Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course Code: BCC-402

Course Name: PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Faculty Name: Dr. Rajiv Kumar
Email : [email protected]
Lecture 1 Outline
• Features of Python
BCC302 / BCC402/ BCC302H / BCC402H : PYTHON
PROGRAMMING
Course Syllabus
At the end of course , the student will be able to understand

Course Outcome ( CO) Bloom’s

Knowledge
Level (KL)
CO 1 Interpret the fundamental Python syntax and semantics and be fluent in the use of Python K1, K2
control flow statements.
CO 2 Express proficiency in the handling of strings and functions K1, K2
CO 3 Determine the methods to create and manipulate Python programs by utilizing the data K3
structures like lists, dictionaries, tuples and sets.
CO 4 Identify the commonly used operations involving file systems and regular expressions. K1, K2

CO 5 Articulate the Object-Oriented Programming concepts such as encapsulation, inheritance K2, K3

and polymorphism as used in Python
Unit Topic Proposed
Lecture
I Introduction to Python: Python variables, Python basic Operators, Understanding python blocks. Python Data 03
Types, Declaring and using Numeric data types: int, float etc.
II Python Program Flow Control Conditional blocks: if, else and else if, Simple for loops in python, For loop using 05
ranges, string, list and dictionaries. Use of while loops in python, Loop manipulation using pass, continue, break
and else. Programming using Python conditional and loop blocks.

III Python Complex data types: Using string data type and string operations, Defining list and list slicing, Use of 04
Tuple data type. String, List and Dictionary, Manipulations Building blocks of python programs, string
manipulation methods, List manipulation. Dictionary manipulation, Programming using string, list and dictionary
in-built functions. Python Functions, Organizing python codes using functions.

IV Python File Operations: Reading files, Writing files in python, Understanding read functions, read(), readline(), 04
readlines(). Understanding write functions, write() and writelines() Manipulating file pointer using seek
Programming, using file operations.
V Python packages: Simple programs using the built-in functions of packages matplotlib, numpy, pandas etc. GUI 04
Programming: Tkinter introduction, Tkinter and PythonProgramming, Tk Widgets, Tkinter examples. Python
programming with IDE.
Features of Python

• Python is a high level language. It is a free and

open source language.
• It is an interpreted language, as Python programs
are executed by an interpreter.
• Python programs are easy to understand as
they have a clearly defined syntax and relatively
simple structure.
Features of Python
• Python is case-sensitive. For example, NUMBER
and number are not same in Python.
• Python is portable and platform independent,
means it can run on various operating systems and
hardware platforms.
• Python has a rich library of predefined functions.
• Python is also helpful in web development. Many
popular web services and applications are built
using Python.
• Python uses indentation for blocks and
nested blocks.
 Working with Python
There are two ways to use the Python interpreter:
a) Interactive mode
b) Script mode
A) Interactive Mode
To work in the interactive mode,
we can simply type a Python
statement on the >>> prompt
directly. As soon as we press
enter, the interpreter executes
the statement and displays the
result(s), as shown in Figure
B) Script Mode
• In the script mode, we can write a Python program in a file, save it and then use the interpreter to
execute it. Python scripts are saved as files where file name has extension “.py”. By default, the Python
scripts are saved in the Python installation folder. To execute a script, we
can either:
a) Type the file name along with the path at the prompt. For example, if the name of the file is
prog5-1.py, we type prog5-1.py. We can otherwise open the program directly from IDLE as shown in
Figure 5.3.
b) While working in the script mode, after saving the file, click [Run]->[Run Module] from the menu as
shown in Figure
PYTHON KEYWORDS
IDENTIFIERS
• In programming languages, identifiers are names used For example, to find the average of
to identify a variable, function, or other entities in a marks obtained by a student in three
program. The rules for naming an identifier in Python subjects, we can choose the
are as follows: identifiers as marks1, marks2, marks3
• The name should begin with an uppercase or a and avg rather than a, b, c, or A, B, C.
lowercase alphabet or an underscore sign (_). This avg = (marks1 + marks2 + marks3)/3
may be followed by any combination of characters
a–z, A–Z, 0–9 or underscore (_). Thus, an identifier Similarly, to calculate the area of a
cannot start with a digit. rectangle, we can use identifier names,
• It can be of any length. (However, it is preferred to such as area, length, breadth instead of
keep it short and meaningful). single alphabets as identifiers for
• It should not be a keyword or reserved word given clarity and more readability.
in Table 5.1. area = length * breadth
• We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, %,
etc., in identifiers
Question
• Question 1. Which of the following identifier names are invalid
and why?
• i Serial_no. v Total_Marks
• ii 1st_Room vi total-Marks
• iii Hundred$ vii _Percentage
• iv Total Marks viii True
Answers
i) Serial_no. :- Invalid
Reason- (.) is not allowed in identifier
ii) 1st_Room :- Invalid
Reason- identifier can’t start with number
iii) Hundred$ :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use special symbol $ in identifier
iv) Total Marks :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use space between in identifier
v) Total_Marks :- Valid
Reason- We can use underscore between in identifier
vi) total-Marks :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use hyphen between in identifier
vii) _Percentage:- Valid

