ILLUMINATION

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 Lighting Design
Primarily, lighting design serves to provide
suitable visual conditions for the building
occupants. The goal is to provide “the right light
at the right time at the right place” to obtain
good:
• Visual conditions to perform tasks even under
difficult circumstances and during longer
periods.
• Visual comfort that provides a sense of well-
being and contributes to higher
performance.

The visual performance for positions/objects in

the room depends especially on:
• The illuminance which is a measure of the
amount of light incident on a surface or
plane. The measurement unit is lux.
• The luminance which is a measure of the
amount of light in a given direction. The
measurement unit is candela per square
meter (cd/m2)
• If the object is three-dimensional and/or
colored
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Illumination Engineering
In order to have a Good Lighting system:
- is a branch of engineering that deals with
• Adequate light source of suitable color on
planning the lighting systems of new
the working surface
buildings and outdoor areas (as streets,
parking lots) and the study and correction • Good maintenance
of old lighting installations. It deals with • Minimum hard shadows and glares
• Science and Economics A good lighting system ensures increased
• Physiology of eye production, effectively of work & reduced
accidents.
• Peculiarities of our seeing process
• Psychological effects Standards used in Illumination Engineering:
• Illumination Engineering Society of North
Poor Lighting can cause:
America (IESNA) develops and publishes
• Eye strain lighting standards and collaborates with
• Headache the International Commission on
Illumination (ICI) to promote uniformity of
• Accidents due to insufficient lighting
illumination standards worldwide.
• Glare
• BS EN 12464 and the Society of Light and
Lighting’s (SLL) Code for Lighting.
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 Lighting Design
 Different Types of Lighting
b) Localized Lighting
a) General Lighting
Consists of ceiling-mounted luminaires at
Usually consists of ceiling mounted each work station that provide the
luminaires placed with the same distance necessary task illuminance plus sufficient
between them and half the distance to broad light distribution for walking areas.
the wall. It provides the required Compared to general lighting, the energy
illuminance all over and complete consumption is lower but there is reduced
furnishing flexibility. The overall flexibility in placing the work stations. It also
appearance might not be appealing and includes decorative lighting e.g. to display
energy consumption is higher than for the architectural details and paintings.
other types of lighting as the lighting is not
adapted to different needs in the room.
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 Lighting Design
c) Local Lighting
This types includes lighting that can be
moved around along with work stations
plus general lighting for walking areas. The
benefits are:
1) flexible placement of work stations,
2) better energy efficiency than for solely
general lighting, and
3) the staff can control all their own lighting
(some of the localized lighting might be
shared by workers).

Local lighting can refer to table lamps, up-

lighters and built into furniture where LED
lighting is suitable due to the smaller size.
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 Lighting Design
• Luminous Intensity: Luminous intensity in any
 Important Terminologies given direction is the luminous flux emitted
• Light: It is defined as the radiation energy by the source per unit solid angle,
from a hot body which produces the visual measured in the direction in which the
sensation upon the human eye. It is usually intensity is required. It is denoted by symbol
denoted by Q, expressed in lumen-hour I and is measured in candela(cd) or
and is analogous to watt-hour. lumen/steradian (lm/sr).

