RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Exercise 15.

1 Probability
All these R§"Aggarwal class 10 solutions Chapter 15 Exercise: 15.1 Probability

QUESTION 1: Two different dice are rolled sim ultaneously. Find the probability that the sum o f the numbers on the tw o dice Is 10.

Solution:

When two different dice are thrown, the total number of outcomes = 36.

Let E1 be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 10.

These numbers are (4 ,6), (5,5) and (6,4).

Number of favorable outcomes = 3

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E i _ 3 _ 1
Therefore, P(getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 10) = P(E1) = - Num ber o f all possible outcomes 36 12

Thus, the probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 10 is - j .

QUESTION 2: When tw o dice are tossed together, find the probability that the sum o f the numbers on their tops Is less than 7.

Solution:

When two different dice are thrown, the total number of outcomes = 36.

Let E be the event of getting the sum of the numbers less than 7.

These numbers are (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,2) and (5,1).

Number of favorable outcomes = 15

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable t o E _ \ 5 _ 5
Therefore, P(getting the sum of the numbers less than 7) = P(E) Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 36 12

Thus, the probability of getting the sum of the numbers less than 7 is -

QUESTION 3: Two dice are rolled together. Find the probability o f getting such numbers on two dice whose product Is perfect square.

Solution:

When two different dice are thrown, then total number of outcomes = 36.

Let E be the event of getting the product of numbers, as a perfect square.

These numbers are (1,1), (1,4), (2,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,4), (5,5) and (6, 6).

Number of favorable outcomes = 8

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E _ g _ 2
Therefore, P(getting the product of numbers, as a perfect square) = P(E) = • Num ber o f all possible outcomes

Thus, the probability of getting the product of numbers, as a perfect square is » .

QUESTION 4: Two dice are rolled together. Find the probability o f getting such numbers on the tw o dice whose product Is 12.

Solution:

Number of all possible outcomes = 36

Let E be the event of getting all those numbers whose product is 12.

These numbers are (2 ,6), (3,4), (4,3) and (6,2).

Therefore, P(getting all those numbers whose product is 12) = P(E) = ^ omea ^awrttMe to E = -£. = ■!
3 r ' ' ' N um ber o f all possible outcomes 36 9

Thus, the probability of getting all those numbers whose product is 12 is -J-.

QUESTION 5: Cards marked w ith numbers 5 to 50 are placed In a box and mixed thoroughly. A card Is drawn from the box at random. Find the probability that the number on the taken ou t card Is

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.1
(I) a prime number less than 10

(II) a num ber which Is a perfect square.

Solution:

All possible outcomes are 5 , 6, 7, 8 ................. 50.

Number of all possible outcomes = 46

(I) Out of the given numbers, the prime numbers less than 10 are 5 and 7.

Let E1 be the event of getting a prime numberless than 10.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 2

Therefore, P(getting a prime number less than 10) = P(E) = ^ ^

(II) Out of the given numbers, the perfect squares are 9 ,1 6 ,2 5 ,3 6 and 49.

Let E2 be the event of getting a perfect square.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 5

Therefore, P(getting a perfect square) = P(E) = J r

QUESTION 6: A game o f chance consists o f spinning and arrow which Is equally likely to come to the rest pointing to one o f the numbers 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ..........12 as shown In the figure. W hat Is the
probability that It w ill point to

(I) 6

(II) An even number

(III) A prime number

(Iv) A number which Is a m ultiple o f 5

Solution:

The possible outcomes are 1 , 2 ,3 ,4 , 5 ....................... 12.

Number of all possible outcomes = 12

(I) Let Ei be the event that the pointer rests on 6.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 1

Therefore, P(arrow pointing at 6) = P(E.|) =

(II) Out of the given numbers, the even numbers are

2, 4 , 6, 8,10 and 12

Let E2 be the event of getting an even number.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 6

Therefore, P(arrow pointing at an even number) = P(E2) = - ^ = -|

(III) Out of the given numbers, the prime numbers are 2 ,3 ,5 , 7 and 11.

Let E3 be the event of the arrow pointing at a prime number.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 5

Therefore, P(arrow pointing at a prime number) = P(E3) =

(Iv) Out of the given numbers, the numbers that are multiple of 5 are 5 and 10 only.

Let E4 be the event of the arrow pointing at a multiple of 5.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 2

Therefore, P(arrow pointing at a number that is a multiple of 5) = P(E4) = ^ =£

QUESTION 7 :12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones, It Is not possible to Just look at pen and tell whether o r not It Is defective. 1 pen Is taken out at random from this lot. Find
the probability that the pen taken out Is good one.

Solution:

Total number of pens = 132-1-12 = 144

Number of good pens = 132

Let E be the event of getting a good pen.

_ N um ber o f outcomes favorable t o E _ 132 11
Therefore, P(getting a good pen) = P(E)
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 144 12
Thus, the probability of getting a good pen is .

QUESTION 8: A lot consists o f 144 ballpoint pens o f which 20 are defective and others good. Tanvl w ill buy a pen If It Is a good but w ill not buy If It Is defective. The shopkeeper draws 1 pen at
random and gives It to her. What Is the probability that

(I) She will buy It,

(II) She w ill not buy It?