viii) True :- Invalid

Reason- We can’t use keyword as a identifier
V ARIABLES
• A variable in a program is uniquely identified by a name
(identifier).
• Variable in Python refers to an object — an item or
element that is stored in the memory. Value of a variable
can be a string (e.g., ‘b’, ‘Global Citizen’), numeric (e.g.,
345) or any combination of alphanumeric characters
gender = 'M'
(CD67). message = "Keep
• In Python we can use an assignment Smiling"
price = 987.9
statement to create new variables and assign specific
values to them.
Write a program to display values of
variables in Python.
#Program 5-2
#To display values of variables
message = "Keep Smiling"
print(message)
userNo = 101
print('User Number is', userNo)

Write a Python program to find the area

of a rectangle given that its length is 10
units and breadth is 20 units.
• For example, to find the average of marks obtained
by a student in three subjects, we can choose the
identifiers as marks1, marks2, marks3 and avg rather
than a, b, c, or A, B, C.
avg = (marks1 + marks2 + marks3)/3
Similarly, to calculate the area of a rectangle, we can
use identifier names, such as area, length, breadth
instead of single alphabets as identifiers for clarity and
more readability.
area = length * breadth
DATA T YPES USED IN PYTHON
Number

Boolean data type (bool) is a subtype of integer.

It is a unique data type, consisting of two constants, True
and False.
Boolean True value is non-zero, non-null
and non-empty. Boolean False is the value zero.
>>> num1 = 10
>>> type(num1)
<class 'int'>
>>> num2 = -1210
>>> type(num2)
<class 'int'>
>>> var1 = True
>>> type(var1)
<class 'bool'>
>>> float1 = -1921.9
>>> type(float1)
<class 'float'>
>>> float2 = -9.8*10**2
>>> print(float2, type(float2))
-980.0000000000001 <class 'float'>
>>> var2 = -3+7.2j
>>> print(var2, type(var2))
(-3+7.2j) <class 'complex'>
 Sequence
(A) String
• String is a group of characters. These characters may be alphabets, digits or
special characters including spaces.
String values are enclosed either in single quotation marks (e.g., ‘Hello’) or
in double quotation marks (e.g., “Hello”). The quotes are not a part of the
string, they are used to mark the beginning and end of the string for the
interpreter.
• For example,
>>> str1 = 'Hello Friend'
>>> str2 = "452"
We cannot perform numerical operations on strings, even when the string
contains a numeric value, as in str2.
(B) List
List is a sequence of items separated by commas and
the items are enclosed in square brackets [ ].
Example 5.4
#To create a list
>>> list1 = [5, 3.4, "New Delhi", "20C", 45]
#print the elements of the list list1
>>> print(list1)
[5, 3.4, 'New Delhi', '20C', 45]
(C) Tuple
• Tuple is a sequence of items separated by commas and
items are enclosed in parenthesis ( ).
• This is unlike list, where values are enclosed in brackets [ ]. Once
created, we cannot change the tuple.

