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Lesson 7 - Evidences of Evolution

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Lesson 7 - Evidences of Evolution

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Stella Orcena
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SHS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 3: Week 4
Module 4: Evidence of Evolution
STEM – General Biology 2
Grade 11/12 Quarter 3: Week 4 - Module 4: Evidence of Evolution
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Diana Rose D. Baldoza, T-I

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.


Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D


Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II


Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
General Biology 2
Quarter 3: Week 4 - Module 4:
Evidence of Evolution
Target

In this module, it explicitly discusses the various concepts on pieces of


evidence in evolution on how changes in organisms occurred starting from the simple
origin of life to the wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms existing today
which are intended for you to enjoy learning in biology. Through diverse fun-filled
activities, you will explore and describe the different evidence used in biology to show
that evolution did take place.

You will also learn to infer the evolutionary relationship between organisms
using the evidence of evolution.

After accomplishing this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain evidence of evolution (e.g., biogeography, fossil record,


DNA/protein sequences, homology, and embryology) (STEM_BIO11/12-
IIIc-g-12)
2. Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of
evolution (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-13)

Jumpstart

In the next activity you will appreciate a body structure that is


present in us and in some organisms related to humans.
Activity: What a Thumb Can Do For You

Do you understand how important your thumbs are? Only primates have
hands capable of grasping objects. The grasp is created possible by the opposable
thumbs. Are you aware that you simply perform plenty of tasks using your thumb
and fingers? have you ever experienced doing a series of tasks without the help of
your thumb?

Ask a companion to tape your thumbs to the palms of each hand with masking
tape. Be cautious not to wrap the tape too tightly because it will cut off the blood
circulation to your hand. Then do the following:
a. pick up your pen
b. write your name on a paper
c. turn the doorknob
d. pick up any plastic container
e. unbutton or rebutton a shirt

Question:

How has having an opposable thumb helped primates, especially humans to


adapt to their environment and survive better than other animals?
Lesson
Pieces of Evidence for
1 Evolution

A. Fossils

Fossils are preserved remnants of once living organisms trapped in rocks,


tar pits, frozen in ice or embedded in amber. The most common fossils are bones,
shells and seeds or pollen grains. Most fossils are formed in sedimentary
rock. Paleontologists (a specialist in the study of the forms of life existing in
prehistoric or geologic times), use the fossils found in rocks to track the
evolutionary history of many organisms.

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Fossilized shrimp. (b) Mammalian (peccary) fossil
Source: http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter17-Rabitoy.aspx

By identifying the age of rocks in which fossils appear, we can obtain an


accurate idea of how old the fossils are. Geologists use Relative dating rocks were
dated by their position with respect to one another; rocks in deeper strata are
generally older. On the other hand, in absolute dating rocks are dated by measuring
the degree of decay of certain radioisotopes contained in the rock; the older the rock,
the more its isotopes have decayed. Since radioactive isotopes decay at a constant
rate unchanged by temperature or pressure, the isotopes in a rock act as an internal
clock, determining the time after the rock was formed. Hence, the records found in
the rocks show a gradual evolutionary descent from simpler to more complex life
forms. Furthermore, the fossil record provides a clear record of the major
evolutionary transitions that have occurred through time.

B. Embryology

An embryo is an organism in its initial phases of development. While


embryology is the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its
adult form also gives evidence of relatedness between now widely different groups of
organisms. Scientists observed that at some point during the development process,
embryos of many different animals appeared so similar that it was difficult to tell
them apart. During development, at some time all vertebrates have a supporting
dorsal rod, called a notochord, and demonstrate paired pharyngeal pouches. This
could indicate that an organism passes through some of the embryonic stages that
its ancestors passed through. Then numerous variations occur in ways appropriate
to an organism’s final form.
However, the similarities in the early stages of embryo development are
further evidence that living organisms have evolved from earlier living things
and that they do share a common ancestry.

Figure 2. Vertebrate embryonic development


Source: http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect12.html

C. Anatomical Evidence

In comparing the anatomy and the development of organisms, it shows a unity


of plan among those that are closely related. The more body structures that two
species have in common, the more closely they are related. It adopts the idea of
“descent from a common ancestor”.

