BIO Web of Conferences 103, 00026 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/bioconf/202410300026
FIES 2023

Volume and hydrodynamic characteristics of the product layer

Kh. Nuriddinov*, I.S. Khasanov, Zh.Zh. Kuchkorov and O.Kh. Nuriddinov

Bukhara Institute of Natural Resources Management of the National Research University of Tashkent
Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers

Abstract. The paper deals with the determination and study of the drying rate. The authors believe that it is
necessary to present the curves for changing the mass of the product and time, to take into account the
possible ranges of changes in the parameters of the coolant. In addition, the paper discusses the actual
speeds of airflow around the product, the required drying modes will become known owing to the
knowledge of the features of the drying process. In this regard, the authors of the paper consider the
volumetric and hydrodynamic characteristics of the product layer. The purpose of the study was to
determine the area of the free section in the layer of products, the speed of air movement, the pressure loss
in the layer. The results of computational and experimental studies have shown the possibility of
determining the true speed of drying of various products.

1 Introduction air velocity in the chamber on the characteristics of the

product layer: loading and the number of shelves with
The issues of ensuring the required drying modes need products, the study of the volumetric characteristics of
the knowledge of the features of the drying process in the product.
each case for each material.
When solving the problem, it is necessary to take into
account the possible ranges of changes in the parameters 2 Materials and methods
of the coolant, which are due to both the features of the
The layout of the shelves with products in the chamber
dried technology of the product and the type of draught
and their overall dimensions are shown in Figure 1 (a).
plant.
Research results for Shevargani grapes (fruit weight is
For a combined solar-thermal dryer, these
mgrapes = 3…3.7 gr, volume is Vgrapes = 1.7…2.9 cm3,
requirements are formulated as follows: ensuring
average density is Pgrapes = 1.5 g/cm3, load per shelf is
minimal energy costs while maximizing the performance
4…4.5 kg) are shown in Figure 1 (b).
of a combined dryer to a convective thermal dryer.
Based on these data, we determine the cross-sectional
These features of the problem also determine the
area SC in the product layer.
features of the study of various drying parameters,
Let us first consider the case when one shelf is
namely, the drying process occurs in the range of
loaded with the product in the chamber. When solving
temperatures, humidity and air speeds carried out in
the problem, we make the following assumptions:
solar dryers.
 the free section of the layer is a system of smooth
Solving the problems of optimizing the drying mode
parallel cylindrical channels with an effective diameter
requires knowledge of the actual speeds of drying
and a length equal to the thickness of the product layer;
products, the speeds of air movement in the layer of
products, the loss of air pressure in the layer. To  the real shape of the products is replaced by a
determine the indicated parameters of the product layer, spherical shape with equal volume and weight;
computational and experimental studies were carried out.  the local resistances in the chamber are neglect.
The purpose of the study was to determine the area of Taking into account the indicated assumptions, we
the free section in the layer of products, the speed of air have the following system of equations.
movement, the pressure loss in the layer. The volume flow in the chamber L is equal to the
These characteristics were determined on the basis of total volume flow of air in the channels.
a calculated experimental study of the dependence of the

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 BIO Web of Conferences 103, 00026 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300026
FIES 2023

(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) Scheme of shelf position; (b) Dependence of the air velocity in the chamber on the number of shelves (n) with the product:
1 is full and 2 is low ventilation (type VO10-U2.34 W).

L    S  K  S K  n, (1) At the beginning, we consider one layer of grapes

where  is the air speed in the chamber with a cross S and determine the area of the free section. Figure 2
shows that the free sectional area is equal to:
section  is the air speed in a separate channel, the
cross-section SK, n and the number of channels in the SK Scross  S pr , (5)

layer. where Scros is the total cross-sectional area of the shelf,
The pressure loss P in the channel is determined by equal to the cross-sectional area of the chamber, SKΣ = a 
the formula [2]: b, Spr is the cross-sectional area of the shelf occupied by
lK 2 grapes [14–17].

P   K , (2) From the layout of the product in the layer (Figure 2),
dK 2 we can write that:
where ƛ is the coefficient of friction resistance; ρ is the Spr Sr  ma  mb , (6)
density of air; dK is the diameter of the channel.
The ƛ-factor can be determined by well-known where the cross-sectional area of an individual product is
formulas, depending on the channel geometry and the (r is an effective radius of the product, r  3 V
Reynolds number [3]. Taking into account the above
,
4
assumptions, we can also write that the total volume of where V is the average volume of one product; 3 is the
channels in the layer of the dried product is equal to: number of product units along the width (a) and (b) of
VK   S K  lK  n. (3) the chamber.
The total pressure drop in the layer can be
determined by the formula [4]:
P
 K ( L20  L2 ), (4)
where K is the coefficient of the fan curve; L0 is the
volume of air flow in the empty chamber, m3/h; L is the
volume flow of air in the loaded chamber [4–8].
When the channels are connected in parallel, the
pressure drop in each channel is constant and equal to
the total pressure drop in the product layer [9].
Based on fan characteristics (N = 0.034 kW,
ɳ = 0.48) of the measured air flow in an empty chamber
L0 = 0.33 m3/s we have the initial pressure P = 50 Pa,
from which it follows that the coefficient of the fan flow
curve K is equal to:
P 50pa Fig. 2. Determination of the free volume in the product layer.
К
 2 2
 3.54  105 pa.s/m3.
L0 1188m / h
For one product layer (see Figure 1, b) we have L  S It follows
that m a B or
a  , mB
3600 = 926 m3/h and from (1.4) it follows that the total 2r 2r
air pressure drop in the product layer is equal to: a B 
SK  a  b   r    a  b  (1  ). (7)
2

