Purposive Communication DEFINITION OF CULTURE

Midterm Coverage  Culture

 The learned and shared behavior of a
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION community of interacting human
 Nowadays, almost everyone is practically beings (Useem & Useem, 1963)
addicted to social media  As a system of beliefs, assumptions,
 You can communicate to anyone all and values share by a group of people
over the world through Facebook, (Fielding, 1996)
Messenger, Skype, Viber  Shared patterns of behaviors and
 You can meet people from other interactions, cognitive constructs, and
countries without leaving the comfort affective understanding that are
of your home learned through a process of
 Researching is easier socialization (Center for Advanced
 By mean of Television and Internet, people Research on Language Acquisition,
can now communicate and interact as if they CARLA of University of Minnesota,
were next-door neighbors 2017)
GLOBALIZATION AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE  Learned set of shared interpretations
 Globalization about beliefs, values, and norms that
 the process of bringing people affect the behaviors of a relatively
together and making them interact and large group of people (Lustig &
exchange ideas across traditional Koester, 2003)
borders (Nowaczyk, 2017) CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURES
 the increasing economic, political, and 1. Cultures are learned, not innate
cultural integration and  Cultures are not inherited, they are
interdependence of diverse cultures acquired.
(Gamble and Gamble, 2013)  We acquire knowledge and
 Global Village understanding of our cultural norms
 One world interconnected by an from the people that surrounds us
electronic nervous system called the (family, friends, relatives)
media (Stewart, 2015) 2. Cultures are shared
 Globalization changes how people consume,  We act as members of our own
work and live almost everywhere in the world cultural group, not as individuals,
 Examples of Globalization because belonging to a group means
 A sign for McDonald’s restaurant in following the norms of a group
Arabic 3. Cultures are multifaceted
 Nike outsourcing to other countries  What some cultures consider common
 Oil importation from foreign countries practice may be taboo to others;
to the United States hence, cultural differences should be
 Hydropolis which was entirely built in recognized and respected
Germany and then assembled in Dubai 4. Cultures are dynamic

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

  Cultures constantly change as cultural  Some cultural differences may defy our ethical
contact increasesm new technologies principles. In cases like this, we can respond in
emerge, and economic conditions a variety of ways
vary. a) Avoiding – refuse to comply
5. Cultural identities are overlapping b) Accommodating – accept the
 We belong to multiple, overlapping different ethical system and conform
cultures as we interact with one c) Forcing – insist on doing business in
another. an ethically proper way
 Some cultures work together while d) Educating–Persuading – try to
others clash convince people on why our ethical
ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES principle is more appropriate
1. Cultural integration e) Negotiating-Compromising – give
 A form of cultural exchange in which something to negotiate a settlement
one group assumes the beliefs, f) Collaboration-Problem Solving –
practices, and rituals of another group work with other party and reach
without sacrificing the characteristics mutual solution
of its own culture BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL
2. Cultural assimilation COMMUNICATION
 Occurs when one members of one 1. Ethnocentrism
cultural group adopt the language,  The belief that a person’s culture is
practices, and beliefs of another group, much better than any other group’s
often losing aspects of their traditional culture
culture in the process 2. Stereotypes
3. Cultural accommodation  Often generalized negative traits
 Process by which individuals may take assigned to a group of people even if
on values and beliefs of the host these traits may only reflect a selected
culture and accommodate them in the few of the group
public sphere while maintaining the 3. Prejudice
parent culture in the private sphere  Unfair though, belief, or feeling of
COMMUNICATION WITHIN AND ACROSS dislike for a person or group because
CULTURES of race, nationality, gender, sexual
 Nobody is capable of fully understanding all orientation, age, religion, etc
languages and all cultures of the world, as well 4. Assumed similarities
as how they are similar and different from one  Baseless, unreasonable refusal to see
another cultural differences where they exist
 To bridge the intercultural communication 5. Anxiety
gaps:  Fear or apprehension associated with
 Be open-minded either real or anticipated
 Respect cultural differences communication with people from
another cultural group.

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON -ize (organize) -ize or –ise
COMMUNICATION (organize/organise)

1. Technology provides us with unlimited -yze (analyze) -yse (analyse)

information l is not doubled Double the l when

(travel, traveled, adding endings that
2. It creates opportunities for meeting new
traveling, traveler) begin with a vowel
people
(travel, travelled,
3. It helps us keep in touch with family and
travelling, traveller)
friends anywhere in the world
Spelled with an e Spelled with ae or oe
4. It brings new diversity to our culture and our (leukemia, estrogen) (leukaemia, oestrogen)
lives -ense (defense, -ence (defence,
5. It fosters better cooperation among different license) licence)
cultural groups -og or –ogue -ogue (analogue,
6. It isolates u (analog, catalog) catalogue)
7. It can make us create second lives

 Varieties of English are identified into three

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN concentric circles
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
 Inner circle – native English-speaking
 Multiple cultures make communication
countries
complicated
o England
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
o United States of America
 Two major varieties or dialects of English
o Canada
 American English (AmE) o Australia
 British English (BrE) o New Zealand
Differences:  Outer circle – former colonies
 AmE first floor is equivalent to BrE ground o India
floor o Africa
 AmE second floor is equivalent to BrE first o Nigeria
floor o Pakistan
 Pronunciation o Philippines
o Malaysia
o Singapore
o Bangladesh
 Expanding circle – countries that are
affected by the widespread use of
English as a global language