#create a tuple tuple1

>>> tuple1 = (10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a')
#print the elements of the tuple tuple1
>>> print(tuple1)
(10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a')
Set
• Set is an unordered collection of items separated by commas and the items are enclosed
in curly brackets { }.
• A set is similar to list, except that it cannot have duplicate entries.
Once created, elements of a set cannot be changed.

•
#create a set
>>> set1 = {10,20,3.14,"New Delhi"}
>>> print(type(set1))
<class 'set'>
>>> print(set1)
{10, 20, 3.14, "New Delhi"}
#duplicate elements are not included in set
• >>> set2 = {1,2,1,3}
>>> print(set2)
{1, 2, 3}
None
var = None
# checking it's value
None is a special data type with a single value. if var is None:
It is used to signify the absence of value in a situation. print("var has a value
of None")
None supports no special operations, and it is neither else:
print("var has a
same as False nor 0 (zero). value")

>>> myVar = None

>>> print(type(myVar)) Note: Python null is refer to None which is instance of the
<class 'NoneType'> NoneType object type

>>> print(myVar)
None
Mapping
Mapping is an unordered data type in Python. Currently,
there is only one standard mapping data type in Python Example 5.8
called dictionary. #create a dictionary
(A) Dictionary
Dictionary in Python holds data items in key-value pairs. >>> dict1 = {'Fruit':'Apple',
'Climate':'Cold', 'Price(kg)':120}
Items in a dictionary are enclosed in curly brackets { }. >>> print(dict1)
Dictionaries permit faster access to data.
{'Fruit': 'Apple', 'Climate': 'Cold',
Every key is separated from its value using a colon (:) sign. 'Price(kg)': 120}
The key : value pairs of a dictionary can be accessed using >>> print(dict1['Price(kg)'])
the key. 120
The keys are usually strings and their values can be any data
type.
In order to access any value in the dictionary, we have to
specify its key in square brackets [ ].
 Mutable and Immutable Data Types
• Variables whose values can be changed
after they are created and assigned are
called mutable.
• Variables whose values cannot be changed
after they are created and assigned are
called immutable.
• When an attempt is made to update the
value of an immutable variable, the old
variable is destroyed and a new variable is
created
by the same name in memory.
Python data types can be classified into
mutable and immutable as shown in Figure
5.7
 List Comprehension
• List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on the
values of an existing list.
• Example: Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits with the
letter "a" in the name.
• Without list comprehension you will have to write a for statement with a conditional test
inside:
//Without list comprehension

