LANGUAGE OF

RESEARCH
 What is a Research?
•Research is systematic
investigation to
establish the facts.
 What is a Research?
•In fact research is a
subconscious activity
that we are involved in
at all times
3
 Types of Research
•Classification based on application:
•Basic/Fundamental Research
•Applied/Decisional Research:

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 Types of Research
•Classification based on
objectives:
•Descriptive Research
•Co relational Research
•Exploratory Research
5
 Types of Research
•Classification based on inquiry mode:
•Structured Research
•Unstructured Research

6
 Basic Parts of Research

1. Title
7
 Basic Parts of Research
2. Introduction - This sets out aims
and objectives. It includes a
rationale for the research.

8
English language learners are exposed to various types of
assessment early in their lives. It provides a wide range of
information regarding the learners’ level and performance.
However, educators experience difficulties in finding an
engaging and interesting formative assessment tool that
would gauge the understanding of learners. They often
settle with the traditional multiple choice evaluation that
gives little encouragement in the classroom setting.
Since the young ones are attached to their mobile phones,
it has become vital to plan and design innovative
classroom formative assessment tools. Teachers provide
creative assessment by using the benefits of technology,
such as gamifying assessment. Consequently, it is
anticipated that it will increase student learning motivation
since it increases involvement in teaching (Kim, 2015).
English language learners are exposed to various
types of assessment early in their lives. It provides
a wide range of information regarding the
learners’ level and performance. However,
educators experience difficulties in finding an
engaging and interesting formative assessment
tool that would gauge the understanding of
learners. They often settle with the traditional
multiple choice evaluation that gives little
encouragement in the classroom setting.

REASON
Since the young ones are attached to their
mobile phones, it has become vital to plan and
design innovative classroom formative
assessment tools. Teachers provide creative
assessment by using the benefits of technology,
such as gamifying assessment. Consequently, it
is anticipated that it will increase student learning
motivation since it increases involvement in
teaching (Kim, 2015).

AIM
 Basic Parts of Research
3. Review of Related Literature - It
assists in understanding the earlier
work done in the similar area and
prevents the chances of doing a
repetitive work.
12
Numerous studies have found that web
games and digital applications have a
variety of effects on language learning
(Bytheway, 2015; Thorne & Reinhardt,
2008; Franciosi et al., 2016; Alyaz &
Genc, 2016). Digital games were put
forward in language teaching using
Digital Game-Based Language Learning
(DGBLL), which is regarded as the
primary component within the field of
CALL (Cornille et al., 2012; Reinhardt et
al., 2014).
Presentation title
 Basic Parts of Research
4. Statement of the problems
a) The problem reflects needs
b) It should suggest meaningful and testable
hypotheses
c) The problems should be relevant and
manageable
14
 Basic Parts of Research

5. Definition of Terms - an
annex to a work either at the
beginning or more likely near the
end with a list of acronyms, jargon,
credits. 16
Quizizz- Quizizz is a gamified
online application that lets
students evaluate their
knowledge and learning
progress
 Basic Parts of Research
6. Conceptual Framework - This is a
set of coherent ideas or concepts
organized in a manner that makes
them easy to communicate to others.
It is used as a travel map.
18
Presentation title 19
 Basic Parts of Research

7. Methodology - Methods
are the specific tools and
procedures you use to
collect and analyze.
20
For the purpose of data
collection, students will be
requested to participate in an
online interview to discuss
their learning experiences,
which will comprise the
majority of the data in this
research.
 Participants
• Who was in the study?
• How many participants?
• Sample size
• Any important characteristics?
• Both men and women?
• Race/Ethnicity?
• Age group?
 Why sample?
• The population of interest is usually too large to attempt
to survey all of its members.