Solution:

Total number of pens = 144

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.1
Number of defective pens = 20

Number of good pens = 144 - 2 0 = 124

(I) Let Ef be the event of getting a good pen.

Num ber o f outcom es favorable to £>i 124 _ 31
Therefore, P(buying a pen) = P ^ ) =
Num ber o f a il possible outcomes 144 36

Thus, the probability that Tanvy will buy a pen is .

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a defective pen.

Num ber o f outcom es favorable to j ?2 20 _ 5
Therefore, P(not buying a pen) = P(E2) = -
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 144 36

Thus, the probability that Tanvy will not buy a pen is .

QUESTION 9: A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90 If one disc Is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that It bears

(I) A two-digit number

(II) A perfect square number

(III) A number divisible by 5.

Solution:

Total number of discs = 90

(I) Let E.| be the event of having a two-digit number.

Number of discs bearing two-digit number = 90 - 9 = 81

Let Ef be the event of getting a good pen.

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ _ 81 _ 9
Therefore, P(getting a two-digit number) = P(E0
Num ber o f all possible outcomes 90 10

Thus, the probability that the disc bears a two-digit number is * .

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a perfect square number.

Disc bearing perfect square numbers are 1 ,4 ,9 ,1 6 ,2 5 ,3 6 ,4 9 ,6 4 and 81.

Number of discs bearing a perfect square number = 9

Therefore, P(getting a perfect square number) = P(E2) = N^ erJ ° f ™tc° mes f * vorMe to E * = -2- = -L
8 r M Num ber o f all possible outcomes 90 10

Thus, the probability that the disc bears a perfect square number is .

(Ill) Let E3 be the event of getting a number divisible by 5.

Discs bearing numbers divisible by 5 are 5 ,1 0 ,1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0 ,3 5 ,4 0 ,4 5 ,5 0 ,5 5 ,6 0 ,6 5 , 70,75,80,85 and $

Number of discs bearing a number divisible b y 5 = 18

Therefore, P(getting a number divisible by 5) = P(E3) = outm m es favorable to e 3 _ _ i

Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 90 5

Thus, the probability that the disc bears a number divisible by 5 is .

QUESTION 10: (I) A lo t o f 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. 1 bulb Is drawn at random from the lot. What Is the probability that this bulb Is defective?
(II) Suppose the ball drawn In (I) Is not defective and not replaced. Now, ball Is drawn at random from the rest. What Is the probability that this bulb Is not defective?

Solution:

(I) Number of all possible outcomes = 20.

Number of defective bulbs = 4.

Number of non-defective bulbs = 2 0 - 4 = 16.

Let Ef be the event of getting a defective bulb.

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ 4 \
Therefore, P(getting a defective bulb) = P(Ei) = N um ber o f all possible outcomes 20 5

Thus, the probability that the bulb is defective is .

(II) After removing 1 non-defective bulb, we have number of remaining bulbs = 19.

Out of these, number of non-defective bulbs = 1 6 - 1 =15.

Let E2 be the event of getting a non-defective bulb.

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to _ 15
Therefore, P(getdng a non-defective bulb) = P(E2) =
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 19

Thus, the probability that the bulb is non-defective is | | .

QUESTION 11: A bag contains lemon-flavored candles only. Hema takes out 1 candy w ithout looking Into the bag. What Is the probability that she takes out

(I) An orange-flavored candy

(II) A lemon-flavored candy

Solution:

Suppose there are x candies in the bag.

Then, number of orange candies in the bag = 0.

And, number of lemon candies in the bag = x.

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting an orange-flavored candy.

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.1
N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ _ o
Therefore, P(getting an orange-flavored candy) = P ^ ) = Num ber o f all possible outcomes *
0

Thus, the probability that Hema takes out an orange-flavored candy is 0.

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a lemon-flavored candy.

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E j
Therefore, P (getting a lemon-flavored candy) = P(E2) = Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes

Thus, the probability that Hema takes out a lemon-flavored candy is 1.

QUESTION 12: There are 40 students In a class o f whom 25 are girls and 15 are boys. The class teacher has to select one student as a class representative. He writes the name o f each student on a
separate, the card being Identical. Then she puts cards In a bag and stirs them thoroughly. She then draws one card from the bag. What Is the probability that the name written on the card Is the
name o f

(I) A girl?

(II) A boy?

Solution:

Total number of students = 40.

Number of boys = 15.

Number of girls = 25.

(I) Let be the event of getting a girl s name on the card.

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E i 25 _ 5
Therefore, P(selecting the name of a girl) = P(E1) = -
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 40 8
5
Thus, the probability that the name written on the card is the name of a girl is

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a boy’s name on the card.

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E j 15 3
Therefore, P(selecting the name of a boy) = P(E2) =
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 40 8

Thus, the probability that the name written on the card is the name of a boy is ^ .

QUESTION 13: One card Is drawn from a well-shuffled deck o f 52 cards. Find the probability o f drawing

(I) An ace

(II) A 4 o f spades

(II) A ‘9’ o f a black suit

(Iv) a red king.

