ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

Chapter 2
Application of Integration
2.0 Introduction

dy
When we have function y ( x ) and differentiate to obtain . The reverse process from derivatives
dx
to obtain y ( x ) is called integration. It is also called as antiderivatives. Application of integration
are numerous. In this chapter we will focus on application of integration in real life. Below are the
listing of applications of integration in this chapter:
i. Rae of Region
ii. Volumes of Cylindrical Shells
iii. Arc Length

2.1 Area of Region

In this section we are going to look at finding the area between two curves. There are actually two
cases that we are going to be looking at.
2.1.1 Area of enclosed regions using vertical cross section on the x –axis.
2.1.2 Area of enclosed regions using horizontal cross section on the y –axis
2.1.1 Area of enclosed regions using vertical cross section on the x –axis.

The area of a region bounded above by the function y  f ( x) and

below function g ( x) , for a  x  b , is given by:
b b
 Upper   Lower  
A    f ( x )  g ( x )  dx       dx
a a   Function   Function 
Steps to calculate the area:
1. Sketch the graph and determine bounded region
2. Determine the upper function f ( x ) and lower function g ( x)
3. Determine the boundaries a and b from x-axis.
4. Set up the formula, f ( x)  g ( x) .
5. Integrate to find the area of bounded region

Example 2.1
Determine the area of region bounded by the curve y  x 2  1 and line y  x  3 .

Step 1 Sketch the graph and determine bounded region

y  x  3  Linear Graph, y-intercept=3

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y  x2  1
 a  1  0,

 b 0
  Vertex: x      0, y  (0) 2  1  1
 2a 1
 Vertex  ( x, y )  (0,1)


Step 2: Determine the upper function f ( x ) and lower function g ( x)

f ( x)  x  3 (Upper Function)
g ( x)  x 2  1 (Lower Function)

Step 3: Determine the boundaries a (lower boundary)and b (higher boundary)

To find intersection points identify the intersect function
f ( x )  g ( x )  x  3  x 2  1
x2  x  2  0
Thus the a  1 and b  2
( x  1)( x  2)  0
x1  1, x2  2

Step 4: Set up the formula, f ( x)  g ( x) .

f ( x)  g ( x)  ( x  3)  ( x 2  1)   x 2  x  2

Step 5: Integrate to find the area of bounded region

A    f ( x )  g ( x )  dx
a
2

  (  x 2  x  2) dx
1
2
x3 x 2  23 2 2   ( 1)3 ( 1) 2 
   2x      2(2)       2( 1) 
3 2 1  3 2   3 2 
10  7  9
    units 2
3  6 2

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2.1.2 Area of enclosed regions using horizontal cross section on the y –axis

The area of a region bounded right by the function x  f ( y ) and left

function g ( y ) , for c  y  d , is given by:
d d
 Right   Left 
A    f ( y )  g ( y )  dy       dy
c c   Function   Function 
Steps to calculate the area:
1. Sketch the graph and determine bounded region
2. Determine the right function f ( y ) and left function g ( y )
3. Determine the boundaries c and d from y-axis
4. Set up the formula, f ( y )  g ( y) .
5. Integrate to find the area of bounded region

Example 2.2
Determine the area of region bounded by the curve x  y 2  4 y and line x  5  2 y .

Step 1: Sketch the graph and determine bounded region

 a  1  0,


 Vertex: y  
b 4
  2,
x  y 2  4 y   2a 2
 x  (2) 2  4(2)  4


 Vertex  ( x, y )  (2.  4)

x5
x  5  2 y  y 
2
(Linear Graph, y-intercept= 2.5

Step 2: Determine the right function f ( y ) and left function g ( y )

f ( y)  2 y  5
g ( y)  y 2  4 y

Step 3: Determine the boundaries c and d from y-axis.

f ( y )  g ( y )  2 y  5  y 2  4 y
y2  6 y  5  0
( y  5)( y  1)  0
y  1, y  5
Thus c  1 , and d = 5

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Step 4: Set up the formula, f ( y )  g ( y) .

 2 y  5  ( y 2  4 y)
  y2  6 y  5

Step 5: Integrate to find the area of bounded region

d

A    f ( y )  g ( y )  dy
c
5

  (  y 2  6 y  5) dy
1
5
y3
  3y2  5 y
3 1

 53   13 
    3(5) 2  5(5)      3(1) 2  5(1) 
 3   3 
25  7 
  
3 3
32
 units 2
3

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Exercise 2.1

Find the area bounded by curve y  2 x 2  10 and line y  4 x  16 .

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Exercise 2.2

Determine the area bounded by x   y 2  8 y  12 and x  y  6 .

