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Algebra - Lecture 1

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Algebra - Lecture 1

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shehanperera903
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics - MA 1014

The module consists of the following three sections:

 Algebra
 Real Analysis
 Integration and ODE

Algebra
Outline:
• Complex Numbers: Euler’s Identity, complex valued functions and
branches.

• Vectors: vector algebra, vector product, scalar product, scalar triple


product, vector triple product, equations of line and plane, vector
norms

• Matrices: transpose, adjoint, determinant, inverse and trace of a matrix,


system of equations,
Cramer’s rule, Gaussian elimination, echelon forms, rank, eigen
values and eigen vectors, diagonalization, matrix norms.

Assessment method: Tutorials - 5%


Continuous assessment - 15%
Final Exam - 80%

1
Lecture 1
1. Vectors

Definition
A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and
direction. It is represented by an arrow, the
direction of which indicates the direction of the
vector and the length of which is the magnitude.
B
A

The vector AB has ,


Direction – given by the arrow
Magnitude – length of AB

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Two vectors are equal if they have the same length
and are parallel having the same direction.
Geometrical Representation of vectors
Geometrically a vector is represented by a directed
line segment such as AB where the magnitude of the
vector is the length of the line segment and the
direction of the vector is shown by an arrow sign.
Notation:
Notations such as PQ or a are used for a vector and
magnitude of the vector is denoted by PQ or a .
Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector with magnitude 1 unit.The
a
unit vector along the vector a is given by a
Similarly represents a unit vector along the
vector PQ .

3
1.2 Multiplication and Addition of vectors

Let a be a vector and  be a positive real


number. Then the vector whose magnitude is  a
and the direction is the same as that of a is called a
scalar multiple of a and is denoted by  a .

Suppose a and b are two vectors represented by


OA and AB respectively. Then the vector OB is called
the sum of OA and AB .
B
i.e. OA + AB = OB Figure 1.1

a +b = OB
O
A

This is called the triangle law.

4
1.3 Vectors in a plane
Let OP is a vector from the origin to P in the XOY
coordinate system as given in the figure 1.2.

i , j are unit vectors along OX,OY respectively.


If P  ( a , b ) then OP = a i + b j and OP is called
the position vector of P with respect to the origin O.
a and b are components of OP.

1.4 Properties of vectors

If a  a1 i  a 2 j , b  b1 i  b2 j

5
(i) a  b = (a1  b1 )i  (a 2  b2 ) j

(ii) k a  k a1 i + k a2 j

(iii) a  a1  a2
2 2

(vi) a  b = (a1  b1 ) i  ( a 2  b2 ) j
Vectors may also be represented by components.

Thus a  a1 i + a 2 j =  a1 , a2 

If a   a1 , a2  , b  b1 , b2  then
(i) a  b =  a1  b1 , a2  b2 
(ii) k a   k a1 , k a2 

(iii) a  b = a1  b1 , a2  b2 
These can be extended to higher dimensions.

6
1.5 Theorem ( Ratio Formula)
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a

and b respectively. If C is a point that divides AB


in the ratio of m : n then the position vector of C
is given by
n a  mb
c = mn . ( Ex. Prove)

Exercise 1:
OABC is a parallelogram with O as origin. The
position vector of A is a and the position vector of
C is c . F is the mid-point of AB and the point E
divides the line OC such that OE:EC = 2:1.The
line AE is extended to D.
The point E also divides the line AD such that
AE:ED = 3:2. Find the following in terms of a
and c.

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(a) OB (b) AC (c) AE (d) the position vector of F.
(e) AD (f) DB

8
1.5 Vectors in space
In the Cartesian coordinate system for space as
shown below in the figure 1.3, the vectors
i , j ,k are the unit vectors from the origin
along the axes X,Y,Z respectively.
Let  a, b, c be the position vector of P with respect
to the origin O.

Then OP = a i +b j +ck

OP  a 2  b 2  c 2

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OP  OP Cos i  Cos j  Cos k 
OP
OP

 Cos i  Cos j  Cos k 
OP
OP is the unit vector along OP.

where  ,  ,  are the angles between OP and


coordinate axes X,Y,Z respectively.

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Figure 1.3

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Cos  , Cos  , Cos are called the direction
Cosines of the vector OP and Cos  : Cos  : Cos
are called direction ratios of the vector OP .

Then Cos 2  Cos 2   Cos 2  1 .

Exercise 2:
Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of
the vector a = < 2,4,4> .

12
Length of the vector a is

a  2 4 4
2 2 2
=6

The unit vector along a =


1
6
 2,4,4

Direction Cosines of the vector are

2 1
Cos    , Cos   4  2
6 3 6 3
4 2
Cos   
6 3
Direction ratios are 1:2:2

13
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