• Luminous Flux: it is the total quantity of light If F is the luminous flux radiated out by
energy radiated per second from a source within a solid angle of ω steradian in
luminous body. It is represented by symbol F any particular direction then I = F/ω
or φ and is measured in lumens. Defined as lumen/steradian (lm/sr) or candela (cd).
the flux contained per unit solid angle of a • Lumen: : Lumen is the unit of luminous flux
source of one candle or standard candle. and is defined as the amount of luminous
1 lumen = 0.0016 watt (approx.) flux given out in a space represented by
one unit of solid angle by a source having
an intensity of one candle power in all
directions.
Lumens = (candle power) x (solid angle)
= cp x ω
Total lumens given out by source of one
candela is 4π lumens.
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 Lighting Design
• Lux or Meter Candle: It is the unit of
• Candle Power: : Candle power is the light illumination and is defined as the luminous
radiating capacity of a source in a given flux falling per square meter on the surface
direction and is defined as the number of which is everywhere perpendicular to the
rays of light from a source of one candle
lumens given out by the source in a unit
power and one meter away from it.
solid angle in a given direction. It is denoted
by a symbol C.P. • Foot Candle: it is also the unit of illumination
and is defined as the luminous flux falling
C.P. = lumens/ω per square foot on the surface which is
• Illumination: When the light falls upon any everywhere perpendicular to the rays of
surface, the phenomenon is called the light from a source of one candle power
and one foot away from it.
illumination. It is defined as the number of
lumens, falling on the surface, per unit area. 1 foot-candle = 1 lumen/ft2
It is denoted by symbol E and is measured in = 10.76 meter candle or lux
lumens per square meter or meter-candle • Candle (Candela): It is the unit of luminous
or lux. intensity. It is defined as 1/60th of the
If a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of area luminous intensity per cm2 of a black body
A, then the illumination of that surface is radiator at the temperature of solidification
of platinum (2043 K). A source of one
E = F/A lumens/m2 or lux candela (cd) emits one lumen per
steradian (lm/sr).
Total flux emitted by it all round is 4 π × 1 =
4π lumen
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 Lighting Design
• Lamp Efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of
• Mean Horizontal Candle Power: (MHCP): It is the luminous flux to the power input. It is
defined as the mean of candle powers in expressed in lumens per watt (lm/W).
all directions in the horizontal plane Lamp Efficiency = Luminous / Power Input
containing the source of light.
• Specific Consumption: It is defined as the
• Mean Spherical Candle Power: (MSCP): It is ratio of the power input to the average
defined as the mean of the candle powers candle power. It is expressed in watt per
in all directions and in all planes from the candela.
source of light.
• Luminance: is defined as the luminous
MSCP = total flux in lumens / 4π
intensity per unit projected area of either a
• Mean Hemispherical Candle Power: surface source of light or a reflecting
(MHSCP): It is defined as the mean of surface and is denoted by L.
candle powers in all directions above or If a surface area A has an effective
below the horizontal plane passing through luminous intensity of I candelas in a
the source of light. direction θ to the normal, than the
MHSCP = flux emitted in a hemisphere / 2π luminance of that surface is
• Reduction Factor: Reduction factor of a L = I / A Cosθ
source of light is the ratio of its mean The unit of Luminance is candela/m2 (nits),
spherical candle power to its mean candela/cm2 (stilb) or candela/ft2
horizontal candle power.
Reduction Factor = MSCP / MHCP
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 Lighting Design
• Maintenance Factor (MF): It is he ratio of
• Space to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR): it is illumination under normal working
defined as the ratio of distance between conditions to the illumination when the
adjacent lamps and height of their things are perfectly clean is known as
mounting. maintenance factor. The value of MF is
SHR = S / HM , SHR = (1 / HM) x sq. root (A / N) always less than 1.

S - horizontal distance between 2 lamps Due to the accumulation of dust, dirt and
smoke on the emit less light than they emit
HM - mounting height of lamps above
when clean.
working plane
A – total floor area MF = illumination under normal working
conditions / illumination when
N – number of luminaires everything is clean
• Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Utilization Greater if the lamp fittings are cleaned
(UF): It is the ratio of total lumens reaching regularly (0.8).
the working plane to total lumens given out
by the lamp. If much dust is accumulated, it is 0.6.
Indicates the effectiveness of the lighting • Depreciation Factor: is merely reverse of
scheme. the maintenance factor and is defined as
UF = total lumens reaching the working the ratio of the initial meter-candles to the
plane / total lumens given out by the ultimate maintained meter-candles on the
lamp working plane. Its value is more than 1.
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 Lighting Design
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 Lighting Design
• Reflection Factor: The ratio of luminous flux
leaving the surface to the luminous flux
incident on it.
Value will be always less than 1.
• Room Index: Ratio of the sum of the plan
areas of the Floor Cavity and surfaces
(Ceiling Cavity) to the area of the Wall.
Measure of the angular size of the room.
For rectangular rooms the room index is
given by:
RI = (L x W )/ (L + W) HM
L – length of the room
W – width of the room
HM - mounting height of lamps above
working plane
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 Lighting Design
• Solid Angle: : Solid angle is the angle
• Plane Angle: A plane angle is the angle subtended at a point in space by an area,
subtended at a point in a plane by two i.e., the angle enclosed in the volume
converging lines. It is denoted by the Greek formed by numerous lines lying on the
letter ‘θ’ (theta) and is usually measured in surface and meeting at the point. It is
degrees or radians. usually denoted by symbol ‘ω’ and is
θ = arc / Radius measured in steradian.
ω = Area / R2

