Scientific Inquiry and Review (SIR)

Volume 7 Issue 4, 2023

ISSN (P): 2521-2427, ISSN (E): 2521-2435
Homepage: https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/SIR

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Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass of Starlike Function with

Title: respect to Symmetric points related to q-exponential Function

Author (s): Zameer Abbas, Sadia Riaz

Affiliation (s): Department of Mathematics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.03

Received: May 7, 2023, Revised: October 7, 2023, Accepted: October 7, 2023, Published:
History: October 27, 2023.
Abbas Z, Riaz S. Coefficient inequalities for certain subclass of starlike function
Citation:
with respect to symmetric points related to q-exponential function. Sci Inq Rev.
2023;7(4):35–52. https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.03

Copyright: © The Authors

Licensing: This article is open access and is distributed under the terms of
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Conflict of
Interest: Author(s) declared no conflict of interest

A publication of
The School of Science
University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass of Starlike Function with
respect to Symmetric points related to q-exponential Function
Zameer Abbas *, and Sadia Riaz
Department of Mathematics, National University of Modern Languages,
Islamabad, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The current study aims to define a class of starlike functions with respect to
symmetric points subordinated with q-exponential functions. Furthermore,
to investigate the coefficient inequalities and possible upper-bound of the
third-order Hankel determinant for the functions belonging to our new class
this study observed the new and already derived results for further analysis.
Keywords: analytic function, Hankel Determinant, q-derivative, symmetric
point
1. INTRODUCTION
The analytic functions, also called holomorphic functions, are complex-
valued functions that are defined and differentiable at every point within
their domain of definition. The class of all analytical functions f with the
normalized condition in the open unit disc E = {z:|z| < 1} is asymbol
by A and has the Taylor series, which is stated as:
𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑎𝑎3 𝑧𝑧 3 + 𝑎𝑎4 𝑧𝑧 4 + ⋯ (1.1)
The class of univalent and analytical function unit disc E is proved by S.
Caratheodory functions are a class of complex-valued functions, which are
defined on a domain in the complex plane. They are named after the
mathematician Constant in Caratheodory symbolized by and the function of
this class is of the form
𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧 . ) = 1 + 𝑝𝑝1 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑝𝑝2 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑝𝑝3 𝑧𝑧 3 + 𝑝𝑝4 𝑧𝑧 4 + ⋯ (1.2)
The Schwarz function, named after the German mathematician
Hermann Schwarz, is a complex-valued function that maps the unit
−𝑧𝑧
disk E in the complex planes to itself. It is known by 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 1−𝑧𝑧 2 where z
is a complex number. Specifically, if f and g are analytic functions defined
on some domain D, then f ≺ g if there lie other analytic functions h defined

*
Corresponding Author:[email protected]
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 Abbas and Riaz

on D such as 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧 . ) = 𝑔𝑔�ℎ(𝑧𝑧 . )� ∀𝑧𝑧 in 𝐷𝐷 . . Thomas [1], and Pommerenke [2]

defined the Hankel determinant 𝐻𝐻𝑘𝑘 . (𝑐𝑐), for positive integer 𝑘𝑘 . , 𝑐𝑐 for the
function in 𝑆𝑆 . In the form eq (1), as shown below:

a.n a.n +1  a.n + q −1

a.n +1 a .n + 2  a .n + q
𝐻𝐻𝑘𝑘 (𝑐𝑐) = (1.3)
   
a.n + q −1 a.n + q − 2  a.n + 2 q − 2

For fixedly positive integers k and c the growths of 𝐻𝐻𝑘𝑘 (𝑐𝑐) as 𝑛𝑛. →
∞. have been determined by Obradovic [3], In 2023, with a boundedness
boundary. Ehrenborg [4] investigated the Hankel determinant for
exponential polynomials. The Hankel determinant of differentiable orders
is achieved for k, c differential rates. For instance, when k = 2 and c = 1 it
is defined as,
a1 a2
H 2 (1) = , a1a3 − a2 2 a1 =
1 (1.4)
a2 a3
The Fekete-Szego inequality is a well-known result in complex analysis
and potential theory that provides an estimate for the growth of the Taylor
coefficients of function that are analytical unit disk E. More precisely, let f
(z) be functions that are analytical in the open unit disc |𝑧𝑧 . | < 1, and let its
Taylor series expansions be given by (1).In 2023, Singh et al. [5] and
Fekete-Szego defined an inequality for the coefficient of a univalent
analytic function on the unit disk. The Fekete-Szego inequality for some
normalized analytic functions was investigated by various researchers
working in the field of Geometric Functions Theory like Choi et al. [6], Ali
et al. [7, 8], Owa and Cho [9, 10], Orhan and Cotirla [11], and
Murugusundaramoorthy et al. [12]. In 2006, Shanmugam et al. [13]
introduced The Fekete-Szego problem that can be applied to sub-classes of
star-like functions when considering symmetrical points. Now for k = 2,c =
2 it can be obtained as,
a2 a3
H 2 (2) = , | a 2 a 4 − a32 | (1.5)
a3 a4