Solution:

Total number of all possible outcomes = 52

(I) Total number of aces = 4

Therefore, P(getting an ace) = - ^ = ^

(II) Number of 4 of spades = 1

Therefore, P(getting a 4 of spade) =

(III) Number of 9 of a black suit = 2

Therefore, P (getting a 9 of a black suit)= ^ =^

(Iv) Number of red kings = 2

Therefore, P (getting a red king) = ^ ^

QUESTION 14: A card Is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck o f 52 cards. Find the probability o f getting

(I) A queen

(II) A diamond

(III) A king o r an ace

(Iv) A red ace.

Solution:

Total number of all possible outcomes = 52

(I) Total number of queens = 4

Therefore, P(getting a queen) = ^ = -^

(II) Number of diamond suits = 13

Therefore, P(getting a diamond) = g| = 4

(III) Total number of kings = 4

Total number of aces = 4

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.1
Let E be the event of getting a king or an ace card.

Then, the favorable outcomes = 4 + 4 = 8

Therefore, P(getting a king or an ace) = P(E) = ^ ^

(Iv) Number of red aces = 2

Therefore, P(getting a red ace) = - ^ = ^

QUESTION 15: One card Is drawn from a well-shuffled deck o f 52 cards. Find the probability o f getting

(I) a king o f red suit

(II) a face card

(III) a red face card

(Iv) a queen o f black suit

(v) a Jack o f hearts

(vl) a spade.

Solution:

Total number of outcomes = 52

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting a king of red suit.

Number of favorable outcomes = 2

_ Num ber o f outcom es favorable to E i _ 2 _ 1
Therefore, P(getting a king of red suit) = P(E.|) N um ber o f all possible outcomes 52 26

Thus, the probability of getting a king of red suit is ^ .

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a face card.

Number of favorable outcomes = 12

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable t o E j _ 12 _ _3_
Therefore, P(getting a face card) = P(E2) 52
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 13

Thus, the probability of getting a face card is -.

(Ill) Let E3 be the event of getting red face card.

Number of favorable outcomes = 6

.. . Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E$ « «
Therefore, Pfgetbng a red face card) = P(E,J = NmlberofaUpo, Hblcmtcome3 = f2 = £

Thus, the probability of getting a red face card is ^ .

(Iv) Let E4 be the event of getting a queen of black suit.

Number of favorable outcomes = 2

.. . . ... . N um ber o f outcomes favorable to Et = _2_ = _L
Therefore, P(getting a queen of black suit) = P(E4) = —- — , t „-------r,--------------1
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 52 26

Thus, the probability of getting a queen of black suit suit is .

(v) Let Es be the event of getting a jack of hearts.

Number of favorable outcomes = 1

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E$
Therefore, P(getting a jack of hearts) = P(E5) =
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 52

Thus, the probability of getting a jack of hearts is .

(vl) Let E$ be the event of getting a spade.

Number of favorable outcomes = 13

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E e _ 13 _ 1
Therefore, P(getting a spade) = P(E$) = Num ber o f a ll possible outcom es 52 4

Thus, the probability of getting a spade is .

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Exercise 15.2 Probability
All these R§"Aggarwal class 10 solutions Chapter 15 Exercise: 15.2 Probability

QUESTION 1: A card Is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck o f playing cards. Find the probability that the card was drawn Is

(I) a card o f a spade o r an Ace

(II) a red king

(III) either a king o r queen

(Iv) neither a king nor the queen.

Solution:

Total number of all possible outcomes = 52

(I) Number of space card = 13

Number of aces = 4 (including 1 of spade)

Therefore, number of spade cards and aces = (13 + 4 - 1) = 16

_ _4_
Therefore, P(getting a spade or an ace card) = | | 13

(II) Number of red kings = 2

Therefore, P(getting a red king) = ^ ^

(III) Total number of kings = 4

Total number of queens = 4

Let E be the event of getting either a king or a queen.

Then, the favorable outcomes = 4 + 4 = 8

Therefore, P(getting a king or a queen) = P(E) = ^

(Iv) Let E be the event of getting either a king or a queen. Then, (not E) is the event that drawn card is neither a king nor a queen.

Then, P(getting a king or a queen) = - jj

Now, P(E) + P(not E) = 1

Therefore, P(getting neither a king nor a queen) = 1 -

QUESTION 2: A box contains 25 cards numbers from 1 to 25. A card Is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the num ber on the drawn card Is

(I) divisible by 2 o r 3,

(II) a prim e number.

Solution:

Total number of outcomes = 25

(I) Let Ef be the event of getting a card divisible by 2 or 3.

Out of given numbers, numbers divisible by 2 are 2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 ,1 2 ,1 4 ,1 6 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2 and 24.

Out of the given numbers, numbers divisible by 3 are 3 ,6 ,9 ,1 2 ,1 5 ,1 8 ,2 1 and 24.

Out of the given numbers, numbers divisible by both 2 and 3 are 6 ,12,18 and 24.

Number of favorable outcomes = 16

Num ber o f outcomes favorable t o E \ _
Therefore, P(getting a card divisible by 2 or 3) = P(E.|) =
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 25

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.2
Thus, the probability that the number on the drawn card is divisible by 2 or 3 is ;

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a prime number.