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Exercise 2.3 Exercise 2.4

1 2 Find the area enclosed by y  2  x  x 2 and
Determine the area bounded by x  y 3
2 y  x 1  0
and y  x  1

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Exercise 2.5

Find the area bounded by the curve x    y  3   2 , the y  axis,

2

(i) lines y  0 and y  4

(ii) lines y  4 and y  5

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Exercise 2.6 Exercise 2.7

Sketch graphs of y  2 x  x 2 and Diagram below show the curve
y  2 x  1. hence, find the area of the x   y  1 y  4  . Find the area of shaded
region bounded two graphs. region.

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Exercise 2.8
Diagram below shows the curve and line. Based on the diagram below:

(i) State the coordinates for points P, Q and R.

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region

(ii) 27.5 unit2

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Exercise 2.9

Find the area of region enclosed by curves x  y 2  2 and x  y .

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2.2 Volumes of Cylindrical Shells.

Find the volume of a solid of revolution generated by revolving a region bounded by the graph of
a function around one of the axes using definite integrals and the method of cylindrical shells
where the integration is perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

2.2.1 Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around y-axis.

2.2.2 Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around x-axis.

2.2.1 Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around y-axis.

R is bounded region by the graph of functions f ( x) (upper function) and g ( x) (lower function)
over the interval  a , b  and revolved at y – axis.

Thus the volume of solid is given by:

b

V  2 x   f ( x )  g ( x )  dx
a

Steps to calculate the volume bounded region revolved at y – axis

1. Sketch the graph and determine bounded region
2. From the bounded region, determine the upper function f ( x ) and lower function
g ( x)
3. Determine the end points a and b from x-axis.
4. Set up the formula, f ( x)  g ( x) .
5. Calculate the volume using the formula
b

V  2 x   f ( x )  g ( x )  dx
a

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2.2.2 Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around x-axis.

R is bounded region by the graph of functions f ( y ) (right function) and g ( y ) (left function) over
the interval  c , d  and revolved at x – axis.

Thus the volume of solid is given by:

d

V  2 y   f ( y )  g ( y )  dy
c

Steps to calculate the volume bounded region revolved at y – axis

1. Sketch the graph and determine bounded region
2. From the bounded region, determine the right function f ( y ) and left function g ( y )
3. Determine the end points c and d from y – axis.
4. Set up the formula, f ( y )  g ( y) .
5. Calculate the volume using the formula
d

V  2 y   f ( y )  g ( y )  dy
c

Example 2.3. (Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around y-axis.)

Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by the curve y  4 x  x 2 and line y  3 revolved about the y-axis

Step 1: Sketch the graph and determine bounded region

Quadratic 
y  4x  x2  
 Vertex  (2, 4)

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Step 2: From the bounded region, determine the upper function f ( x ) and lower function
g ( x) .

Upper function: f ( x)  4 x  x 2
Lower Function: g ( x)  3

Step 3: Determine the end points a and b from x-axis.

f ( x)  g ( x)
4x  x2  3
x2  4x  3  0
( x  1)( x  3)  0
x  1, x  3
Thus a  1 and b  3 .

Step 4: Set up the formula, f ( x)  g ( x) .

f ( x)  g ( x)
 4x  x2  3

Step 5: Calculate the volume using the formula.

b

V  2 x   f ( x )  g ( x )  dx
a
3

 2 x  (4 x  x 2  3) dx
1
3

 2  (4 x 2  x 3  3 x ) dx
1
3
 4 x3 x 4 3x 2 
 2    
 3 4 2 1
 9  5 
 2      
 4  12  
16
 unit 3
3

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Example 2.4. (Cylindrical Shells between Functions of Revolution around x-axis.)

Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
x2
by functions y  and y  x revolved about the x-axis.
4

Step 1: Sketch the graph and determine bounded region

x 2 Quadratic, 
y 
4  Vertex= (0,0)

 Linear
y  x
 y  intercept=0

Step 2: From the bounded region, determine the right function f ( y ) and left function g ( y )
.
*Equation in convert in term of y. (Make x as a subject)

x2
y  x  4 y Right Function: f ( y)  4 y
4
y  x  x  y Left Function: g ( y)  y

Step 3: Determine the end points c and d from y-axis.

f ( y)  g ( y)
4y  y
4 y  y2
y2  4 y  0
y ( y  4)  0
y  0, y  4

Thus c  0 and d  4 .

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Step 4: Set up the formula, f ( y )  g ( y) .

f ( y)  g ( y)
4y  y

Step 5:Calculate the volume using the formula.

d

V  2 y   f ( y )  g ( y )  dy
c

 
4

 2  y 4 y  y dy
0
4 3

 2  (2 y 2  y 2 )dy
0
4
 4 y 52 y3 
 2   
 5 3
0
 64 
 2   0
 15 
128
  unit 3
15

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Exercise 2.10
Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by the curve y  4 x and line y  2 x revolved about the y-axis.