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Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass…

In 2012, Krishna and Ramreddy [14] introduced the 2nd Hankel

determinant of means the univalent function, which is discussed here. Using
a indeed close p, valent function the growth rate of the 2nd Hankel
determinant was calculated by Shrigan [15] in 2022. Other researchers like
Janteng et al. [16, 17], Bansal [18], Lee et al. [19], Lei et al. [20], Rain et
al. [21], Rajya et al. [22], Zaprawa [23] introduced the coefficient of the
function 𝑓𝑓 that belong to the sub-class S of univalent function or to its sub-
classes the upper-bound of the Hankel determinant for 𝑘𝑘 . = 2, 𝑐𝑐 . = 3 such
as, 𝐻𝐻2 (3) is defined as:
a3 a4
H 2 (3) = , a3 a5 − a4 2 (1.6)
a4 a5

For k = 3, c = 1 the Hankel Determinant, 𝐻𝐻3 (1) is known as the 3rd

Hankel Determinant we have
a.1 a.2 a.3
H .3 (1. ) = a.2 a.3 a.4
a.3 a.4 a.5
a.3 (a.2 a.4 − a.32 ) − a.4 (a.1a.4 − a.2 a.3 ) + a.5 (a.3 − a.2 2 ), a.1 =
1 (1.7)
1.1. Applications
In mathematical physics, analytic functions are crucial for solving two-
dimensional issues. Displacements and stresses in antiplane or in-plane
fracture problems can be expressed as functions of complex potentials.
Hankel matrices are created when an underlying state-space model or
hidden Markov model is desired as a given sequence of output data. The
A, B, and C matrices that characterize the state-space realization can be
computed using the singular value decomposition of the Hankel matrix. The
breakdown of non-stationary signals and time-frequency representation has
been proven to be advantageous when using the Hankel matrix created from
the signal. To get the weight parameters for the polynomial distribution
approximation, the method of moments applied to polynomial distributions
produces a Hankel matrix that must be inverted [24].
Calculus uses course equivalent q-calculus which is based on the
solution of logical q-analogous outcomes without the use of limits. The
systematic introduction of q-calculus is credited to Lashin [25]. Khanetal
Scientific Inquiry and Review
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Volume 7 Issue 4, 2023
 Abbas and Riaz

[26] introduced and presented definitions for q-derivative. q-derivative of

functions f be a normalized-analytic function is known as

f (qz . ) − f ( z . ) .
=Dq f ( z . ) , z ≠ E,
(q − 1) z.
and 𝐷𝐷𝑞𝑞 𝑓𝑓(0) = 𝑓𝑓′(0) where q ∈ (0, 1) taking 𝑞𝑞 → 1− we get 𝐷𝐷𝑞𝑞 𝑓𝑓 → 𝑓𝑓 ′ .
In 2007, Babalola [27] was defined as the 1st person to analyze the upper-
bound of the 3rd Hankel determinant for sub-classes of 𝑆𝑆 . . Other researchers
like Vamshee Krishna et al. [28], Patil and Khairnar [29], Prajapat et al.
[30], Yalcin and Altinkaya [31], Cho et al. [32], Lecko et al. [33].
Kowalczyk et al. [34], Mohd Narzan et al. [35], Several other researchers
like Mendiratta et al. [36], Haiyan Zhang et al. [37], khan et al. [38], and
Senguttuvan et al. [39] defined A thorough sub-class of analytic functions
with respect to the symmetrical point that has been developed. The current
study is expanded by using quantum calculus and tends to investigate the
upper bounds of the 3rd Hankel Determinant, for the classes of a star-like
function with respect to symmetrical points subordinate to exponential
functions. Mahmood et al. [40] Shi et al. [41], Verma et al. [42], Viswanadh
et al. [43], Omer [44], Joshi et al. [45], Breaz et al [46], Wang [47], and
investigated the class of univalent function star-like with respect to
symmetrical points. Here, the following subclass of starlike function are
defined below:
Definition 1.1. A function 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 and 𝑓𝑓 is known to be in the class 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞 𝑧𝑧 )
as
2[𝑧𝑧𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑧𝑧)]
𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧)−𝑓𝑓(−𝑧𝑧)
 𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 , 𝑧𝑧 ∈ 𝐸𝐸, (1.8)

