outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium is rich in elastic
fibers.
• The matrix possesses abundant
fine-to-coarse branching elastic
fibers interspersed with type II
collagen fiber bundles, giving it
much more flexibility than the
matrix of hyaline cartilage.

• Chondrocytes are more


abundant and larger than those
of hyaline cartilage.

Light micrograph of elastic cartilage


(×132). Observe the perichondrium (P)
and the chondrocytes (C) in their lacunae
(Elastic fibers(arrows)
FIBROCARTILAGE
• Does not possess a
perichondrium, and its
matrix possesses type I
collagen.

Present in intervertebral
disks, in the pubic
symphysis, in articular
disks, and attached to
bone joints.
Chondrocytes are often aligned in alternating parallel rows with
the thick, coarse bundles of collagen, which parallel the tensile
forces attendant on this tissue.
Light micrograph of fibrocartilage (×132).
Summary:
BONE TISSUE
INTRODUCTION

• Provides:
• Solid support.
• Protection of vital organs.
• Reservoir of calcium and phosphate.
• Multiply the forces on the bone and transform them into bodily
movements.
COMPOSITION

• Bone matrix: Calcified extracellular material.


• Osteblast
• Osteocytes
• Osteoclast

• Extracellular Matrix
OSTEOBLASTS:
• Produce the organic components of bone matrix
• Deposition of inorganic components of bone.
• Located exclusively at the surfaces of bone matrix.
• Bound by integrins.
• Single layer of cuboidal cells joined by adherent and gap junctions. The majority undergo
apoptosis.
• Some differentiate as osteocytes (entrapped in matrix lacunae).
• Some flatten and cover the matrix surface as bone lining cells.
• OSTEOBLAST, OSTEOCYTES, OSTEOCLAST
• Osteoblasts have several factors on their cell
membranes:
• Integrins and PTH receptors .

When PTH binds to these receptors, it stimulates


osteoblasts to secrete RANKL , a factor that induces the
differentiation of preosteoclasts into osteoclasts.
Osteocyte
• Is the mature bone cell. When
surrounded by osteoid or bone
matrix.

• Responsible for maintaining the


bone matrix.

• Radiating out in all directions from


the lacuna are narrow, tunnel-like
spaces (canaliculi) that house
cytoplasmic processes of the
osteocyte.
• OSTEOCYTES IN LACUNAE
OSTEOCLAST

Multinucleated
giant cells
derived from
fused bone
marrow
precursors.
Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are
responsible for resorbing
bone, and, after they
finish doing so, these cells
probably undergo
apoptosis.

This cells are found in


sites where bone is being
removed
• Osteoclasts are large, motile,
multinucleated cells 150 µm in
diameter;
• They contain up to 50 nuclei.
BONE STRUCTURE
• Two different Epiphyseal plate
types of bone
structure.

• Compact Bone:
The very dense
bone on the
outside surface.
• Spongy bone
(cancellous): the
porous portion
lining the marrow
cavity.
PERIOSTEUM AND ENDOSTEUM
PERIOSTEUM
• Is organized with an outer fibrous layer of dense connective
tissue, containing:
• Type I collagen (mostly).
• Fibroblast.
• Blood vessels.
• The inner layer is more cellular and includes:
• Osteoblasts.
• Bone lining cells.
• Mesenchymal stem cells (osteoprogenitors).
ENDOSTEUM
• Covers small trabeculae of bony matrix.
• Contains:
• Osteoprogenitor cells.
• Osteoblast.
• Bone lining cells.
• Sparse, delicate matrix of collagen fibers.
MICROSCOPIC
• Cancellous and compact bone have
two types of organization:

• Mature lamellar bone - matrix as discrete


sheets.

• Immature (Woven bone/ Non lamellar) –


newly formed with randomly arranged
components.
LAMELLAR BONE (MATURE)

Secondary (Mature) bone


Is composed of cylindrical units
called osteons or Haversian
systems.
The osteons consist of concentric
layers or lamellae of bone matrix
surrounding a central canal the
osteonal Haversian canal, which
contain the nerve supply.
Each osteon is bounded by a
thin cementing line.
LAMELLAR SYSTEM
The haversian system containing
the haversian canal (C) and
concentric lamellae with lacunae
with their canaliculi (arrows) .

Light micrograph of non decalcified ground bone (×270)


Haversian canals of adjacent
osteons are connected to
each other by Volkmann
canals (vascular spaces that
are oriented oblique to or
perpendicular to haversian
canals).

Light micrograph of decalcified


compact bone (×162)
IMMATURE (WOVEN BONE)

• Characterized by the random disposition of type I collagen.


• The first tissue to appear in embryonic development and
fracture repair.
• Usually temporal, replaced in adults by lamellar bone.
• Tipically has a lower mineral content and higher content of
osteocytes than lamellar bone.
SUGGESTED READINGS

• Mescher, A. L., Mescher, A. L., & Junqueira, L. C. U.


(2018). Junqueira's basic histology: Text and atlas (Fifteenth
edition.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Pages 138 – 153,
chapter 8.

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