Solid State Drive versus

Hard Disk Drive

 Background
O Data storage devices

O Popular in our lives

O Known as secondary storage devices

O 2 types of data storage devices

O Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

O Solid State Drive (SSD)

 Background

O HDD:
O IBM 1956
O Magnetic coating on metal platters
O Data are read/written by movements of
magnetic heads.
 Background

O SSD:
O 1950s
O Controller and NAND flash memory chips
O Data are read/written by read/write functions
Solid State Drive(SSD)

O SSD is an PC storage device

that uses Solid State memory to
store information.
O SSD uses non volatile NAND
Flash Memory , which enables it
to retain data when the power is
removed.
NAND Flash Memory
O NAND Flash Memory is the key component of SSD.
O It is a specific type of EEPROM chip.
O It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two
transistors at each intersection as Control gate and Floating
gate transistor.
O The principle of operation is based on MOSFETs.
Types of NAND Flash
O Single Level Cell (SLC)
O Multi Level Cell (MLC)
 SLC vs. MLC
ITEM SLC MLC

Voltage 3.3V/1.8V 3.3V

Chip Size 0.12um 0.16um

Page Size/Block Size 2KB/128KB 512B/32KB or

2KB/256KB
Access Time(Max.) 25us 70us

Endurance 100K 10K

Cost per Bit more Comparatively less

Write Data Rate 8MB/s+ 1.5MB/s

SSD Elements
SSD consists of basically three elements:
O SSD Controller.
O SSD Flash.
O SSD Interface.
SSD Controller

O Flash controller includes the electronics that

bridge the Flash memory components to the
SSD input/output interfaces.
O The controller is an embedded processor
that executes firmware-level software.
SSD Controller Block Diagram
O Processor
O ECC
O Flash Controller
O DRAM Controller
O I/O Interface
O Controller Memory
O Chip Configuration
SSD Flash

O Solid State Flash memory is available using

NAND technology.
O NAND Flash components come in densities
from 1Gb (gigabit) to 64Gb per chip.
O NAND Flash components have structures called
pages and blocks.
O There is an Error Correction Code (ECC)
associated with each sector.
O NAND Flash has a limited rewrite endurance of
about 1,000,000 times per block.
SSD Flash Block Diagram

O Data Interface
O I/O Controller
O Control Logic
O Address Register
O Data/Cache register
O Status register
O Row/Column Decode
O Flash Array
SSD Interface
O Interface is used to connect the SSD with the
computer.
O Also, since SDDs are generally used in
conjunction with magnetic disk drives, a
common mass storage bus interface is used in
most cases.
O SSD are available with a variety of system
interfaces based primarily on the performance
requirements:
Serial ATA
Serial attached SCSI
Fiber Channel
USB
SSD Storage Scheme

O Groups of NAND flash cells are organized

into pages and these pages are organized
into blocks.
O Read and write operations can be
performed on pages, but erase operations
can only be performed at the block level.
O This means that when rewriting a page, the
entire block must be erased first.
O The SSD controller manages this process.
SSD Around Us

Solid-State Disks (SSD) Mobile Media Players

Embedded
Thumb Disks Multimedia Systems
Memory Cards
Intel x25 SSD- An Example

O Certified for 25 MB/s read speed and 70

MB/s write speed.
O MLS SSD standard.
O 10-channel memory controller.
O Each channel is “responsible” for two
memory chips.
O http://www.insidehw.com/Reviews/
Storage/Intel-X25-M-SSD.html
Intel x25 SSD
 Differences
O Power consumption:
O SSD uses 5% of system power
O HDD uses 10% of system power
O Power usage of SSD is half of a HDD in both
state.
 Differences
O Price of SSD is significantly higher:
O Highly complex process.
O Sophisticated flash memory

O Heat dissipation of SSD is lower:

O Uses lesser power than HDD
 Primary Advantages
O Primary advantages of SSD:
O Faster performance
O Booting up of PC
O Launching of applications

O Primary advantages of HDD:

O Higher maximum storage capacity
O Up to 4 Terabytes
 Primary Advantages
O Reasons why HDD lost in performance:
O More time spent waiting for platters to access
data

O Reasons why SSD lost in storage capacity:

O Limitations in size of transistors and parts in
SSD
 Research Gap
O Little has shown:

O Temperature fluctuation at different intervals

O Statistical figures of boot up and read/write

speed with a fair environment

 Method
O The aim of the experiments were to obtain
data to evaluate the performance of each of
the drives.

O Three experiments:
O Boot-up speed
O Read & Write speed
O Operating temperature
 Materials

O 13-inch Apple MacBook Pro x2

O 256GB SSD

O 500GB HDD

O Stopwatch
 Materials (Cont’d)
O Blackmagic Disk Speed
Test
O A software used to assess
storage drives’ read and
write performance.
O It obtains the drives’
performance by comparing
the time taken to write and
read large data to and from
the drive.
 Materials (Cont’d)
O iStat Menus
O A software that allow
users to monitor
detailed information of
the computer in real
time.
O It makes use of the
sensors built inside of
the computer to obtain
the hardware
information.
 Procedures
1. Boot-up speed

Power up both Note the time

MacBook and taken for each of
start the them to complete
stopwatch the process

Repeat process for another 4 times

Finally, obtain the average from the results gathered.
 Procedures (Cont’d)
2. Read & Write speed
Start
Blackmagic Finally, obtain the
Speed Test average from the results
gathered.
Repeat process for
another 3 times

Allow it to
Note down
run for 5
the results
minutes
 Procedures (Cont’d)
3. Operating temperature

Note down the

operating
Run iStat Menus
temperature of
the drive

Repeat process for another 3 times every 15 minutes

Finally, obtain the average from all the results.