fruits =
// with list comprehension
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango
"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = []
for x in fruits:
newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]
if "a" in x:
newlist.append(x)
print(newlist)
print(newlist)
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Assignment Operators
Questions
a) num1 += num2 + num3
print (num1)
• Give the output of the following when num1 = 4, num2 = 3, num3
Output:9
=2 b) num1 = num1 ** (num2 + num3)
• a) num1 += num2 + num3 print (num1)
• print (num1) Output:1024
• b) num1 = num1 ** (num2 + num3) c) num1 **= num2 + num3
Output:1024
• print (num1)
d) num1 = ‘5’ + ‘5’
• c) num1 **= num2 + num3 print(num1)
• d) num1 = ‘5’ + ‘5’ Output:55
• print(num1) e) print(4.00/(2.0+2.0))
• e) print(4.00/(2.0+2.0)) Output:1.0
f) num1 = 2+9*((3*12)-8)/10
• f) num1 = 2+9*((3*12)-8)/10 print (num1)
• print(num1) Output:27.2
• g) num1 = 23// 4 // 2 g) num1 = 24 // 4 // 2
print(num1)
Output:2
 Ans
Questions a) Assign 10 to variable length and 20 to variable
breadth.
length = 10
• Write the corresponding Python assignment breadth = 20
statements: b) Assign the average of values of variables length and
• a) Assign 10 to variable length and 20 to breadth to a variable sum.
variable breadth. Sum = (length + breadth)/2
• b) Assign the average of values of variables c) Assign a list containing strings ‘Paper’, ‘Gel Pen’,
length and breadth to a variable sum. and ‘Eraser’ to a variable stationery.
• c) Assign a list containing strings ‘Paper’, ‘Gel Stationary=[‘Paper’ , ‘Gel Pen’ , ‘Eraser’
Pen’, and ‘Eraser’ to a variable stationery. d) Assign the strings ‘Mohandas’, ‘Karamchand’, and
• d) Assign the strings ‘Mohandas’, ‘Gandhi’ to variables first, middle and last.
‘Karamchand’, and ‘Gandhi’ to variables first, first = ‘Mohandas’
middle and last.
middle= ‘Karamchand’
• e) Assign the concatenated value of string last= ‘Gandhi’
variables first, middle and last to variable
fullname. Make sure to incorporate blank e) Assign the concatenated value of string variables
spaces appropriately between different parts first, middle and last to variable fullname. Make sure
of names. to incorporate blank spaces appropriately between
different parts of names.
fullname = first +” “+ middle +” “+ last
Logical Operators
 Questions
STATEMENT LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS
The sum of 20 and –10
Write logical expressions corresponding to the is less than 12.
(20 + (-10)) < 12
following statements in Python and evaluate num3 is not more than num3 <=
the expressions (assuming variables num1, 24. 24 or not(num3 > 24)
num2, num3, first, middle, last are already 6.75 is between the (6.75 >=
having meaningful values): values of integers num1 num1) and (6.75 <=
and num2. num2)
a) The sum of 20 and –10 is less than 12. e.g. The string ‘middle’ is
(20 + (-10)) < 12 larger than the string (middle >
b) num3 is not more than 24. ‘first’ and smaller than first) and (middle < last)
c) 6.75 is between the values of integers num1 the string ‘last’.
and num2. List Stationery is empty. len(Stationery) == 0
d) The string ‘middle’ is larger than the string
‘first’ and smaller than the string ‘last’.
e) List Stationery is empty.
Identity Operators
Membership Operator
What will be the outcome [AKTU Q]
a=0
b=2
c=3
x= c or a
print(x)
Precedence of Operators
• Add a pair of parentheses to each expression so
that it evaluates to True.
• a) 0 == 1 == 2 e.g. (0 == (1 == 2))
EXPRESSION WITH
EXPRESSION
PARENTHESIS
• b) 2 + 3 == 4 + 5 == 7 0 == 1 == 2 (0 == (1 == 2))
2 + 3 == 4 + 5 == 7 (2 + (3 == 4 )+ 5) == 7
• c) 1 < -1 == 3 > 4 (1 < -1 ) == (3 > 4)

• 1 < -1 == 3 > 4
I NPUT AND OUTPUT statement
>>> fname = input("Enter your first name: ")
Enter your first name: Rajiv
>>> age = input("Enter your age: ")
Enter your age: 46
>>> type(age)
<class 'str'>
Function int() to convert string to integer
>>> age = int( input("Enter your age:"))
Enter your age: 19
>>> type(age)
<class 'int'>
Enter a number and double it.

• num1 = input("Enter a number and I'll double it: ")