we note that taking 𝑞𝑞 → 1− in the above definition, we obtain the known

class 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧 ) see [48]. The following Lemmas are required to demonstrate
the intended outcomes.
Lemma 1.1. [49] If 𝑝𝑝. ∈ 𝑃𝑃 . , then |𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛 | ≤ 2. , ∀𝑛𝑛 ∈ 𝑁𝑁.
Lemma 1.2. [50] If 𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧) = 1 + 𝑝𝑝1 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑝𝑝2 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑝𝑝3 𝑧𝑧 3 + ⋯.is such that
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧 . )� > 0. in E, then for some 𝑥𝑥 . , 𝑧𝑧 . with |𝑥𝑥| ≤ 1. , |𝑧𝑧 . | ≤ 1. , we have
2𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝12 + 𝑥𝑥(4 − 𝑝𝑝12 ), for some 𝑥𝑥, |𝑥𝑥| ≤ 1 (1.9)
4𝑝𝑝3 = 𝑝𝑝13 + 2𝑝𝑝1 (4 − 𝑝𝑝12 )𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝1 (4 − 𝑝𝑝12 )𝑥𝑥 2 + 2(4 − 𝑝𝑝12 )(1 − |𝑥𝑥|2 )𝑧𝑧
(1.10)
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Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass…

Lemma 1.3. [51] If 𝑝𝑝 ∈ 𝑃𝑃, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 |𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝12 | ≤ max |{1, |2𝑣𝑣 . − 1. |} for
any 𝑣𝑣 . ∈ 𝐶𝐶 . .
3. MAIN RESULTS
𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
Theorem.3.1: If 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) then |𝑎𝑎2 | ≤ 2 , |𝑎𝑎3 | ≤ 2 , |𝑎𝑎4 | ≤
𝑞𝑞 −4𝑞𝑞+3𝑞𝑞 2 12𝑞𝑞−18𝑞𝑞 2 +5𝑞𝑞 3 𝑞𝑞 −2𝑞𝑞+𝑞𝑞 2
�4 + � �+� �� , |𝑎𝑎5 | ≤ �4 + � �+
8 48 4
−6𝑞𝑞+9𝑞𝑞 2 −3𝑞𝑞 3 +𝑞𝑞4
� ��.
24

Proof: As 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) as

2[ zf ′(z)]
. .
= e qw( z ) . (2.1)
f (z ) − f (− z )
Using Eq. (2.1), we consider
2[ zf ′(z)]
1 + 2a2 z + 2a3 z 2 + (4a4 z 4 − 2a3 a2 ) z 3 + (4a5 z 5 − 2a 23 ) z 4 + ...
=
f (z) − f (− z)
(2.2)
Let us define the function,
1 + 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 . )
.)
𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧 = .
1 − 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 . )
Equivalent,
𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧 . )−1
𝑞𝑞 . 𝑤𝑤(𝑧𝑧 . ) = 𝑝𝑝(𝑧𝑧 . )+1 , (2.3)

Consider
𝑝𝑝1 𝑧𝑧 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝13 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝4 𝑝𝑝22
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧) = + � 22 − � 𝑧𝑧 2 + � 23 − + � 𝑧𝑧 3 + � 24 − − +
2 4 2 8 2 4
3𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝14
− 16� 𝑧𝑧 4 … (2.4)
8

Since we have
2 3 4
𝑞𝑞𝑤𝑤 . (𝑧𝑧)
�𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 . )�
.)
�𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 . )� �𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 . )�
𝑒𝑒 = 1 + 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧 + + + + ⋯ (2.5)
2! 3! 4!
We get