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Exercise 2.11
Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by the curves y  x 2 and y  x revolved about the y-axis.

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Exercise 2.12
Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by functions y  x 2 , y  0 and x  2 revolved about the x-axis.

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Exercise 2.13
Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by functions y  x , y  0 and x  4 revolved about the x-axis.

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Exercise 2.14
Use cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
by functions y  x 2 and x  2 y revolved about the y-axis.

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Exercise 2.15

Find the volume of the region bounded by curve y  x 2  5 x , y  4  x 2 , x  2 and x  0 when

it is revolved about y  axis.

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2.3 Arc Length

In this section, we use definite integrals to find the arc length of a curve. Many real-world
applications involve arc length. If a rocket is launched along a parabolic path, we might want to
know how far the rocket travels.
We begin by calculating the arc length of curves defined as functions of x, then we examine the
same process for curves defined as functions of y . (The process is identical, with the roles of x
and y reversed.)

2.3.1 Arc Length of the Curve at x  axis.

Let f ( x ) be a function that derivatives f '( x) on the closed interval [ a, b] .

The arc length L of f ( x ) over the interval [ a, b] is

given by:

b 2
 dy 
L 1    dx
a  dx 

2.3.2. Arc Length of the Curve at y  axis.

Let f ( y ) be a function that derivatives f '( y ) on the closed

interval [c, d ] .

The arc length L of f ( y ) over the interval [c, d ] is given

by:

2
 dx 
b

L 1    dy
a  dy 

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Example 2.5
3
Find the arc length of the curve, y  3 x 2
 1 between interval x = 0 and x =1.

Solution:
3
y  3x 2
1

 
9 12  9 12 
2
 9  2 1 2  81
y   x   y '    x     x 2
2
 x
2 2   2   4

81
1  [ y ] 2  1  x
4

1 81x 81x du 81
L  0
1
4
dx Solve the integration by substitution method u  1 
4

dx

4
.

1 1 4
L  0
u 2
81
du

4 1 12
81 0
 u du
1
1  3

4 2 2 
3
4  2  81x  2 
  u   1  
81  3  0 81  3  4  
 0
 3
3 
8   81  2 
  1    1 2 
243   4 
 
 3.19

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Exercise 2.16 Exercise 2.17

Calculate the arc length of the curve y  x

32 Determine the length of the curve
3
from x = 0 to x = 5. ( x 2  2) 2
y from x  3 to x  4 .
3

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Exercise 2.18 Exercise 2.19

Determine the length of the curve Determine the length of the curve
3 3
2
x   8 y  3 2 from the y  10 to y  20 x   y  1 2 between 1  y  4 .
3

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Exercise 2.20 Exercise 2.21

Determine the length of the curve Determine the length of the curve
3 3
y  10  2 x  2 from the y  2 to y  3 x  y  2  2 between 2  y  4 .
1 2
3

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Revision 2

1. Determine the area bounded by x  3  y 2 , x  2  y 2 , y  1 and y  2 .

2. Determine the area bounded by x  y 2  y  6 and x  2 y  4 .

3. Find the area enclosed by y  x  3  x  and y  x .

4. Find the area enclosed by y  x 2  2 x  4 and y  3 x  6 .

5. Determine the area enclosed by y  2 x 2  1 and y  7  x .

6. Determine the area bounded by y  6 y  y 2 and x  2 y .

7. Sketch the graph and find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = 4x
by integrating with respect to y.
8. Find the area of the region bounded above by y   x  12 , bounded below by y  x 2 ,
and bounded on the sides by the lines x  4 and x  3 .
Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of bounded region of x   y  2  and y  x is
2
9.

revolved about x  axis.

10. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the curves y  x 3 , y  0 and x  1 is revolved about the y-axis.
11. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the curves y  2  x 2 , y  x 2 and x  0 is revolved about the y-axis.
12. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the functions y  6  2 x , y  3  x and x  3 is revolved about y  axis.
13. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the functions y  6  2 x , y  3  x and y  6 is revolved about x  axis.
14. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the functions y  x 2  6 x  11 and y  6 is revolved about y  axis.
15. Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed by the functions y   x 2  2 x and y  0 revolved at y-axis
3
16. Calculate the arc length of the curve, y   x  1 2 between interval x = 1 and x =5.
x3 1
17. Calculate the arc length of the curve, y   from x  1 to x  2 .
12 x

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3
2
18. Determine the arc length of curve x  y 2 between 1  y  3.
3

y4 1
19. Determine the arc length of curve x   2 between 1  y  2 .
4 8y

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