num1 = int(num1) #convert string input to integer
num1 = num1 * 2
print(num1)
• Now, the program will display the expected output
as follows:
Enter a number and I'll double it: 2
4
 Questions
Question 5. Write the output of the following:
a) num1 = 4 Answer:
num2 = num1 + 1 a) num1 = 4
num1 = 2 num2 = num1 + 1
print (num1, num2) num1 = 2
b) num1, num2 = 2, 6 Output: 2,5
num1, num2 = num2, num1 + 2 b) num1, num2 = 2, 6
print (num1, num2) num1, num2 = num2, num1 + 2
c) num1, num2 = 2, 3 print (num1, num2)
num3, num2 = num1, num3 + 1 Output: 6,4
print (num1, num2, num3) c) num1, num2 = 2, 3
num3, num2 = num1, num3 + 1
print (num1, num2, num3)
Output: error
Which of the following statements produce an error in
Python?
x, y, z = 1,2,3 # s1
a,b = 4,5,6 # s2
u = 7,8,9 # s3
(List all the statements that have error.)
AKTU Q-2021
X=['12','hello',456]
X[0]*=3
X[1][1]='bye'
What is error in this code.
Type casting
• There are two types of type casting in Python.
• (i) Explicit Typecasting
• (ii) Implicit Type casting
Explicit Conversion
• Program of explicit type conversion from int to
float.
#Explicit type conversion from int to float Output:
num1 = 10 30
num2 = 20 <class 'int'>
30.0
num3 = num1 + num2 <class 'float'>
print(num3)
print(type(num3))
num4 = float(num1 + num2)
print(num4)
print(type(num4))
Program of explicit type conversion from
float to int.
• num1 = 10.2
num2 = 20.6 Output:
num3 = (num1 + num2) 30.8
print(num3) <class 'float'>
print(type(num3)) 30
num4 = int(num1 + num2) <class 'int'>
print(num4)
print(type(num4))
Implicit Conversion
• Implicit conversion, happens when data type conversion is
done automatically by Python and is not instructed by the
programmer. Output:
30.0
• #Program to show implicit conversion from int to float.
<class 'float'>
#Implicit type conversion from int to float
num1 = 10 #num1 is an integer
num2 = 20.0 #num2 is a float
sum1 = num1 + num2 #sum1 is sum of a float and an
integer
print(sum1)
print(type(sum1))
DEBUGGING
• A programmer can make mistakes while writing a program, and
hence, the program may not execute or may generate wrong output.
The process of identifying and removing such mistakes, also known as
bugs or errors, from a program is called debugging.
• Errors occurring in programs can be categorized as:
i) Syntax errors
ii) Logical errors
iii) Runtime errors
Syntax Errors
• Like other programming languages, Python has its own rules that
determine its syntax. The interpreter interprets the statements only if
it is syntactically (as per the rules of Python) correct.
• If any syntax error is present, the interpreter shows error message(s)
and stops the execution there.
• For example, parentheses must be in pairs, so the expression (10 +
12) is syntactically correct, whereas (7 + 11 is not due to absence of
right parenthesis. Such errors need to be removed before the
execution of the program
Logical Errors
• A logical error is a bug in the program that causes it to behave incorrectly. A logical error
produces an undesired output but without abrupt termination of the execution of the
program.
• Since the program interprets successfully even when logical errors are present in it, it
is sometimes difficult to identify these errors. The only evidence to the existence of logical
errors is the wrong output. While working backwards from the output of the program, one
can identify what went wrong.
• For example, if we wish to find the average of two numbers 10 and 12 and we write the
code as 10 + 12/2, it would run successfully and produce the result 16.
• Surely, 16 is not the average of 10 and 12.
• The correct code to find the average should have been (10 + 12)/2 to give the correct
output as 11.
• Logical errors are also called semantic errors as they occur when the meaning of the
program (its semantics)
is not correct
Runtime Error
• A runtime error causes abnormal termination of program while it is
executing. Runtime error is when the statement is correct
syntactically, but the interpreter cannot execute it.
• Runtime errors do not appear until after the program starts running
or executing. For example, we have a statement having division
operation in the program. By mistake, if the denominator entered is
zero then it will give a runtime error like “division by zero”.
Runtime Error
• Example of a program which generates runtime error.