Similar structures in different species irrespective of their functions are called


homologous structures. Homology seems to indicate descent from common ancestor.
The limb skeletons of vertebrates are homologous structures.

Figure 3. The limb skeletons of vertebrates are homologous structures.


Source: http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect12.html
Analogous structures are structures which are different in appearance but
have the similar function. Analogy does not indicate common ancestry. Examples
of are the limbs of insects and mammals, and wings of butterflies and birds.

Figure 4. Analogy of bat & bird wings


Source: http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/ Analogy_of_forelimbs.htm

Vestigial structures seem like to give more evidence for evolutionary change.
Vestigial structures are anatomical features that are usually reduced and have no
function in many organisms. These are organs that were previously functional in
the ancestors of the species but are only remnants in the present-day species. For
example, skeletal extremities discovered in certain snakes have no known use to
these animals. In humans, appendix is thought to have no use, but in other
mammals it aids in the digestion of cellulose.

Table 1. Some Vestigial Organs in Man


Coccyx (tail bone) Appendix
Ear muscles for wiggling Wisdom teeth

D. Biochemical

Living organisms shared numerous related biochemical molecules, such as


DNA, ATP, amino acids, and enzymes. This finding supports descent from a common
ancestor. The more closely linked organisms are the more related is their
biochemical genetic makeup.

1. DNA/Nucleic acids
Genes are located in the chromosomes, which are made of DNA or
deoxyribonucleic acid. The more closely related two living organisms are,
the more similar the sequence of their DNA molecules will be.
Figure 5. The phylogenetic tree of the hemogobin gene (with its branches)
shows the number of nucleotide changes that have occurred.
Source: https://evidenceforevolution13bio.weebly.com/biogeography.html

2. Proteins
Proteins are molecules that are
used to build up and repair body
parts. Scientists believe that the
more similar the structure of
protein molecules of different
organisms is, the more related
they are and the more recent the
existence of their common
ancestor. Unrelated species have
different amino acids.
Table 2. Cytochrome c

E. Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the geographic distributions of organisms.
Darwin’s trip around South America allowed him to observe the diversity of
organisms in different areas and the resemblance of such species of birds and
tortoises in an island to nearby mainland. Darwin believed that the group of
organisms in each island is adapted to a distinct way of life. The common ancestors
of these organisms had come from one place, expanding out into other accessible
regions.
Figure 6. Pangolins share similar characteristics with anteaters and armadillos

Need another activity! Try the next activity on the next page.
REFERENCES:

Printed materials:
APEX Evolution: Biology: Unit VII - Evolution: Disclosing Past Life. pdf

Bio Workbook. Evidence of Evolution. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Carale, Lourdes R. et al. Biology: Science and Technology Teacher's Guide. Book
Media Press Inc, 2009.

Carale, Lourdes R., Treyes, Rodolfo S. Biology: Science and Technology Textbook for
Second Year. Book Media Press Inc, 2009.

Commission on Higher Education. General Biology 2 Teaching Guide for Senior High
School. 2016

Delgado, Cecille B., General Biology 2 – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter
1 – Module 5: Evidences of Evolution First Edition, LRMDS – Bataan., 2020

Laylay, Marilou H., Martinez, Joyce Marie V. SciLINKS (Third International


Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS) – Based Learning Materials) Module
14 – Evolution and Natural Selection. Merryland Publishing Corp. 2007

Project EASE (Effective Alternative Secondary Education) – Biology: Module 15


Evolution. Bureau of Secondary Education. Department of Education
DepED Complex, Meralco Avenue. Pasig City

Ramos, John Donnie A,. Biology: Exploring Life Through Science. Phoenix Publishing
House Inc. , 2012.

Raven, Peter H., Johnson, George B. Biology. 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education., 2003

Tiamzon, Maria Elena. et al. General Biology 2: Textbook for Senior High School.
Vibal Group Inc, 2016.

Websites:
http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter17-Rabitoy.aspx
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect12.html

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/ Analogy_of_forelimbs.htm
http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/evo5.html
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gfp-shrimp-fossil.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peccary_fossil.jpg

https://evidenceforevolution13bio.weebly.com/biogeography.html
https://evidenceforevolution13bio.weebly.com/molecular-biology.html

https://wikis.engrade.com/a121biology2012/evidenceofevolution

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