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 Abbas and Riaz

𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝1 𝑧𝑧 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝3

𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞(𝑧𝑧) = 1 + + � 22 − � 𝑞𝑞 + � � 𝑧𝑧 2 + � 23 − + 481 � 𝑞𝑞 +
2 8 8 4
−𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 3 3 𝑝𝑝4 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝3 𝑝𝑝22 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝14
� + + � 𝑧𝑧 + � 2 − − + + 384� 𝑞𝑞 +
8 4 48 4 8 16
𝑝𝑝22 3𝑝𝑝14 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝3 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝14 𝑝𝑝4 𝑞𝑞 4
�8 + − + � 𝑞𝑞 2 + �− − 32� 𝑞𝑞 3 + � 384
1
� 𝑧𝑧 4 + ⋯ (2.6)
32 4 4 16

From Eq. (2.2) and Eq. (2.6), we compare the coefficient, and we get
𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝12
𝑎𝑎2 ≤ , 𝑎𝑎3 = � − � 𝑞𝑞 + ,
4 4 8 16
𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 3𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 2 5𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 3
𝑎𝑎4 = − + + − + ,
8 8 32 32 64 384
𝑝𝑝4 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 3𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 3𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 2
𝑎𝑎5 = ( + �− + �+� − − �+
8 8 16 32 32 32
𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 4
� 128 − − + �. (2.7)
64 128 384

By using Lemma 1.1 and Lemma 1.3 in Eq. (2.7), we get

𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 −4𝑞𝑞 + 3𝑞𝑞 2 12𝑞𝑞 − 18𝑞𝑞 2 + 5𝑞𝑞 3
|𝑎𝑎2 | ≤ , |𝑎𝑎3 | ≤ , |𝑎𝑎4 | ≤ � + � �+� ��,
2 2 4 8 48
𝑞𝑞 −2𝑞𝑞+𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞+9𝑞𝑞 2 −3𝑞𝑞 3 +𝑞𝑞 4
|𝑎𝑎5 | ≤ �4 + � �+� ��. (2.8)
4 24

which are the required results.

𝑞𝑞
Theorem 3.2: If 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) then |𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎22 | ≤ 2

Proof: From Eq. (2.7) in Theorem 3.1 we have

𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝12
𝑎𝑎2 ≤ , 𝑎𝑎3 = � 42 − � 𝑞𝑞 + . (2.9)
4 8 16

On simplifying, we get
𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝12
|𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎22 | = � − �. (2.10)
4 8

By using Lemma 1.3, we get

𝑞𝑞
|𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎22 | ≤ . (2.11)
2

which are the required results.

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Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass…

Theorem 3.3: If 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) then |𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎4 | ≤

1 2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
(3𝑞𝑞(3𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
48(𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12) 𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
36𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
6𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 + 12𝑞𝑞 5 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
4 2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
2𝑞𝑞 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 + 36𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
72𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 − 144𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
3 2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
8�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 + 432𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
72𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 + 144𝑞𝑞 3 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
48�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 2 + 432𝑞𝑞 �− � +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
864𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 + 1728𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
16 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 + 864𝑞𝑞 �− �+
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
1600𝑞𝑞.
Proof: From Eq. (2.7) of Theorem 3.1, we have
𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑝𝑝13 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 3𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 2
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎4 | = � − + − + − − +
16 32 64 8 8 32 32
𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 2 5𝑝𝑝13 𝑞𝑞 3
− �. (2.12)
64 384

Denotes |𝑥𝑥| = 𝑡𝑡 ∈ [0,1], 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑒𝑒 ∈ [0,2], using triangle inequality

(2.12) we have
𝑒𝑒(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 ) 𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 3
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎4 | ≤ − − + ,
32 64 16 384
suppose that
𝑒𝑒(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 ) 𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 3
𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒, 1) ≡ − − + .
32 64 16 384

Scientific Inquiry and Review

42
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 Abbas and Riaz

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (4−𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 2

Thus, we get 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 16
− ≥ 0, the function F(e,t) is non-
64
decreasing for any t in [0,1].this show that F(e,t) has max value at t=1.
𝑒𝑒�4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞�4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 3
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑒𝑒, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒, 1) = − − + ,
32 64 16 384

which implies that

𝑒𝑒�4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞�4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 3
𝑀𝑀(𝑒𝑒) = − − + ,
32 64 16 384