 Results
Boot-up time
50
45
40
35
Second(s)

30 SSD
25 HDD
20
15
10
5
0
EXP 1 EXP 2 EXP 3 EXP 4
 Results (Cont’d)
Reading speed
600
500
400
MB/s

SSD
300
HDD
200
100
0
EXP 1 EXP 2 EXP 3 EXP 4
 Results (Cont’d)
Writing speed
450
400
350
300
250 SSD
MB/s

200 HDD
150
100
50
0
EXP 1 EXP 2 EXP 3 EXP 4
 Results (Cont’d)
Operating temperature
40
35
Temperature( °C )

30
25
SSD
20
HDD
15
10
5
0
EXP 1 EXP 2 EXP 3 EXP 4
 Final results
Result SSD HDD

Boot-up 17.2sec 42.2sec

Read 443MB/sec 95MB/sec

Write 366MB/sec 94MB/sec

Temperature 33°C 34°C

Why SSD is better than HDD?
Reason: The difference in technology.

HDD SSD
 Conclusion……..

1. Limitation
2. Recommendation
3. Application
 Final results
Result SSD HDD

Boot-up 17.2sec 42.2sec

Read 443MB/sec 95MB/sec

Write 366MB/sec 94MB/sec

Temperature 33°C 34°C

 New Technologies
O SATA Express
Com o mesmo conector, o usuário pode plugar
dois HDs/SSDs SATA comuns ou usar um conector
único SATAe que encaixa nas três entradas,
acessando o conector de 4 pinos (localizado ao
lado dos conectores SATA na imagem acima),
passando a acessar as linhas PCI Express da
placa-mãe. Usando o PCI Express 2.0, as
velocidades máximas passam para cerca de 780
MB/s, chegando até 1580 MB/s com o PCIe 3.0
(contra cerca de 550 MB/s em SSDs SATA),
mostrando o real benefício de usar o SATA Express.
 New Technologies
O SATA Express

Why not SATA IV?

Doesn’t support 1200 Mbps

Increases heating
Increases power consumption
 New Technologies
O M.2
Assim como o SATA Express, o SATA M.2 é uma
implementação híbrida, que pode usar tanto o PCI
Express quanto o SATA, só que é ainda mais
versátil. Para começar, não existe um tamanho
específico para SSDs M.2 (antes conhecido como
Next Generation Form Factor – NGFF), com
larguras que variam de 16 mm até 110 mm (com o
modelo de 22 mm sendo o mais comum), e
comprimentos que variam de 30 mm até 110 mm,
assim como as velocidades máximas de
transferência.
 New Technologies
O M.2
 NVMe
NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) é uma interface e unidade de comunicações que define um conjunto de
comandos e recursos para SSDs com base em PCIe com a finalidade de aumentar o desempenho e a interoperabilidade
em uma ampla variedade de sistemas empresariais e de clientes.
NVMe foi projetado para SSDs. Ele faz a comunicação entre a interface de armazenamento e a CPU do sistema
utilizando soquetes PCIe de alta velocidade, independentemente do formato de armazenamento. As tarefas de
Entrada/Saída realizadas utilizando drivers NVMe são iniciadas mais rapidamente, transferem mais dados e são
concluídas com mais rapidez do que nos modelos de armazenamento mais antigos utilizando drivers mais antigos, como
AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface), uma característica dos SSDs SATA. Como foi projetada especificamente para
SSDs, NVMe está se tornando o novo padrão do setor para servidores no datacenter e em dispositivos de clientes como
laptops, PCs e até consoles de jogos de última geração.
A tecnologia NVMe está disponível em uma série de formatos como o slot de cartão PCIe, M.2 e U.2. Embora existam
SSDs que usam o slot PCIe, SATA e M.2 que são AHCI e não NVMe, U.2 é um formato que usa exclusivamente o
protocolo NVMe.
NVMe
 New Technologies
O Intel Optane

Uma das primeiras confusões a respeito dos Optane da Intel disponíveis

atualmente está em associá-los com SSDs comuns. Na verdade, a Intel
tem a intenção de lançar no futuro SSDs com grandes quantidades de
espaço criados a partir da tecnologia 3DXpoint, que é a base dos produtos
Optane.
O que existe é um tipo de acelerador de cache Optane. Na prática, as
unidades que a Intel comercializa no momento, de 16 e 32 GB, servem
como um cache de alta velocidade para o seu computador. O resultado é
que elas fazem com que uma máquina que use apenas disco rígido
magnético atinja velocidades equiparáveis a de um computador equipado
com SSDs.
No resumo: um Intel Optane, atualmente, pode ser encontrado com 16 e
32 GB e se destina a fazer com que computadores que usam discos
rígidos magnéticos, tenha desempenho similar ao de uma máquina com
SSDs.
 New Technologies
O Intel Optane