PRELAB

3.1 Experiment 1: Determination of the phase commutation angle point (instant of phase
commutation)

Figure 3.1.0 shows the circuit diagram for 3 pulse midpoint rectifiers.

Figure 3.1.1 shows the waveform produced with commutation angle 0°

3.2 Experiment 2: Current and voltage shapes of the converter for different delay angles α
with resistive load

Figure 3.2.0 shows the circuit diagram with resistive load

Figure 3.2.0 shows the waveform produced with commutation angle 30°
3.3 Experiment 3: Determination of the control characteristic Indication of the theoretical and
the usable control ranges Indication of the range of intermittent flow

Figure 3.3.0 shows the waveform produced for commutation angle 10°

Figure 3.3.1 shows the waveform produced for commutation angle 30°

Figure 3.3.2 shows the waveform produced for commutation angle 90°
Figure 3.3.3 shows the waveform produced for commutation angle 120°
3.4 Experiment 4: Current and voltage shapes at the converter on mixed load (resistive-
inductive)

Figure 3.4.0 shows the circuit diagram for rectifier with resistive and inductive load

Figure 3.4.1 shows the waveform obtained for resistive and inductive load.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiment 1: Determination of the phase commutation angle point (instant of phase

commutation)

1. Waveform of three-phase voltages VRN, VYN and VBN has been observed by placing
each waveform.
2. Commutation angle point φs in relation to the zero-crossing of phase voltage VRN is
Commutation angle point φs= 30.6°.

Figure 4.0, waveform three-phase voltages.

3. Reasons for the line commutation angle point φs being the reference point for α = 0°.
 A thyristor which has forward voltage across it can start conducting if it
receives a firing pulse.
 Thyristor is forward biased, occurs 30° after its voltage has crossed zero.
 Commutation angle point at 30° being the reference point for α = 0° because
thyristor start conducting.
Experiment 2: Current and voltage shapes of the converter for different delay angles α
with resistive load.

1. The corresponding rectifier waveforms: red phase voltage VRN, output DC voltage
VDC, output DC current IDC and input red-phase current IR.
 Waveform at α=10°.

Figure 4.2: α=10°.

 Waveform at α=30°.

Figure 4.3: α=30°.

  Waveform at α=90°.

Figure 4.4: α=90°.

 Waveform at α=120°.

Figure 4.5: α=120°.

2. Study waveform and give comments.
 Based on the results of waveform for red-phase voltage V RN same at any firing
angle. Because firing angle does not affect VRN.
 For the output voltage VDC and output DC current IDC are different based on the
firing angle. At firing angles 10° and 30° follow the condition 1 that Continuous
Conduction Mode (CCM) because CCM happen at firing angle above 0° and
below 30°.
 For firing angle 90° and 120° output voltage and output DC current show distorted
because rectifier is at condition 2 that Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).
Conditions 2 happen when firing angle is above 30°.
 Experiment 3: Determination of the control characteristic Indication of the
theoretical and the usable control ranges Indication of the range of intermittent
flow.

1. The direct voltage VDC with multimeter is VDC0= 47V.

2. The results show in table 1.

α in degrees 0° 10° 30° 90° 120° 150° 180°

VDCα 47 46 40.75 20 4 0 0
VDCα /VDC0 1 0.98 0.86 0.43 0.09 0 0

Theoretical VDCα 52.63 51.83 45.58 51.67 0 0 0

Theoretical VDCα /VDC0 1 0.98 0.87 0.98 0 0 0
Total Input Power,PIN 66.9 64.1 56 10.5 1.5 0 0
(W)
Output Power,P0 (W) 60 57 51 9.82 1.28 0 0
Efficiency,η % 89.63 88.9 91.02 93.52 85.33 0 0
Table 1: Results for experiment 3

3. This graph shows control characteristics VDCα /VDC0.

VDCα /VDC0 Vs α
1.2
1 0.98
1
0.86
0.8
VDCα /VDC0

0.6
0.43
0.4

0.2 0.09
0 0
0
0° 10° 30° 90° 120° 150° 180°
α

Figure 4.6: Graph control characteristics VDCα /VDC0

4. Based on the results at step 3 and 4 the usable control rages of delay angle, α and
theoretical control range.
Theoretical control range: 0° ≤ α ≤ 90°
Usable control range: 0° ≤ α ≤ 120°
5. The difference between theoretical and the usable control ranges of delay angle, α.
 Theoretical control range has been calculated by using the formula given but
usable control range is measure during the experiment.
 So usable control range is from 0° until 120°. The result in table 1 as prove
that voltage can be measured from 0° until 120° but the voltage decrease. But
for range 150° until 180° VDCα is zero.
 So theoretical control range is different between usable control range at delay
angle 120°. Usable control range can measure at delay angle 120° with small
VDCα. But for theoretical control range the VDCα is zero. This is because from
the formula delay angle need to add 60° for condition range α from 30° to
150°.
6. The intermittent flow of delay angle α: 0° ≤ α ≤ 120°.
Experiment 4: Current and voltage shapes at the converter on mixed load (resistive
inductive)