Then,
𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 2 (−𝑒𝑒 2 + 4)𝑞𝑞 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 2 (−𝑒𝑒 2 + 4)𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 3
𝑀𝑀′ (𝑒𝑒) = �− + − − − + �,
16 32 32 64 8 128
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
𝑀𝑀′ (𝑒𝑒) = be lost 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚∗ = − .
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

A simple computational yield that 𝑀𝑀′′(𝑒𝑒) < 0, which means that the
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64)
functions 𝑀𝑀. (𝑒𝑒) can take a max value at 𝑚𝑚∗ = − 𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
.

Hence we get
1 2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎4 | ≤ (3𝑞𝑞(3𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
48(𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12) 𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
36𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
6𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 + 12𝑞𝑞 5 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
4 2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
2𝑞𝑞 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 + 36𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
72𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 − 144𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
8�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 3 + 432𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
72𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 + 144𝑞𝑞 3 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
48�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 2 + 432𝑞𝑞 �− � +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64
864𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 + 1728𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

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Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass…

2(−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64

16 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 + 864𝑞𝑞 �− �+
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
1600𝑞𝑞. (2.13)
which are the required results.
3𝑞𝑞 2
Theorem 3.4: If 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) then |𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎32 | ≤ 8

Proof: From Eq. (2.7) of Theorem 3.4, we have

𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝3 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 3 5𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑝𝑝12 𝑝𝑝2
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎32 | = � + − + − + − −
32 128 32 128 256 1536 128
𝑝𝑝14 𝑝𝑝22 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 2
− − + �,
1536 16 32 16

we use the Lemma 1.3 we have

𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑝𝑝12 ��1−|𝑥𝑥|2 �𝑧𝑧 𝑝𝑝12 �4−𝑝𝑝22 �𝑥𝑥 2 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑝𝑝12 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑥𝑥�4−𝑝𝑝12 �
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎32 | = � 64
− + −
128 256
2
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑝𝑝12 � 5𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑝𝑝14 𝑞𝑞 4
+ − + − − �. (2.14)
64 1536 64 32 64 256

Denotes |𝑥𝑥| = 𝑡𝑡 ∈ [0,1], 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑒𝑒 ∈ [0,2] then using tri-angle inequality we

have
2
𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑒𝑒 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎32 | ≤ 32
+ + + +
128 256 64
5𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4
� 1536 − + − − �, (2.15)
64 32 64 256

which implies that

2
𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑒𝑒 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �
𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒, 𝑡𝑡) = 32
+ + + +
128 256 64
5𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4
� 1536 − + − − �. (2.16)
64 32 64 256

Thus, we get
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3(4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 2 (4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 2 (4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑡𝑡 (4 − 𝑒𝑒 2 )𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑡𝑡
= + + +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 256 64 32 64
≥ 0,
which gives that F(e, t) is increasing for any then t in [0,1], this show that
F (e, t) has a maxi value at t = 1.

Scientific Inquiry and Review

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 Abbas and Riaz

𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 .2 � 𝑒𝑒 .2 �4−𝑒𝑒 .2 �𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑒𝑒 .2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 .2 �

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒 . , 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒 . , 𝑡𝑡) = 32
+ + +
128 256
2
𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 .2 � 5𝑒𝑒 .4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 .4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 .4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 .4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 .4 𝑞𝑞 4
+ � 1536 − + − − �. (2.17)
64 64 32 64 256

Let us define
2
𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑒𝑒 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 �𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 3𝑒𝑒 2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑡𝑡�4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑞𝑞 2 �4−𝑒𝑒 2 � 5𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4
𝑀𝑀(𝑐𝑐) = 32
+ + + + ( 1536 −
128 256 64
𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑞𝑞 4
+ − − ). (2.18)
64 32 64 256

We have

′ (𝑒𝑒)
5𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 2 (−5𝑒𝑒 2 + 4)𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 2 (𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 2 )𝑒𝑒 25𝑒𝑒 3 𝑞𝑞 4
𝑀𝑀 = − − − ,
128 128 16 384
𝑀𝑀′ (𝑒𝑒) vanishes at e = 0. A simple compilation yield that M ′′(e) < 0,
which mean that the functions M (e) has max values at e = 0. We get
3𝑞𝑞 2
|𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎32 | ≤ 𝑀𝑀(0) = , (2.19)
8

which are the required results.