The largest solid angle subtended at the

center of a sphere,
• Steradian: It is the unit of solid angle and is
defined as the solid angle that subtends a ω = Area of sphere/ R2
surface on the sphere equivalent to the = 4𝜋 𝑟 2/ r2
square of the radius.
ω = 4𝜋 steradians
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 Lighting Design
 Basic Parameters in Lighting Design Luminous Intensity
Luminous Flux The luminous intensity describes the quantity
The luminous flux describes the quantity of of light that is radiated in a particular
light emitted by a light source. direction. This is a useful measurement for
directive lighting elements such as reflectors.
The luminous efficiency is the ratio of the It is represented by the luminous intensity
luminous flux to the electrical power distribution curve (LDC).
consumed (lm/W). It is a measure of a light
source’s economic efficiency.
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 Lighting Design
 Basic Parameters in Lighting Design Luminance
Illuminance Luminance is the only basic lighting
Illuminance describes the quantity of parameter that is perceived by the eye.
luminous flux falling on a surface. Relevant It describes on the one hand a light source’s
standards specify the required illuminance. impression of brightness, and on the other, a
surface and therefore depends to a large
extent on the degree of reflection (color and
surface).
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 Lighting Design
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 Lighting Design
The foot-candle is an important unit of measure
 Lighting Calculations in the desired illumination and layout of fixtures.
• Illuminance calculation example: In the absence of foot-candle table for a
particular fixture, a rule of thumb of 10-30-50
1. A 40 W fluorescent lamp, 40 inches long, illumination level is presented below.
produces 3200 lumen of light in a room
with a general dimension of 10 ft by 20 ft. 10 – foot-candle is adequate for halls and
Find the illumination on the floor. corridors
30 – foot-candle is sufficient for areas between
Solution:
workstations such as in offices other than
desk areas
50 – foot-candle is satisfactory on spaces where
office work is being done
However, providing an adequate quantity of
light alone is not a guarantee for an efficient
and comfortable vision. The luminance of a
diffusely reflecting surface is equal to the
product of the illumination and the reflectance.
Thus,
Luminance = Illumination x Reflectance factor
Footlambert = Foot-candle x Reflectance factor
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 Lighting Design
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 Lighting Design
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 Lighting Design
Lambert is defined as the luminance, or
2. From example # 1, find the luminance .if brightness of a surface reflecting, transmitting or
the reflectance factor of the wall is 40% emitting one lumen per square centimeter.
Solution: Millilambert is more conveniently used than the
lambert because the value is greater than what
is usually encountered.

Table of Comparison of Units

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 Lighting Design
3. Compute the brightness of a fixture with 1 ft x 4. A room with an area of 6m × 9 m is
4 ft plastic diffuser having a transmittance of illuminated by ten 80-W lamps. The luminous
0.6 and illuminated by 2 pieces of 3200 lumen efficiency of the lamp is 80 lumens/W and
lamp, assuming 100% use of light flux. the coefficient of utilization is 0.65. Find the
average illumination.
Solution:
Solution:
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 Lighting Design
Normally, lighting fixture manufacturer provides
 Lighting Calculations the data with respect to spacing and mounting
• Space to Mounting Height calculation ratio. In the event that data are not provided by
example: the manufacturer, table below can be used:

5. A room with a ceiling height of 3 m is to

be illuminated with direct concentrating Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio
lamp. What is the maximum lamp fixture
spacing?
Solution:
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 Lighting Design
6. A warehouse will install pendant dome
incandescent lamps at SHR of 1.50. the
lamp will be mounted on a grid
measuring 5 m x 5 m. what is the
minimum mounting height of the lamps?
Solution:
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 Lighting Design
 Lumen Method Calculation • Considering the Utilization Factor (UF) and
• This method offers a much more simplified Light Loss Factor (LLF).
way of calculating average uniform E = (F x UF x LLF) /A
illuminance level on a plane in interiors.
where:
• In many applications complete information
F – initial lamp lumens
regarding the task location or the type of
activities may not be readily available. UF – Utilization Factor
• In such cases it is necessary to provide an LLF – Light Loss Factor
average uniform lighting throughout the A – Area in sq. meter
room.
• This method takes into account the effects LLF (Light Loss Factor):
of surface reflectance and offers a
simplified and accurate method of quantity • Ratio of the illuminance produced by the
evaluation for interiors. lighting installation at the some specified time
to the illuminance produced by the same
• This method is developed from the basic installation when new
definition of Lux – One lux is the illuminance
on a surface of one square meter having a
light flux of one lumen.
E = F/A (in lumens/m2 or lux)
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 Lighting Design
• Allows for the effects such as decrease in light Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF):
output caused by: • Proportion of initial light output of a lamp
- the fall in lamp luminous flux with hours of use produced after a set time to those produced
LLMF – Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor when new.
- the deposition of dirt on luminaire • Allows for the decline in the lumen output from a
LMF – Luminaire Maintenance Factor lamp with age
- reflectance of room surfaces over time • Determined by:
RSMF – Room Surface Maintenance Factor - Consulting the lamp manufacturer’s catalog for
a lumen depreciation chart.
MF = LLMF x LMF x RSMF
- Dividing the maintained lumens by the initial
Thus, lamps.
E = (F x UF x MF) /A
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 Lighting Design

Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF):

• The proportion of the illuminance provided
by the lighting installation in a room after a
set time compared with that occurred
when the room was clean.
• Takes into account the dirt accumulates on
room surfaces and reduces surface
reflectance.
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 Lighting Design
Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF):
• Proportion of light output from a luminaire
after a set time to the initial output from a
lamp after a set time.
• Constitutes the greatest loss in light output
• Mainly due to the accumulation of
atmospheric dirt.
• Factors determine LMF:
- Type of luminaire
- Atmospheric conditions
- Maintenance level
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 Lighting Design
 Lumen Method Calculation • Now, considering all the factors (utilization
• In case of more than one light source in a and maintenance), number of luminaires, and
room, the expression is modified as, the number of lamps per luminaire, the Lumen
method can be re-written as,
E = (F x N x n) / A
E = (F x N x n x UF x MF) / A
where:
where:
N – Number of Luminaire
E – Average Luminance
n – number of lamps per luminaire
F – initial lamp lumens
F – initial lamp lumens N – Number of Luminaire
A – Area in sq. meter n – number of lamps per luminaire
UF – Utilization Factor
MF – Maintenance Factor
A – Area of the horizontal working plane
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 Lighting Design
 Steps in Lumen Method Calculation 9. Transverse spacing between luminaires
1. Find the required lux level Transverse spacing = width of the room / no.
2. Select luminaire of luminaire per row
3. Determine room index
Sample problem:
4. Determine number of fixtures
1. An office has dimension 20m x 10m x 3m.
5. Determine minimum spacing between Ceiling to desk height is 2m. Area to be
luminaires illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin
6. Determine number of required rows of lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with a SHR of 1.25.
luminaire along the width of the room Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per
No. of required rows = width of the room / watt. Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilization
minimum spacing factor is 0.69. Design a lighting system for this
office.
7. Determine number of luminaire per row
No. of luminaire per row = total luminaire /
no. of rows
8. Axial spacing along luminaire
Axial spacing = length of the room / no. of
luminaire per row
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