1. Delay angle at α = 90° when load consists of resistance RL = 33 Ω.

Figure 4.7 shows waveform with resistive load.

Delay angle at α = 90° when load consists of resistance R L = 33 Ω and inductance LL

= 100mH.

Figure 4.8 shows waveform with resistive and inductive loads.

2. Compare the result purely resistive load with mixed loads (resistive and inductive) at
α = 90°.
 Waveform with mixed loads has voltage drop during commutation interval than
resistive load.
3. The control characteristic for mixed load.

α in degrees 0° 10° 30° 90° 120°

VDCα 48 46 43 19 6
VDCα /VDC0 1 1 0.89 0.4 0.13

PDCα 53.45 53.45 50.35 10.93 1.09

PDCα/PDC0 1 1 0.94 0.2 0.02

Table show control characteristic for mixed load.

VDCα /VDC0 Vs α
1.2
1 1
1 0.89

0.8
VDCα /VDC0

0.6
0.4
0.4

0.2 0.13

0
0° 10° 30° 90° 120°

Figure 4.9 shows graph for VDCα /VDC0 Vs α mixed load.

 PDCα/PDC0 vs α
1.2
1 1
1 0.94

0.8
PDCα/PDC0

0.6

0.4
0.2
0.2
0.02
0
0° 10° 30° 90° 120°
α

Figure 4.10 shows graph for PDCα/PDC0 Vs α mixed load.

Comment on the control characteristic for both type of loads

 Control characteristic for both type of load is almost similar because voltage ratio and
output power ratio is decrease pattern start at delay angle α = 0º until α =120º.
Discussions

Based on the experiment in parts A and B that the value of the firing angle and delay
angle affects the output voltage. In this experiment, a thyristor is used as a rectifier. In the lab
manual, it connects the Ig value to the thyristor and changes the firing angle. After changing
the value, the experiment must examine the waveform that continues for the angle
0°<=α<=30°. While for the value 30°<=α<=120°, the waveform is discontinuous and
contains certain intervals where the output voltage is equal to zero. The input red-phase
current, Ir, has a comparable waveform at α=0°, 10°, and α=90°, 100°, however, α=30° has a
distinct waveform, perhaps owing to the commutation angle. In a three-phase system, when
α=30°, it is considered the reference point for delay or firing angle.

Measure VDC and PIN for each angle that has been modified based on experiment 2
for the third experiment. Record the value from the multimeter and power meter on the table.
In addition, the theoretical value must be computed and compared to the experimental data.
Finally, for experiment 4, a 100mH inductive load is added to the circuit from experiment 3
to evaluate the voltage and current form for the mixed load. The waveforms are caught for
this experiment, and the values, VDC, and PIN are only obtained at delay angle α=90°. The
value is then entered into a table and compared to the value for resistive load.

For the problem in the lab that had been facing was the meter cannot be measured
correctly because the eyes were not parallel to the power meter and voltage meter. After that,
the equipment that has been used in the lab cannot be used because the power meter does not
show the value. Next, for experiment 2 the wire cannot be connected because the circuit is
too dizzy to connect. After the lecturer briefing to the student, the student can perform
successfully the experiment.
Conclusion

As for the conclusion, the changes in angle affected the value of the result. Therefore,
there is some new knowledge that was learned in this experiment. Firstly, the student can
learn more about using PSIM. The student can get to know how to change the delay angle.
The delay angle of gating the thyristor into conduction is designated as alpha (α). With α = 0,
the thyristor behaves like a rectifier. As the delay angle is increased, the average dc output
voltage decreases. After getting the waveform it can get the average value for the output
voltage.

The student can tell the difference between a standard diode and a thyristor. Normal
diodes have a set output voltage, but thyristors have a variable output voltage. Thyristors
need that the delay angle be injected at a certain angle. The delay angle has an effect on the
value of VDC; as the delay angle increases, the VDC decreases. The delay angle can also be
used to assess if the circuit is continuous or discontinuous.