Out of the given numbers, prime numbers are 2 ,3 ,5 , 7 ,11,13,17,1 9 and 23.

Number of favorable outcomes = 9

_ N um ber o f outcomes favorable t o E j _ g
Therefore, P(getting a prime number) = P(E2)
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 25

Thus, the probability that the number on the drawn card is a prime number is .

QUESTION 3: A box contains cards numbered 3, 5 , 7 , 9 ........35,37. A card Is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card Is a prim e number.

Solution:

Given numbers 3,5, 7 , 9 ...... , 35,37 form an AP with a = 3 and d = 2.

Let Tn = 37. Then,

3 + (n - 1)2 = 37

=j»3 + 2 n - 2 = 37

=> 2n = 36

= ^ n = 18

Thus, total number of outcomes = 18.

Let E be the event of getting a prime number.

Out of these numbers, the prime numbers are 3 ,5 ,7 ,1 1 ,1 3 ,1 7 ,1 9 ,2 3 ,2 9 ,3 1 and 37.

The number of favorable outcomes = 11.

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable t o E _
Therefore, P(getting a prime number) = P(E) =
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 18
11

QUESTION 4: Card numbered 1 to 30 are put In a bag. A card Is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card Is

(I) n ot divisible by 3,

(II) a prim e number greater than 7,

(III) not a perfect square number.

Solution:

The total number of outcomes = 30.

(I) Let Ef be the event of getting a number not divisible by 3.

Out of these numbers, numbers divisible by 3 are 3 ,6 ,9 ,1 2 ,1 5 ,1 8 ,2 1 ,2 4 ,2 7 and 30.

Number of favorable outcomes = 3 0 - 10 = 20

Therefore, P(getting a number not divisible by 3) = P(E.|) = ° f c^ mes f ^ vorcMe to Ei = -2G = 1

8 3 ' ' n' Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 30 3

Thus, the probability that the number on the card is not divisible by 3 is .

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a prime number greater than 7.

Out of these numbers, prime numbers greater than 7 are 11,13,17,19,23 and 29.

Number of favorable outcomes = 6

Therefore, P(getting a prime number greater than 7) = P(E2) = ° ^ c° mes f* vorable to Ei = JL = 1

N um ber o f all possible outcomes 30 5

Thus, the probability that the number on the card is a prime number greater than 7 is .

(Ill) Let E3 be the event of getting a number which is not a perfect square number.

Out of these numbers, perfect square numbers are 1 ,4 ,9 ,1 6 and 25.

Number of favorable outcomes = 30 - 5 = 25

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E% 25 5
Therefore, P(getting non-perfect square number) = P(E3) N um ber o f all possible outcomes 30 6

Thus, the probability that the number on the card is not a perfect square number is f .

QUESTION 5: Cards bearing numbers 1,3, 5.................35 are kept In a bag. A card Is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability o f getting a card bearing

(I) a prime number less than 15,

(II) a num ber divisible by 3 and 5.

Solution:

Given numbers 1 , 3 ,5 , .............,3 5 form an AP with a = 1 and d = 2.

Let Tn = 35. Then,

1 + (n - 1 )2 = 35

=b 1 + 2n - 2 = 35

=*> 2n = 36

= ^ n = 18

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.2
Thus, total number of outcomes = 18.

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting a prime number less than 15.

Out of these numbers, prime numbers less than 15 are 3,5, 7,11 and 13.

The number of favorable outcomes = 5.

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ _5_
Therefore, P(getting a prime number less than 15) = P(E1) = :
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 18

Thus, the probability of getting a card bearing a prime number less than 5 is .

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a number divisible by 3 and 5.

Out of these numbers, the number divisible by 3 and 5 means number divisible by 15 is 15.

The number of favorable outcomes = 1.

N um ber o f outcomes favorable to E%
Therefore, P(getting a number divisible by 3 and 5) = P(E2) = : Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes

Thus, the probability of getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3 and 5 is .

QUESTION 6: A box contains cards bearing numbers 6 to 70. If one card Is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that It bears

(I) a 1 d ig it number,

(II) a num ber divisible by 5,

(III) an odd number less than 30,

(Iv) a com posite number between 50 and 70.

Solution:

Given numbers 6 , 7 ,8 , ........,7 0 form an AP with a = 6 and d = 1.

Let Tn = 70. Then,

6 + (n - 1)1 =70

6 + n - 1 = 70

Thus, total number of outcomes = 65.

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting a one-digit number.

Out of these numbers, one-digit numbers are 6 , 7, 8 and 9.

The number of favorable outcomes = 4.

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E± _ 4
Therefore, P(getting a one-digit number) = P(E0 N um ber o f all possible outcomes 65

Thus, the probability that the card bears a one-digit number is -

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a number divisible by 5.

Out of these numbers, numbers divisible by 5 are 1 0 ,1 5 ,2 0 ,...... ,70.

Given number 1 0 ,1 5 ,2 0 ,........, 70 form an AP with a = 10 and d = 5.