• A carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the

population.
• The sample reflects the characteristics of the population
from which it is drawn.
 Random Sampling
Random sampling is the purest form of
probability sampling.
•Each member of the population has an
equal and known chance of being selected.
 Systematic Sampling
•Systematic sampling is often used
instead of random sampling. It is
also called an Nth name selection
technique.
 Convenience Sampling

•Convenience sampling is used in

exploratory research where the
researcher is interested in getting
an inexpensive approximation.
 Snowball Sampling
•Snowball sampling is a special
nonprobability method used
when the desired sample
characteristic is rare.
 The Participants and Study Area -Example
The participants of this study are Grade 7 leaners from Alicia National High school. The forty
(40) participants were chosen out of 475 students. The participants were randomly selected in
order to remove bias from the selection procedure and it should result to equal and unbiased
representative samples. The random selection is through lottery method, wherein the researcher
will assign each member of the population a unique number. Each number is placed in a bowl and
mixed thoroughly. Then the researchers picked numbered tags from the bowl. All the individuals
bearing the numbers picked by the researchers will be the subject for the study.
The researchers gathered the forty (40) students and gave them consent form to inform them
about the tasks. They scheduled the students according to their availability. The researchers
employed two instruments in identifying the learners’ extent of working memory and reading
level. They were individually monitored by the researchers.
 Materials
• All materials utilized for the study
• Which ones were used? Why was it chosen?
• testing instruments, books, images, database or other materials used in
the course of research
• Measures (Surveys/Interviews/observations) used for the study
• must provide details about the measures, scale, interpretation of scores
• When using a pre-existing published measure: Include full name of
measure followed by abbreviation and citation of original author
• Ex: Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI; Cooper, 1997) After that, you
can call it the OSI
 Basic Parts of Research
8. Analysis of Data – a technique to
summarize collected data.

30
 Basic Parts of Research
9. Results and Discussion– It shows the
results of data analysis and it explains its
implications on other fields as well as the
possible improvements that can be made
in order to further develop the concerns of
your research.
31
 Basic Parts of Research

10. Conclusion – a synthesis

of keypoints

32
 Basic Parts of Research

11. Reference
Page /
Bibliography
33
RESEARCH DESIGN
plans and procedures for research
that span from broad assumptions
to detailed methods of data
collection and analysis.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.
 TWO TYPES
OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE
It is a formal, objective, systematic
process in which numerical data
are used to obtain information
about the world.
❑ Collecting and analyzing information in the form
of numbers
❑ Collecting scores that measure distinct attributes
of individuals and organizations
❑ Procedures of comparing groups or relating
factors about individuals or groups in
experiments, correlational studies, and surveys
 Non-
Experimental Experimental
 “The effects of
different
teaching styles
on learning
Experimental outcomes.”
 Non-
Experimental Experimental
 “Relationship of
Academic
Performance and
Self-Esteem”
Non-
Experimental
QUALITATIVE
The study of the nature of phenomena and is
especially appropriate for answering
questions of why something is (not) observed,
assessing complex multi-component
interventions, and focusing on intervention
improvement.
• systematically uses a predefined set of
procedures to answer the question
• produces findings that were not
determined in advance
• produces findings that are applicable
beyond the immediate boundaries of the
study
Participant Observation

In-depth interviews

Focus groups
 Participant
Observation
“Understanding The
Problems of Nurses and
Patients in Public
Hospitals”
 In-depth
interviews
“Teachers’ Experiences of
Stress and Their Coping
Strategies During Distance
Teaching”
 Focus groups
“The Indigenous Knowledge,
Beliefs, and Practices on
Healing of The Agta
Community in Ilagan,
Isabela”
“Considering
Educators’
Perceptions of Ethics
and Safety in Virtual
Learning
Environments”
A word or expression that
has a precise meaning in
some uses
TYPES
OF
DEFINITION
• Aspect of explaining and
describing any technical terms of
terminology
Email message is
one platform that
connects people by
using any form of
gadget.
Evidence is an
outward sign of
proofs to ascertain
the truth of a matter.
The specific meaning of a word or phrase
given to it by the group of people who use
the word in their specific context.
Employee satisfaction
Employee
satisfaction –
number of days per
month that the
employee shows up
to work on time.
 Item

Items – number of
people correctly
solving a group
performance-task.
Computers are devices or machines used
in performing, assessing, evaluation, and
following commands set by the users.

