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Transcription and Translation 2

The document discusses protein synthesis, which involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and copies DNA information into mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes, using mRNA as a template to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

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19 views21 pages

Transcription and Translation 2

The document discusses protein synthesis, which involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and copies DNA information into mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes, using mRNA as a template to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

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Transcription & Translation

Protein Synthesis
• Genes direct the production of proteins-
determine the characteristics of organisms.
• Proteins drive cellular processes such as metabolism
• Metabolism- all chemical reactions involved in
maintaining the living state of the cells and the
organism.

Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two


categories:
• Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain
energy
• Anabolism – the synthesis of all compounds needed
by cells
The Central Dogma
• An organism’s genome is housed within the nucleus.
Proteins are synthesized outside the nucleus, in the
cytoplasm, on ribosomes.
• Since information for protein synthesis is specified by
DNA (called the one gene-one polypeptide
hypothesis), and DNA is not able to exist outside the
nucleus, a problem exists as to how the blueprint of
life is brought to the ribosomes.
DNA is too valuable to be allowed to exit the
nucleus. This could lead to the death of the cell
and possible the death of the organism.

- use of mRNA provides protection for the genetic


information contained in DNA.

- more protein can be made simultaneously


because many mRNA copies of a gene can be
made.

-Each mRNA can be translated many times.


mRNA delivers the encoded genetic
information to the ribosomes.

Ribosomes translate the message into


polypeptide chains, which are processed
into proteins.

This entire sequence is described as the


Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
first stated by Francis Crick in 1958.
Transcription vs Translation
Transcription involves the copying of the
information in DNA into mRNA.

Translation involves ribosomes using the


Messenger RNA as a blueprint to synthesize
a protein composed of amino acids.
Transcription

Transcription

Nucleus Location
Template
DNA
(What is read)
To change DNA into a form that
Purpose
can make a protein

Messenger RNA Outcome


(mRNA) (End result)
Translation

Translation

Location Cytoplasm (by ribosome)


Template
mRNA
(What is read)
Amino acids assembled in particular
Purpose
order to make a protein
Outcome
Protein (polypeptide)
(End result)
Central Dogma

•In nucleus

•Produced in nucleus
•Travels to cytoplasm

•Produced in cytoplasm
3 types of RNA:
Messenger RNA: mRNA
Copy of DNA brought to ribosome- translated into
protein by tRNA & rRNA
Varies in length, the
longer the gene the
longer the mRNA.
Transfer RNA: tRNA
Brings the amino acid
to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA: rRNA
Most RNA in cells is
associated with
ribosomes- the site of
translation.
Translation: ‘new language’
Initiation:
•Ribosome binds at a specific sequence on the
mRNA.
•Ribosome moves along the mRNA three
nucleotides at a time- called a codon.

Each codon codes for an amino acid. Why?

There are only 4 bases but 20 amino acids.


41 = 4 (1 base=1 acid) 42 = 16 43 = 64
AUG codon codes for Methionine amino
acid but it also indicates the start of a
translation.

Some amino acids are coded for by two or


more codons but a given codon ALWAYS
only codes for one amino acid.

Example:
GAA and GAG both code for glutamic acid
Elongation:
•Ribosome moves along mRNA from mRNA
5’ end (3 nucleotides of mRNA = codon =
amino acid)
•tRNA delivers the proper complimentary
amino acid to the ribosome by matching
anticodons that attach to the mRNA.
Example: UUU codon on a mRNA binds to
a tRNA with an AAA anticodon
Ribosome links adjacent amino acids with a peptide
bond, causing the amino acid to let go of it tRNA.

Finished protein
has a sequence
of amino acids
that have been
determined by
the mRNA base
sequence which
has been
translated by the
tRNA.
Elongation occurs until a stop signal occurs.

•Termination:-

1. Ribosome reaches stop codon

2. Ribosome falls off mRNA

3. Protein (polypeptide chain) is released


Start and Stop Codons

Start Codon:
•Begins translation
•AUG (universal start codon)
• ALSO Codes for methionine (Met)
•Can also start with GUG or UUG

Stop Codon:
•Ends translation
•UGA, UAA, UAG
Example
• DNA template:
3’ TAC ACA CGG AAT GGG TAA AAA ACT 5’

• Complimentary DNA
• Read from DNA template (start reading at 3’)
• mRNA codon
• Read from DNA template (start reading at 3’)
• tRNA anticodon
• Read from mRNA
• Amino Acids (protein)
• Read from mRNA
Change in 3rd Base May Not Result in Error

•Why not?
•Amino acids have more than one codon

•Example: proline
•Codons CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG
•CC - always codes for proline
•Third base/nucleotide does not matter
Anticodons

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