Let Tn = 70. Then,

10 + (n - 1)5 = 70

=*► 10 + 5n - 5 = 70

5n = 65

=J*n = 13

Thus, number of favorable outcomes = 13.

Therefore, P(getdng a number divisible by 5) = P(E2) = to E* _ 11 - i

N um ber o f all possible outcomes 65 5

Thus, the probability that the card bears a number divisible by 5 is \ .

(Ill) Let E3 be the event of getting an odd number less than 30.

Out of these numbers, odd numbers less than 30 are 7 ,9 ,1 1 ,...... ,29.

Given number 7 ,9 ,1 1 ,...... ,2 9 form an AP with a = 7 and d = 2.

Let Tn = 29. Then,

7 + (n - 1)2 = 29

=b 7 + 2n - 2 = 29

2n = 24

=bn = -\2

Thus, number of favorable outcomes = 12.

Therefore, P(getting a odd number less than 30) = P(E3) = NuJ ^ r, ° f ° ^ mea to Es = I I
N um ber o f all possible outcomes 65

Thus, the probability that the card bears an odd number less than 30 is ^ .

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.2
(Iv) Let E4 be the event of getting a composite number between 50 and 70.

Out of these numbers, composite numbers between 50 and 70 are 51 ,5 2 ,5 4 ,5 5 ,5 6 ,5 7 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,6 2 ,6 3 ,6 4 ,6 5 ,6 6 ,6 8 and 69.

Number of favorable outcomes = 15.

Num ber o f outcom es favorable to E± _ 15 _3 _
Therefore, P(getting a composite number between 50 and 70) = P(E4) = N um ber o f ail possible outcomes 65 13

Thus, the probability that the card bears composite number between 50 and 70 is ^ .

QUESTION 7: Cards marked w ith numbers 1,3, 5.................101 are placed In a bag and mixed thoroughly. A card Is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the number on the drawn
card Is

(I) less than 19,

(II) a prim e number less than 20.

Solution:

Given number 1 , 3 ,5 , ...............,101 form an AP with a = 1 and d = 2.

LetTn = 101. Then,

1 + (n - 1)2 = 101

=>• 1 + 2 n - 2 = 101

= ^ 2 n = 102

n = 51

Thus, total number of outcomes = 51.

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting a number less than 19.

Out of these numbers, numbers less than 19 are 1 , 3 ,5 , ....... ,17.

Given number 1 , 3 ,5 , ........,1 7 form an AP with a = 1 and d = 2.

LetTn = 17. Then,

1 + (n - 1)2 = 17

=*• 1 + 2n - 2 = 17

= ^ 2 n = 18

n=9

Thus, number of favorable outcomes = 9.

_ Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E i _9_ _ _3_
Therefore, P(getting a number less than 19) = P(E1)
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 51 17
3
Thus, the probability that the number on the drawn card is less than 19 is

(II) Let E2 be the event of getting a prime number less than 20.

Out of these numbers, prime numbers less than 20 are 3 ,5, 7,11,13,17 and 19.

Thus, the number of favorable outcomes = 7.

_ Num ber o f outcom es favorable to E^ _ 7
Therefore, P(getting a prime number less than 20) = P(E2) Num ber o f ail possible outcom es 51

Thus, the probability that the number on the drawn card is a prime number less than 20 is -

QUESTION 8: Tickets numbered 2 ,3 ,4 , 5...............100,101 are placed In a box and m ix thoroughly. One ticket Is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the num ber on the ticket Is

(I) an even number

(II) a num ber less than 16

(III) a number which Is a perfect square

(Iv) a prime number less than 40.

Solution:

All possible outcomes are 2 , 3 ,4 ,5 , ................ , 101.

Number of all possible outcomes = 100

(I) Out of these the numbers that are even = 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , .......................... , 100

Let E1 be the event of getting an even number.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 50

|Tn = 100 2 + (n —1) x 2 = 100, =>• n = 50]

Therefore, P(getting an even number)= ^ = 2

(II) Out of these, the numbers that are less than 16 = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , ........................... , 15.

Let E2 be the event of getting a numberless than 16.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 14

Therefore, P(getting a number less than 16) = ^

(III) Out of these, the numbers that are perfect squares = 4,9 ,1 6 ,2 5 ,3 6 ,4 9 ,6 4 ,8 1 and 100

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.2
Let E3 be the event of getting a number that is a perfect square.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 9

Therefore, P(getting a number that is a perfect square) = ^

(Iv) Out of these, prime numbers less than 40 = 2 ,3 ,5 , 7 ,1 1 ,1 3 ,1 7 ,1 9 ,2 3 ,2 9 ,3 1 ,3 7

Let E4 be the event of getting a prime number less than 40.

Then, number of favorable outcomes = 12

Therefore, P(getting a prime number less than 40) = = ^r

QUESTION 9: A box contains 80 discs, which are numbered from 1 to 80. If one disc Is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that It bears a perfect square number.

Solution:

The total number of outcomes = 80.

Let Ei be the event of getting a perfect square number.

Out of these numbers, perfect square numbers are 1 ,4 ,9 ,1 6 ,2 5 ,3 6 ,4 9 and 64.

Thus, the number of favorable outcomes = 8 .