Conflict happens in the family,

among friends, in the classroom, or
around the corporate conference
table.
Computers are devices or machines used
in performing, assessing, evaluation, and
following commands set by the users.

TECHNICAL
 OPERATIONAL
Conflict happens in the family,
among friends, in the classroom, or
around the corporate conference
table.
It is one or more paragraphs
that attempt to explain a
complex term
SOURCES
OF
EXTENDED
DEFINITION
1.Etymology/Word Origin

Research
2. History/ Background
Research and development, a phrase unheard of
in the early part of the 20th century, has since
become a universal watchword in industrialized
nations. The concept of research is as old as
science; the concept of the intimate relationship
between research and subsequent development,
however, was not generally recognized until the
1950s.
3. Cause and Effect
The innovations that result in new products and
new processes usually have their roots in
research and have followed a path
from laboratory idea, through pilot
or prototype production and manufacturing start-
up, to full-scale production and market
introduction. The foundation of any innovation is
an invention.
4. Description

A complete research paper in APA style that is

reporting on experimental research will typically
contain a Title page, Abstract, Introduction,
Methods, Results, Discussion, and
References sections.
5. Classification

Research writing is a form of writing that uses

evidence (from journals, books, magazines, the
Internet, experts, etc.) to persuade or inform
an audience about a particular point.
6. Comparison and Contrast
Research papers offer an informed study of a
topic that engage outside source material,
including primary and secondary sources, to
offer other perspectives on an issue. The goal of
an argument paper is to persuade the audience
of the merits of a debatable topic.
7. Analogy

Like a puzzle game, research is

a unique and challenging but
very rewarding activity.
8. Example

An example of research is business

research which is gathering sales
information and writing a detailed
report on marketing and sales.
9. Illustration
HOW TO WRITE
FORMAL
DEFINITION
Use articles
The, a , an
The Web is an enormous
collection of HTML
documents which are linked
together over the Internet.
Use the be Verb
Is, was, are, were

Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) is an
address that you feed
Web browsers.
Use relative pronouns
That, which, who, whom, whose

Modems are devices that make

possible the transmission of data
to or from a computer via
telephone.
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics

The Internet
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics

The
Internet
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics

a global system of
networked computers
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics
a global system
The of networked
Internet computers
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics

is/are?
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics
a global system
The
Internet is of networked
computers
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics

that allows user-to-user

communication and transfer
of data files
 Distinguishing
Term Verb Class Characteristics
a global system that allows user-
The
Internet is of networked to-user
computers communication
and transfer of
data files
APA Style:
The Basics
 What is APA style, and why use it?
▪ American Psychological Association
▪ Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals
▪ Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science
Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and
Nursing)
▪ Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by
those who assess or publish them

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington D.C.: American
Psychological Association
Documenting Authors
▪ One Author:
▪ Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).
▪ Two Authors:
▪ Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).
▪ Same author? List by Year. Same year?
Alphabetize by source title and add a letter to
the year (1984a).

p. 174 - 176 APA 6e

Documenting Websites
Model for an authored document that is a whole site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. http://Web address

Model for an authored page/article from a site:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document.
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Sample (no author, article found on resource website):

Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007). Answers4Families.
http://nncf.unl.edu/nurses/info/ anniversary.html

No Author? List page title or article title first. No page title? List site title. No Date? Use (n.d.)
References and
in-text citations
7 notable changes
Publisher location not included

✗ Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
✓ Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. Simon & Schuster.
 2. In-text citations are
shortened

✗ (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)

✓ (Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Up to 20 authors in the
reference list

✗ Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,

R. S., Turner, S. T., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
✓ Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,
R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L.,
Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell,
C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson,
T. P. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted as URLs

✗ doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
✓ https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
5. Citing web pages
✗ Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but
growth remains weak. Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
✓ Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but
growth remains weak. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
6. Citing ebooks
✗ Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars
and satellites [Kindle version]. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
✓ Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars
and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-
2473-2
7. Contributors other than
authors
Media type Include as
author
Film Director

TV series Executive
producer(s)

Podcast episode Host of episode

Webinar Instructor

Online streaming video Person or group

who uploaded
the video

Photograph Photographer