 Spelling o China

AmE BrE o Japan

-er (liter, center) -re (litre, centre) o Germany
-or (color, humor) -our (colour, humour) o Turkey
o Saudi Arabia

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

 o Egypt  Similar to formal register but used
o Israel more in conversation.
o Korea  This language is precise and often
o Taiwan technical.
 Pidgins  Examples: Conversing with a doctor
 used as a lingua franca for trade or any or teacher
other practical interaction 4. Casual Register
 language used by both communicators  Informal language that may include
to understand each other but not the slang and colloquialisms.
language of either of them  Words are general, rather than
 Lexifier – language providing technical.
vocabulary  Examples: Language used between
 Substrate – language that provides friends.
syntactic structure 5. Intimate Register
 Creole  Private, intimate language reserved for
 When the pidgins become more fully family members or intimate people
developed and serves as the language
 Examples: conversation between
of the community
husband and wife
 Learner language
CULTURAL TEXT (LINGUSITIC PREFERENCES
 People from outer or expanding circles
AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR)
develop an interlanguage
 Language – mirror that reflects the values,
 Neither pidgin nor creole
traditions, and social norms of a society
 A transitional linguistic system at all
 Visual arts – offering canvas through which
levels
societies express and convey their narratives,
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
values, and beliefs
1. Frozen Register
 Literature – repository for society’s beliefs,
 Language that is "frozen" in time and
values, and collective imagination
form.  Media and Popular Culture – contributes to the
 It does not change and is often learned complex tapestry of cultural texts in the
by rote. modern world
 Examples: Biblical verse, prayers, the Different Cultural Texts across the world:
Pledge of Allegiance  Australia
2. Formal Register  American thumbs up sign is
 Often used in writing, impersonal and considered obscene
professional.  V-sign with the palm facing toward
 Avoids slang and speaks in complete the speaker is the obscene “up yours”
sentences. insult
 Examples: Academic, medical or  France
technical language.  Hands should be visible at all times
3. Consultative Register even when seated at a table

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

 Germany  South Korea
 Hands in pocket is impolite  Slight bow when meeting someone
 Gum chewing in public is rude  Stand when an older person enters the
 Sit down only after you have been room
offered a seat  Lower your eyes to show respect to
 Hong Kong elders
 Two arm’s-length distance with the  Loud laughter is rude; cover mouth
person when laughing in public
 Touching and patting are taboo  Nose blowing should be done in
 When seated, feet should face the private
ground; don’t show the soles of shoes  Remove shoe when entering
 Indonesia temples/homes
 Remove shoes in private  Hug or patting another on the back is
home/mosque rude
 Position the shoes by pointing them  United Kingdom
toward the door  Respect space, maintain two arm’s-
 Japan length space
 Bow as greeting  Men should wait for women to extend
 Exchanging business card is important her hand to shake hands
 Keep your shoes in good condition  V-sign palm facing toward speaker –
 Saving face is important to Japanese obscene “up yours” insult
 Laughter can mean confusion  V-sign palm facing out – victory sign
 American “okay” sign means  Hands should always be visible; hands
“money” in Japan in pockets is rude
 Never leave chopstick in food FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
 Saudi Arabia  Formal Language

 Greetings are very emotional  Less personal than informal language.

 Two men hold hands in public to show  Used when writing for professional or

mutual respect academic purposes like university

 Offer something using your right assignments.

hand; using left hand is taboo  Does not use colloquialisms,

 When sitting, soles of the shoes face contractions or first person pronouns

the ground such as ‘I’ or ‘We’.

 Informal Language
 Singapore
 more casual and intimate.
 Gesture with entire hand in
 Used when communicating with
conversation
friends or family either in writing or in
 Avoid showing the soles of shoes
conversation.
 Feet should be for walking – nothing
else

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

  Used when writing personal emails, 11. Give the benefit of the doubt to someone who
text messages and in some business does or says something that seems
correspondence. weird/wrong
 The tone of informal language is more PRACTICING PROPER NEGOTIATION
personal than formal language Be Confident
 Passive voice Be respectful
 formal language Do your research
 Start with the object Know your priorities
 ex. The application form is completed Try to anticipate the other party’s wants and
 Active voice needs
 Informal language Consider the opposition
 uses first person pov Keep communications open
 ex. I completed the application form Make the first offer
 Imperatives Do not accept the first
 statement begins with a verb Ask open-ended questions
 not for formal language Keep your Timeline in Mind
 applied to informal language Know when to walk away
 ex. Cook the food (informal)
 To make it in Formal form - You cook
the food

TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL MULTICULTURAL

COMMUNICATION
1. Simplify message by using simple vocabulary
2. Avoid shouting
3. Define the meaning of critical technical words
and acronyms
4. Avoid nonstandard abbreviation
5. Be patient and try to follow other
communicator’s ideas and logic
6. Ask politely to repeat his ideas in a different
manner
7. Remain cool and composed even when you
have made a mistake
8. Clarify the meaning and intentions of your
statement
9. Clarify someone’s actions or words
10. Adapt your space requirement to that someone
from another cultural group

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B