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ _8_
Therefore, P(getting a perfect square number) = P(E.|) = N um ber o f all possible outcomes 80 10

Thus, the probability that the disc bears a perfect square number is .

QUESTION 10: A piggy bank contains hundred 50-p coins, seventy Rs. 1 coin, fifty Rs. 2 coins and th irty Rs. 5 coins. If It Is equally likely that one o f the coins w ill fall out when the blank Is turned
upside down, what Is the probability that the coin

(I) w ill b e a R s . 1 coin?

(II) w ill not be a Rs. 5 coin

(III) w ill be 50-p o r a Rs. 2 coin?

Solution:

Number of 50-p coins = 100.

Number of Rs. 1 coins = 70.

Number of Rs. 2 coins = 50.

Number of Rs. 5 coins = 30.

Thus, the total number of outcomes = 250.

(I) Let Ei be the event of getting a Rs. 1 coin.

The number of favorable outcomes = 70.

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E \ 7_
Therefore, P(getting a Rs. 1 coin) = P(E.|) =
Num ber o f a ll possible outcomes 25

Thus, the probability that the coin will be a Rs. 1 coin is .

(II) Let E2 be the event of not getting a Rs. 5.

Number of favorable outcomes = 250 - 30 = 220

Therefore, P(not getting a Rs. 5 coin) = P(E2) = =a j =%

Num ber o f a ll possible outcom es 250 25

Thus, probability that the coin will not be a Rs. 5 coin is ^ .

(Ill) Let E3 be the event of getting a 50-p or a Rs. 2 coins.

Number of favorable outcomes = 100 + 50 = 150

Num ber o f outcomes favorable to E$
Therefore, P(getting a 50-p or a Rs. 2 coin) = P(E3) = ;
Num ber o f all possible outcomes

Thus, probability that the coin will be a 50-p or a Rs. 2 coin is | .

QUESTION 11: The probability o f selecting a red ball at random from a Jar that contains only red, blue and orange balls Is j . The probability o f selecting a blue ball at random from the same Jar Is
j .If the Jar contains 10 orange balls, find the total number o f balls In the Jar.

Solution:

It is given that,

P(getting a red ball) = ^ and P(getting a blue ball) =

Let P(getting an orange ball) be x.

Since, there are only 3 types of balls in the jar, the sum of probabilities of all the three balls must be 1.

Therefore, t4 + t3 + x = 1

= b .x = 1 - 1 - i
1 4 3
. 1 2 -3 -4

Therefore, P(getdng an orange ball) = ■$?.

Let the total number of balls in the ja r be n.

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.2
Therefore, P(getting an orange ball) = —
. 10 _ _5_
^ n 12

=*• n = 24

Thus, the total number of balls in the ja r is 24.

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Exercise 15.3 Probability
All these R§"Aggarwal class 10 solutions Chapter 15 Exercise: 15.3 Probability

QUESTION 1: A bag contains 18 balls out o f which x balls are red.

(I) If one ball Is drawn at random from the bag, what Is the probability that It Is not red?

(II) If two more red balls are put In the bag, the probability o f drawing a red ball w ill be | times the probability o f drawing a red ball In the firs t case. Find the value o f x.

Solution:

The total number of balls = 18.

Number of red balls = x.

(I) Number of balls which are not red = 18 - x

Number o f favorable outcomes 18—z
Therefore, P(getting a ball which is not red) = Number of all possible outcomes 18
Thus, the probability of drawing a ball which is not red is
18—z

(II) Now, total number of balls = 18 + 2 = 20.

Number of red balls now = x + 2.

_ Number of favorable outcomes _ x+2
P(getting a red ball now) =
Number o f all possible outcomes
Number o f favorable outcomes
And P(getting a red ball in first case) = ■
Numberof<dlpo„ iilecatcomal - „

Since, it is given that probability of drawing a red ball now will be times the probability of drawing a red ball in the first case.

Thus, ^ = i x -£
20 8 18
=>■ 144(x + 2) = 180x

=>• 144x + 288 = 180x

36x = 288

=8

Thus, the value of x is 8 .

QUESTION 2: A Jar contains 24 marbles. Some o f these are green others are blue. If a marble Is drawn at random from the Jar, the probability that It Is green Is | . Find the number o f blue marbles In
the Jar.

Solution:

The total number of marbles = 24.

Let the number of blue marbles be x.

Then, the number of green marbles = 24 - x

-. Number o f favorable outcomes
Therefore, P(getting a green marble) = ------------ —---------------------- ---
24—z
Number o f all possible outcomes 24
But, P(getting a green marble) = i [Given]

Therefore, = J

= ^ 3 ( 2 4 - x ) = 48

72 - 3x = 48

=*► 3x = 72 - 48

3x = 24

x =8

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.3
Thus, the number of blue marbles in the ja r is 8 .

QUESTION 3: A Jar contains 54 marbles, each o f which some are blue, some are green and some are white. The probability o f selecting a blue marble at random Is and the probability o f selecting
a green marble at random Is | . How many white marbles does the Jar contain?

Solution:

The total number of marbles = 54.