2r 2r 4
P 3.54 · 10 5
1.4110
6
 0.857
 10 6

19.1 pа. From (8) it follows that the area of the free section of
the layer is independent of the absolute radius of the fruit
Let us now determine the free volume of the layer
and is 21.5% of the section of the chamber [18].
VKΣ. The layout of grapes in the layer, taking into
Let us now determine the volume of the free section
account the assumptions made above, is shown in Figure
2, including the dimensions of the chamber section, the SKΣ = a  b. By Spr analogy with the method for
height of the layer [10–13]. determining the free section, we have:

2
BIO Web of Conferences 103, 00026 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300026
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VK  Vl  Vpr , n  n1  n2  n3 
(12)
where Vl is the total volume of the layer Vl = a  b  l, Vpr 2  m  1   n  1   m  1 n  1 .
is the volume occupied by the product in the layer.
It is known that Vpr Vr  ma  mb  ml , or As follows from Figure 2, we have three types of
channels (n1, n2, n3) whose areas are related as 1: 2:4.
4 For m, n 30, it follows from (12) that neglecting channels
Vl   r 3 allows obtaining
3 like n1 and n2 will introduce an error not exceeding 1.5–
 2%. Thus:
VK  Vl  V pr  a  b  l (1  ). (8) n  m  1 n  1 ; (13)
6

SKΣ a  b  (1  4 ) (14)
3 Computational study 
SK  .
n  m  1 n  1
Based on it, it follows that the volume occupied by the Substituting instead of m and n their values
product in the layer, Vpr, and hence also the free volume
VKΣ do not depend on the size of an individual product 
 a B  and taking into account
m  , n 
and amount to 52.3% and 47.6% of the total volume of  2r 2r 
the layer, respectively. Knowing the total weight of the  d K2 , we get:
product and its density, we can determine the volume S K 
occupied by the product:
4
Ppr 4500g 
V   3000cm3. (1  )
pr
P 1.5g/cm3 d K  d pr  2 4  0.522  d  2. (15)
The effective length (thickness) of the product layer,  pr

as follows from (8), is equal to: If determined by the formula d  4S K , SK is the

K
Vpr  6 U
l 1.74cm. area and U is the premium channel. Then:
 a b

dK 0.217  dpr .
The total volume of the layer Vsl is equal to: a  b  l =
60 cm  55 cm  1.74 cm = 5279 cm3 and a free volume Substituting the values into (2.37) and (2.39) dpr = 1.6
VKΣ is equal to: сm, a = 60 cm, B = 55 cm we get:
  a  B 
VK  a  b  l (1  )  5729.5  1  0.4764   2729 cm3. n   1  1 1218.
6  d pr  d pr 
On the other hand, we can write that:   
VK  SK  lK  n. (9) If according to the formula d  4SK is transformed
eq
From (1) and (9) it is possible to determine the speed U
of air movement in the channel K: tо deq = 0.271 dpr
  SK dK = 0.522  1.6 = 0.592 cm, dKE = 0.271  1.6 = 0.434
K
  lK . (10) cm
VK Based on the obtained data, the pressure drop P in the
The analysis shows that expression (1.10) is more layer can be calculated from (15) [22].
applicable when we have several product layers on one The equation (16) includes the friction coefficient ƛ,
shelf. In the case when we have one layer of the product, the value of which, depending on the number Re, is
it is more correct to find the speed of movement of the equal to:
product along the free section SKΣ [19–21]. 0.3164
Substituted in (1) the value of SK  n equal to SKΣ, we  ,
Re0.25
get:
Re > 3 · 103….1 · 105
S  a b  (11)
K
   . 
64
at Re < 3 103 (16)
SK   ,
a  b  (1  ) (1  ) Re
4 4 for the obtained values at kinematic humidity.
For the received values K and dK at kinematic
From (11) it follows that, regardless of the humidity of air V = 19 · 10-6 mg/s, the Re number is:
dimensions, there is a constancy of the ratio of velocities
in the chamber and channel for the case of one product 0.592 102  3.63
 Re  1131.
layer. At W = 0.78 m/s (one layer), we get: 19 106
K 0.78  0.215 3.63 m/s. Assuming that the free section consists of cylindrical
From geometric relationships, we can also determine channels and supplying the obtained values of the
the effective channel diameter and the number of parameters in (2), we obtain:
channels in the layer n. lK 2
P    P K  1.3 Pa
From Figure 2 it follows that the total number of dK 2
channels in one layer of the product is equal.