#Runtime Errors Example

num1 = 10.0
num2 = int(input("num2 = "))
#if user inputs a string or a zero, it leads to runtime error
print(num1/num2)
• Data type conversion can happen either explicitly or implicitly.
• Operators are constructs that manipulate the value of operands.
Operators may be unary or binary.
• An expression is a combination of values, variables and operators.
• Python has input() function for taking user input.
• Python has print() function to output data to a standard output
device.
Prog
Question 11. Write a Python program to
Answer:
calculate the amount payable if money has been principal=int(input(“P=”))
lent on simple interest. Principal or money lent = rate=int(input(“I=”))
P, Rate of interest = R% per annum and Time = T time=int(input(“T=”))
years. Then Simple Interest (SI) = (P x R x T)/ 100. defamount_pay(principal,rate,time):
Amount payable = Principal + SI. P, R and T are simple_intrest=(principal*rate*time)/10
given as input to the program. 0
TOTAL_amount=Print+simple_intrest
returnTOTAL_amount
print(“Total Payble amount”)
print(amount_pay(principal,rate,time))
 Answer:
• Write a program to calculate in how x=int(input(“x=”))
many days a work will be completed
by three persons A, B and C y=int(input(“Y=”))
together. A, B, C take x days, y days
and z days respectively to do the job z=int(input(“Y=”))
alone. The formula to calculate the
number of days if they work defwork_days(x,y,z):
together is xyz/(xy + yz + xz) days days=x*y*z/(x*y+y*z+z*x)
where x, y, and z are given as input return days
to the program. print(“Work will complet(in days)”)
print(work_days(x,y,z))
Write a program to swap two numbers using a
third variable.
a=int(input("Enter Number One"))
b=int(input("Enter Number Two"))
print("before swap",a,b)
t=a
a=b
b=t
print("After swap",a,b)
Write a program to swap two numbers without using a third
variable.

a=int(input("Enter First Number"))

b=int(input("Enter Second Number "))
print("before swap",a,b)

a=a+b
b=a-b
a=a-b
print("After swap",a,b)
Write a program that asks the user to enter their name and age.
Print a message addressed to the user that tells the user the
year in which they will turn 100 years old.

Answer:
fromdatetime import datetime
name = input(‘Name \n’)
age = int(input(‘Age \n’))
defhundred_year(age):
hundred = int((100-age) + datetime.now().year)
return hundred
x=hundred_year(age)
print (‘Hello %s. You will turn 100 years old in %s.’ % (name,x))
 import math
defheight_reched(length,degrees):
radian=math.radians(degrees)
Presume that a ladder is put upright against sin=math.sin(radian)
a wall. Let variables length and angle store height=round(length*sin,2)
the length of the ladder and the angle that it return height
forms with the ground as it leans against the
wall. Write a Python program to compute the print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for
height reached by the ladder on the wall for the length is 16 feet and 75 degrees “)
the following values of length and angle: print(height_reched(16,75))
a)16 feet and 75 degrees print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for
b)20 feet and 0 degrees the length is 20 feet and 0 degrees “)
c)24 feet and 45 degrees print(height_reched(20,0))
d)24 feet and 80 degrees print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for
the length is 24 feet and 45 degrees “)
print(height_reched(24,45))
print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for
the length is 24 feet and 80 degrees “)
print(height_reched(24,80))
Raise Keyword
• Python Python raise Keyword is used to raise exceptions or errors.
The raise keyword raises an error and stops the control flow of the
program. It is used to bring up the current exception in an exception
handler so that it can be handled further up the call stack.
• Python Raise Syntax
• raise {name_of_ the_ exception_class}
a=5

if a % 2 != 0:
raise Exception("The number shouldn't be an odd integer")
s = 'apple'

try:
num = int(s)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError("String can't be
changed into integer")
Conclusion
• Python is an open-source, high level, interpreter- based language that
can be used for a multitude of scientific and non-scientific computing
purposes.
• Comments are non-executable statements in a program.
• An identifier is a user defined name given to a variable or a constant
in a program.
• The process of identifying and removing errors from a computer
program is called debugging.
• Trying to use a variable that has not been assigned a value gives an
error.
• There are several data types in Python — integer, boolean, float,
complex, string, list, tuple, sets, None and dictionary.
Thank You