Diocese of Imus Catholic Educational System, Inc.

(DICES)
Saint Augustine School
Sta. Cruz St., Poblacion I, Tanza, Cavite, Philippines 4108
Tel. No.: 437-0554 | 454-8483
Email Address: [email protected] | [email protected]

Name: Section: Grade 11

Subject Teacher: Mr. Andrei Chrys C. Francisco Subject: Statistics and Probability

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Concept Notes
Lesson 3: Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

The first step for a researcher is to select a research topic. The next step is to formulate the problem statement. After
that, he or she should list the study questions and determine the target population. Another crucial task for a researcher is to
create population assumptions. The hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population parameter which may or
may not be true. While hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population. Testing
an assumption that we can make about a population.

Lesson 3.1: The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

• It is denoted by 𝐻0 . • It is denoted by 𝐻𝑎 or 𝐻1
• It is the initial claim. • It is contrary to the null hypothesis.
• It shows no significant difference, no changes, • It shows that there is a significant difference, an
nothing happened, and no relationship between effect, change, or relationship between a
the two parameters. parameter and a specific value.
• The independent variable does not affect the • The independent variable affects the dependent
dependent variable. variable.
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 , 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 , 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 • 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 , 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2 , 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2

The following are the clue words or phrases in the statements that determine what symbol and what hypothesis they belong
to:

symbols words or phrases

= (null hypothesis) “equal to”, “the same as”, “not changed from”, “is”
≠ (alternative hypothesis) “not equal”, “different from”, “changed from”, “not the same as”, “is not”
≥ (alternative hypothesis) “greater than”, “above”, “higher than”, “longer than”, “bigger than”, “increased”, “at
least”
≤ (alternative hypothesis) “less than”, “below”, “lower than”, “smaller than”, “shorter than”, “decreased” or
“reduced from”, “at most”

Example 1: The average of bus drivers in Metro Manila is 38.8 years.

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 38.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 (claim)
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 38.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Explanation: The clue word is the word “is” which means equality and you need to use the “=” symbol. Equality belongs to
the null hypothesis. The claim will be the assumption from the statement.

Example 2: The average number of calories of a low-calorie meal is at most 300.

𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 300 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 300 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (claim)
Explanation: The clue word is the word “at most” which means less than and you need to use the “<” symbol. Less than
belongs to the alternative hypothesis. The claim will be the assumption from the statement.

Example 3: The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The teacher
wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests if there is a significant difference between the batch mean score and the
mean score of students in her class.
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 81 (claim) 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 81
𝐻0 : The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 𝐻0 : The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is
81. not 81.
Example 4: A social worker wants to test (at 𝑎 = 0.05) whether the average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils under the
feeding program is different from 18.2 kg.
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 18.2 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 18.2 (claim)
𝐻0 : The average BMI of the pupils under the feeding 𝐻𝑎 : The average BMI of the pupils under the feeding
program is not different from 18.2 program is different from 18.2

Example 5: A DTI representative wants to test at 99% confidence level whether the average content of Soda X is less than
330 ml as indicated on the label.
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 330 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 330 (claim)
𝐻0 : The average content of Soda X is greater than or equal 𝐻0 : The average content of Soda X is less than 330 ml
to 330 ml

Activity 3.1:
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement:

1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a
random sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at a 5%
significance level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%
2. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of a rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance that the average lifespan
is higher than 48 months.
3. A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine reduces uric acid by 50%
4. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is different from 80%.
5. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58 inches.

Lesson 3.2: The Level of Significance

• Denoted by alpha or 𝛼 refers to the degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.
• The significance level is also the probability of making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true
• There is a 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.

If the alternative hypothesis is used > or < symbols, the alpha will be according to the given statement:
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎

If the alternative hypothesis used ≠, then alpha will be divided by 2.

𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓

Example 1: In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a
random sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

The answer is α = 0.025. Since the statement uses the phrase “different from” that belongs to the alternative hypothesis, the
alpha will be divided by 2.

Example 2: An average construction worker's hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of
Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers was asked about their hourly rate and found out that they had an
average of Php 50 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval that the
average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.

The answer is α = 0.10. Since the statement uses the phrase “higher than” which belongs to the alternative hypothesis, the
alpha will remain as is. The significance level is not given, but you just need to subtract 100% from the confidence level to
get the significance level.

Example 3: The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior high school students was
asked and found that the mean number of years to finish their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years.
Test the hypothesis of 93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is less than 14
years.

The answer is α = 0.07. Subtract 100% to the 93% confidence interval to get the significance level.
Activity 3.2:
Determine the value of alpha based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal form.

1. A company claims that its new product increases productivity by at least 20%. A sample of 100 employees using
the product showed an average increase of 18% in productivity with a standard deviation of 5%. Test at a 5%
significance level if the company's claim is supported.
2. A teacher believes that it is not 60% of students pass the final exam. In a sample of 200 students, 130 passed the
exam. Test at a 1% significance level if the teacher's belief holds true.
3. A researcher claims that more than 85% of people prefer product A over product B. In a survey of 500 individuals,
420 indicated a preference for product A. Test at a 1% significance level if the researcher’s claim is supported.
4. A nutritionist suggests that more than 40% of adults consume enough fruits and vegetables daily. In a survey of
1000 adults, 380 reported meeting the recommended intake. Test at a 2% significance level if the nutritionist's
suggestion holds.
5. A psychologist claims that it is not the same as 25% of people experiencing anxiety disorders. A study of 300
individuals found that 90 of them had anxiety disorders. Test at a 10% significance level if the psychologist's claim
is valid.

Lesson 3.3: The One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test

The school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this school year is not the same as the previous school
year.
Let 𝝁𝟎 be the average number of enrollees last year
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
If 𝑯𝒂 uses ≠, use a two-tailed test.

However, if the school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this school year is less than the previous
school year, then you will have:
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0
Use the left-tailed test when 𝑯𝒂 contains the symbol <.

On the other hand, if the school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this school year is greater than the
previous school year, then you will have:
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0
Use the right-tailed test when 𝑯𝒂 contains the symbol >

Determine if a one-tailed test or two-tailed test fits the given alternative hypothesis:
1. The mean height of Grade 12 students is less than 66 inches. (left tailed test)
2. The standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5 inches. (two-tailed test)
3. Male Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height on average. (two-tailed test)
4. The proportion of senior male students’ height is significantly higher than that of senior female students.
(right-tailed test)
5. The average grade of Grade 11 students in Statistics is lower than their average grade in Calculus. (left-tailed test)

Activity 3.3:
Determine the null and alternative hypothesis, the alpha level used, and if it is used one-tailed or two-tailed test:

1. In 2022, it was recorded that around 44% of the population were not married. A researcher surveyed a random
sample of 400 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at a 95% confidence
level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is the same as 44%.
2. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of a rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 45 months. Test the hypothesis at a 0.01 level of significance that the average
lifespan is lower than 45 months.
3. A sample of 50 private school students was surveyed on whether they planned to transfer to public school in the
incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of these students will transfer to public schools. Test the average
number of private school students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at a 5% level of significance.
4. A nutritionist suggests that less than 40% of adults consume enough fruits and vegetables daily. In a survey of 1000
adults, 380 reported meeting the recommended intake. Test at a 2% significance level if the nutritionist's suggestion
holds.
5. A psychologist claims that more than 25% of people experience anxiety disorders. A study of 300 individuals found
that 90 of them had anxiety disorders. Test at a 90% confidence level if the psychologist's claim is valid.