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BIO Web of Conferences 103, 00026 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300026
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For dKE P 2.42 Pa. P  28.8 pa.

1
This differs significantly from the experimental If we consider the resistance in each local layer, then
values; hence it follows that the resistance in the free the calculated value of P2p is equal to:
section of the layer is local [23].
22
In the first approximation, the air passes from the P2p  2  ℥M  
21.8 pa.
chamber with a cross-sectional area S through the 2
diaphragm with an area Sg and then again through a Calculations and experiments, taking into account the
chamber with an area S. accepted assumptions, coincide (an error in determining
Since there are expressions in the literature only for a the speed of 0.1 m/s leads to an error in determining P of
separate aperture, we will assume that the areas S and Sg 33%).
represent the total area of the chamber S and the free For three layers: (𝜔𝜔3 = 0.62 m/s):
section (SkΣ) or take into account [3]:   
P3 E  К L20  L23  3.54  105 1.41 106  736.62  30.7 pa 
2
and the calculated value P3 (P3p) is:
℥M = ℥cm  SK   K  S 
 1 . (17)
   32
 S     SK  P3 p 3  ℥M  P 
29.75 pa.
In the first approximation in (17), it is assumed that: 2
For four shelves from graph 𝜔𝜔4 = 0.58 m/s, or
℥cm = 0; K  1, or considering S 1

SK 0.215
;   
P3 К L20  L24  3.54  105 1.41  106  6892  33 pa. 
The calculated value of p is:
2
℥cm =  1 
 1  43. Pp 4  ℥M P
42 0.336
  4.34  1.2  34.7 pa.
 0.215  0.616  2 2
The pressure drop with local resistances is generally For five layers: (𝜔𝜔5 = 0.54 m/s), or:
equal to:   
P3 К L20  L25  3.54  105 1.41 106  641.52  35.34 pa.
℥M   (18)
2
P   2
0.542

2 Pp 5  ℥M P 5
5.34  1.2 37.6 pa.
2 2
Substituting into (2.42) the values 𝜌𝜌 = 1.2 kg/m3, 𝜔𝜔 The speed of air movement in one layer of the
= 0.78 m/s, we get P  15.7 Pa. This value is product, as shown above, does not depend on the size of
experimental P  19 Pa). The error is mainly due to the the product, with the formulas for local resistances; we
fact that in the calculation it is assumed that the products will assume that formula (11).
are located in one layer [24].
Let us now determine from the condition of the
balance of air flow in the chamber and layer (1) the 4 Conclusion
effective velocity of air movement in the channels to:
The results of computational and experimental studies
S 0.78  3300  4
K
   3.8 m/s, have shown the possibility of determining the true speed
Sk  n 1218  3.14  0.5922 of drying of various products, as well as determining the
dKE  0.217  dpr 0.434 cm; necessary number of shelves with products, using the
obtained dependencies for hydraulic and thermal
KE  14.3 m/s. calculation of dryers [25].
The value  = 3.8 m/s characterizes the average The results of computational and experimental
speed in the channel, and KE is the maximum speed in studies have shown the possibility of determining the
the smallest section. true speed of drying of various products, as well as
It follows that the number Re in the layer has a value determining the necessary number of shelves with
from 2400 to 3200, i.e., the nature of air movement in products, using the obtained dependencies for hydraulic
the channels can be considered close to laminar. and thermal calculation of dryers.
And finally, the total surface area of the product In particular, for all the studied products there is a
layer is equal to: clear boundary between the drying periods, it is shown
P  3V  2 P that with an increase in the drying temperature, the
Spp  4 rpr2   4  pr     11200 cm 2 boundary of the first period comes at a higher humidity,
mpr  4  3 mpr it is also obtained that the absolute rate of drying of the
The obtained parameters make it possible to products remains practically constant throughout the
determine the true drying rates of the product in one entire drying process.
layer of the product, which is usually the case in The dependences obtained are presented in a form
practice. convenient for practical use as a function of the
Let us now consider the case when there are two temperature of the drying agent.
shelves with products in the chamber: KE = 0.65 m/s.
Total pressure drop – P  1.4 cm.
P
2 
K L20  L22 
5
3.54 10 pа  m /s; L0 
K  S  3600 
3
1113 m3 /s;

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BIO Web of Conferences 103, 00026 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300026
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