It is given that,

P(getting a blue marble) = and P(getting a green marble) = |

Let P(getting a white marble) be x.

Since, there are only 3 types of marbles in the jar, the sum of probabilities of all three marbles must be 1.

Therefore, + | + x = 1

= ^ x = l- 1
9

Therefore, P(getting a white marble) = .............(1)

Let the number of white marbles be n.

Then, P(getting a white marbles) = ^ ............ (2)

From (1) and (2),

jl - 1
54 9

= ^ n = 12

Thus, there are 12 white marbles in the jar.

QUESTION 4: A carton consists o f 100 shirts o f which 88 are good and 8 have m inor defects. Rohlt, a trader, w ill only accept the shirts which are good. But, Kamal, and another trader w ill only reject
the shirts which have m ajor defects. 1 sh irt Is drawn at random from the carton. What Is the probability that It Is acceptable to

(I) Rohlt,

(II) Kamal?

Solution:

Total numbers of shirts = 100.

The number of good shirts = 88.

The number of shirts with minor defects = 8 .

Number of shirts with major defects = 100 - 88 - 8 = 4.

(I) P(the drawn shirt is acceptable to Rohit) =

Number o f favorable outcomes 88 _ 22
Number o f all possible outcomes 100 25
Thus, the probability that the drawn shirt is acceptable to Rohit is %jjr.

Number o f favorable outcomes 88+8 _2S_ 2i

(II) P(the drawn shirt is acceptable to Kamal) = Number o f all possible outcomes 100 100 25
Thus, the probability that the dwam shirt is acceptable to Kamal is .

QUESTION 5: A group consists o f 12 persons, o f which 3 are extremely patient, other 6 are extremely honest and rest are extremely kind. A person from the group Is selected at random. Assuming
that each person Is equally likely to be selected, find the probability o f selecting a person who Is

(I) extremely patient,

(II) extremely kind o r honest.

Which o f the above values did you prefer more?

Solution:

The total number of persons = 12.

The number of persons who are extremely patient = 3.

The number of persons who are extremely honest = 6 .

Number of persons who are extremely kind = 1 2 - 3 - 6 = 3.

Number o f favorable outcomes _3_ _ 1

(I) P(selecting a person who is extremely patient) = Number of all possible outcomes 12 4
Thus, the probability of selecting a person who is extremely patient is ^ .

Number o f favorable outcomes _9_ _ 3

(II) P(selecting a person who is extremely kind or honest) =
Number of all possible outcomes 12 4
Thus, the probability of selecting a person who is extremely kind or honest is ^ .

From the three given values, we prefer honesty more.

QUESTION 6: A die Is rolled twice. Find the probability that

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.3
(I) 5 w ill not come up either time,

(I) 5 w ill come up exactly one time,

(III) 5 w ill come up both the times.

Solution:

Total number of outcomes = 36.

(I) Cases where 5 comes up on at least one time are (1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5 , 6) and (6,5).

The number of such cases = 11.

The number of cases where 5 will not come up either time = 3 6 -1 1 =25.
_ Number of favorable outcomes _ 25
Therefore, P(5 will not come up either time) Number o f all possible outcomes 36
Thus, the probability that 5 will not come up either time is
26

(II) Cases where 5 comes up on exactly one time are (1, 5), (2,5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5,1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6) and (6, 5).

The number of such cases = 10.

_ . ... , Number o f favorable outcomes _ 10 _ 5
' will come up exactly one time) = Number
Therefore, P(5 -rT— r—of tall possible outcomes
t ,----- t i— i -------

Thus, the probability that 5 will come up exactly one time is .

(III) Cases, where 5 comes up on exactly two times, is (5,5).

The number of such cases = 1.

Number o f favorable outcomes
' will come upr both the times)' = \Number
Therefore, P(5 , . o f. all„ possible outcomes
, 36
Thus, the probability that 5 will come up both the times is .

QUESTION 7: Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability o f getting such numbers on 2 dice whose product Is a perfect square.

Solution:

Number of possible outcomes = 36

Let E be the event of getting two numbers whose product is a perfect square.

Then, the favorable outcomes are (1,1), (1,4), (4,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5) and (6, 6).

The number of favorable outcomes = 8 .

Therefore, P(getting numbers whose product is a perfect square) =

Number of favorable outcomes _ 2
Number o f all possible outcomes 9
Thus, the probability of getting such numbers on two dice whose product is a perfect square is | .

QUESTION 8: A letter Is chosen at random from the letter o f the word ‘ASSOCIATION’. Find the probability that the chosen letter Is a

(I) vowel

(II) consonant

(III) S

Solution:

Total numbers of letters in the given word ASSOCIATION = 11

(I) Number of vowels (A, O, I, A, I, O) in the given word = 6

Therefore, P(getting a vowel) = £

(II) Number of consonants in the given word (S, S, C, T, N) = 5

Therefore, P(getting a consonant) =

(III) Number of S in the given word = 2

Therefore, P(getting an S) = ^

QUESTION 9: 5 cards----- the ten, Jack, queen, king and ace o f diamonds are well shuffled w ith their faces downward. One card Is then picked up at random.

(a) What Is the probability that the drawn card Is the queen?