Theorem 3.5: If𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠∗ (𝑒𝑒 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 |𝐻𝐻3 (1) =
2
1 2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
3
2304(𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12)2
(𝑞𝑞 �15𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
180𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

30𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

10𝑞𝑞 4 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 + 60𝑞𝑞 5 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
180𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

360𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

40�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64𝑞𝑞 3 − 288𝑞𝑞 4 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
2160𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

School of Science
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Volume 7 Issue 4, 2023
Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass…

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

360𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

240�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 2 − 4464𝑞𝑞 3 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
2160𝑞𝑞 �− � +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

4320𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

80�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 + 13824𝑞𝑞 2 +

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
4320𝑞𝑞 �− � + 702008𝑞𝑞 + 62208)� +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
1 1 1 1 1
� 𝑞𝑞 − 8 𝑞𝑞 2 − 8 𝑞𝑞 3 + 24 𝑞𝑞 4 � 𝑞𝑞.
2 4

Proof: H .3 =
(1) a.3 (a.2 a.4 − a.23 ) − a.4 (a1a4 − a.2 a.3 ) + a.5 (a.3 − a 2.2 ) , 𝑎𝑎1 = 1
(2.20)
By applying triangle inequality, we get
Now, substituting the Eq. (2.8),(2.11),(2.13),(2.19), in (2.20) we get
2
1 2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
3
|𝐻𝐻3 (1)| ≤ 2304(𝑞𝑞2−6𝑞𝑞−12)2 (𝑞𝑞 �15𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
180𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 3 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

30𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

10𝑞𝑞 4 �−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 + 60𝑞𝑞 5 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
180𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

360𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 4 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

40�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64𝑞𝑞 3 − 288𝑞𝑞 4 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
2160𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

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 Abbas and Riaz

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞 3 +8𝑞𝑞2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

360𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

240�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 2 − 4464𝑞𝑞 3 +

2
2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
2160𝑞𝑞 �− � +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�

4320𝑞𝑞 �− � 𝑞𝑞 −
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12

80�−2𝑞𝑞 3 + 8𝑞𝑞 2 + 48𝑞𝑞 + 64 𝑞𝑞 + 13824𝑞𝑞 2 +

2�−4+�−2𝑞𝑞3 +8𝑞𝑞 2 +48𝑞𝑞+64�
4320𝑞𝑞 �− � + 702008𝑞𝑞 + 62208)� +
𝑞𝑞 2 −6𝑞𝑞−12
1 1 1 1 1
� 𝑞𝑞 − 8 𝑞𝑞 2 − 8 𝑞𝑞 3 + 24 𝑞𝑞 4 � 𝑞𝑞 ,
2 4
(2.21)
which are the required results.
4. DISCUSSION
The coefficients of the univalent functions attracted the attention of
researchers working in the field of Geometric Functions Theory. On the
other hand, Quantum Calculus and Quantum theory have been applied to
the concepts of Geometric Functions Theory to advance the known classes
and results. The Fekete-Szego problem are a well-known coefficient
problem in this field which has a variety of application in other sciences.
The well-known application of the Fekete problem is the Hankel
determinant. The Hankel determinant of order two have been investigated
by various researchers in this field but the 3rd order Hankel determinant for
starlike functions with respect to symmetric points have attained the
attention of researcher nowadays. To fill this research gap we have worked
on the 3rd order Hankel determinant for our new class of starlike functions
with respect to symmetric points subordination q-exponential function.
Where the concepts of quantum calculus and q-derivative operator have
been applied. The current study determined that on taking 𝑞𝑞 → 1− for the
result proved in this research article, similar results were obtained that were
already proved in [47].
4.1. Conclusion
The class of starlike functions with respect to symmetric points and the
q-extension of these class has been investigated. Conclusively, a new class
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of starlike functions with respect to symmetric points associated with q-

exponential function by using the subordination technique is defined and
studied in this research. Some remarkable results, including coefficient
inequalities, the Fekete Szegö problem, and the third-order Hankel
determinant have been investigated. It was indicated that the new class
along with the associated main theorems are the advancement of the results
and classes, which has already been studied by the researcher working in
the field of Geometry Functions Theory (GFT).
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