(b) If the queen Is drawn and put aside and a second card Is drawn, find the probability that the second card Is

(I) an ace,

(II) a queen.

Solution:

Total number of card = 5.

(a) Number of queens = 1.

.
Therefore, P(getting a queen) = ——
Number o f „favorable outcomes i
------ —— -------- = 7
Number o.f all possible outcomes 5
Thus, the probability that the drawn card is the queen is 7 .

(b) When the queen has put aside, number of remaining cards = 4.
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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.3
(I) The number of aces = 1.
Number o f favorable outcomes
Therefore, P(getting an ace) =
Number o f all possible outcomes
Thus, the probability that the drawn card is an ace is y .

(II) Number of queens = 0.

Number o f favorable outcomes 0
Therefore, P(getting a queen now) =
Number o f all possible outcomes 4 0

Thus, the probability that the drawn card is a queen is 0.

QUESTION 10: A card Is drawn at random from a w ell-shuffled pack o f 52 cards. Find the probability that the card was drawn Is neither a red card nor a queen.

Solution:

Total number of all possible outcomes = 52

There are 26 red cards (including 2 queens) and apart from these, there are 2 more queens.

Number of cards, each one of which is either a red card or a queen = 26 + 2 = 28

Let E be the event that the card drawn is neither a red card nor a queen.

Then, the number of favorable outcomes = (52 - 28) = 24

Therefore, P(getting neither a red card nor a queen) = P(E)= f f = 13

QUESTION 11: What Is the probability that an ordinary year has 53 Mondays?

Solution:

An ordinary year has 365 days consisting of 52 weeks and 1 day.

This day can be any day of the week.

Therefore, P(of this day to be Monday) = y

Thus, the probability that an ordinary year has 53 Mondays is y .

QUESTION 12: A ll red face cards are removed from a pack o f playing cards. The remaining cards are w ell-shuffled and then a card Is drawn at random from them. Find the probability that the drawn
card Is

(I) a red card,

(II) a face card,

(III) a card o f clubs.

Solution:

There are 6 red face cards. These are removed.

Thus, remaining number of card = 52 - 6 = 46.

(I) Number of red cards now = 26 - 6 = 20.

Therefore, P(getting a red cart) =

Number o1f all possible outcomes 46
f
23

(II) Number of face cards now = 1 2 - 6 = 6 .

Therefore, P(getting a face card) =

Number o f favorable outcomes JL
Number o f all possible outcomes 23 '
Thus, the probability that the drawn card is a face card is :

(III) The number of card of clubs = 12.

Number o f favorable outcomes _ 12. _ JL
Therefore, P(getting a card of clubs) = Number o f ail possible outcomes 46 23
Thus, the probability that the drawn card is a card of clubs is ^ .

QUESTION 13: A ll kings, queens, and aces are removed from a pack o f 52 cards. The remaining cards are w ell-shuffled and then a card Is drawn from It Find the probability that the drawn card Is

(I) a black face card,

(II) a red face card.

Solution:

These are 4 kings, 4 queens, and 4 aces. These are removed.

Thus, remaining number of cards = 52 - 4 - 4 - 4 = 40.

(I) Number of black face cards now = 2 (only blackjacks).

., , . .. Number o f favorable outcomes 2 1
Therefore, P(gettmg a black face card) = = « = 20

Thus, the probability that the drawn card is a black face card is .

(II) Number of red cards now = 26 - 6 = 20.

Number o f favorable outcomes
Therefore, P(getting a red card) = Number o f aU possible outcomes 40
Thus, the probability that the drawn card is a red card is y .

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 RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 15 Height and Distance Ex 15.3
QUESTION 14: A game consists o f tossing a 1 rupee coin three times, and noting Its outcomes each time. Find the probability o f getting

(I) 3 heads,

(II) at least 2 tails.

Solution:

When a coin is tossed three times, all possible outcomes are

HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH and TTT.

The number of total outcomes = 8 .

(I) The outcome with three heads is HHH.

The number of outcomes with three heads = 1.

Number o f favorable outcomes
Therefore, P(getdng three heads) =
Number of all possible outcomes
Thus, the probability of getting three heads is - j .

(II) Outcomes with at least two tails are TTH, THT, HTT and TTT.

The number of outcomes with at least two tails = 4.

_ Number o f favorable outcomes _ 4 1
Therefore, P(getdng at least two tails) Number o f all possible 2

Thus, the probability of getting at least two tails is ^ .

QUESTION 15: Find the probability that a leap year selected at random w ill contain 53 Sundays.

Solution:

A leap year has 366 days with 52 weeks and 2 days.

Now, 52 weeks contains 52 Sundays.

The remaining two days can be:

(I) Sunday and Monday

(II) Monday and Tuesday

(III) Tuesday and Wednesday

(Iv) Wednesday and Thursday

(v) Thursday and Friday

(vl) Friday and Saturday

(vll) Saturday and Sunday

Out of these 7 cases, there are two cases favoring it to be Sunday.

_ Number o f favorable outcomes _ 2
Therefore, P(a leap year having 53 Sundays) Number of all possible
2
Thus, the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is
T

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