M a them a ti cs | 17.

21

f1 (x) g1 (x) f ′ (x) g1′ (x) f1 (x) g1 (x) f1′ (x) g1 (x) f1 (x) g1′ (x)
(g) If ∆(x) = =
then ∆ ′(x) 1 + or +
f2 (x) g2 (x) f2 (x) g2 (x) f2′ (x) g2′ (x) f2′ (x) g2 (x) f2 (x) g2′ (x)

f(x) g(x) h(x) ∫ f(x)dx ∫ g(x)dx ∫ h(x)dx

(h) If ∆(x) =a b c then ∫ ∆(x)dx =a b c
α β γ α β γ

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards 3 3 3
⇒ R.H.S. = pqr(a + b + c − 3abc)  .… (ii)

Example 1: Prove that From eq. (i) and (ii), we get

pa qb rc a b c ∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
qc ra pb = pqr c a b . Use p + q + r = 0.
rb pc qa b c a Example 2: Prove that the determinant

x sin θ cos θ
Sol: By using the expansion formula of determinants we
− sin θ −x 1 is independent of θ.
can prove this.
cos θ 1 x
pa qb rc
L.H.S.= qc ra pb =
Sol: Simply by expanding the given determinant we can
rb pc qa prove it.
ra pb qc pb qc ra x sin θ cos θ
pa − qb + rc We have, − sin θ −x 1
pc qa rb qa rb pc
cos θ 1 x
= pa(a2qr − p2bc) − qb(q2ac − prb2 ) + rc(pqc2 − r 2ab)
−x 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ −x
=x − sin θ + cos θ
3 3 3 3
= a pqr − p abc − q abc + b pqr − r abc3 1 x cos θ x cos θ 1

= pqr(a3 + b3 + c3 ) − abc(p3 + q3 + r 3 ) x( −x2 − 1) − sin θ ( −x sin θ − cosθ) + cos θ ( − sin θ + x cos θ)

 p+q+r =0 … (given) = −x3 − x + x sin2 θ + sin θ cosθ − sin θ cos θ + x cos2 θ

(p + q + r)3 = 0 = −x3 − x + x(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) = −x3 − x + x

⇒ p3 + q3 + r3 ‒ pqr = 0 ⇒ p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr Thus, the determinant is independent of θ .

⇒ L.H.S. = pqr(a3 + b3 + c3 ) − abc(3pqr) x+a x x

3 3 3
⇒ L.H.S. = pqr(a + b + c − 3abc)  .… (i) Example 3: Solve the equation x x+a x =0,
a≠0. x x x+a
 a b c b c a
R.H.S. = pqr a −b +c 
 c a b a b c  Sol: We can expand the above determinant by applying
the invariance and scalar multiple properties, and hence
= pqr[a(a2 − bc) − b(ca − b2 ) + c(c2 − ab)] we can easily solve this problem.
= pqr[a3 − abc − abc + b3 + c3 − abc]
 1 7 . 2 2 | Determinants

x+a x x 2 −1 3
We have, x x+a x =0 Here, ∆ = 1 1 1
x x x+a 1 −1 1

Operation: C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 =2(1 + 1) + 1 (1 – 1) + 3 (–1 – 1) = – 2,

9 −1 3
3x + a x x 1 x x ∆ x =6 1 1 =9(1 + 1) + 1(6 – 2) + 3 (–6 – 2) = –2
3x + a x + a x =0 ⇒ (3x + a) 1 x + a x =0 2 −1 1
3x + a x x+a 1 x x+a
2 9 3
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1 ∆ y =1 6 1 =2(6 – 2) – 9(1 – 1) + 3(2 – 6) = – 4
1 2 1
1 x x
We get (3x + a) 0 a 0 =
0 2 −1 9
0 0 a ∆ z =1 1 6 =2(2 + 6) + 1(2 – 6) + 9(–1 – 1) = –6
1 −1 2
a 0
⇒ (3x + a) 0
= ⇒ a2 (3x + a) =
0 By Cramer’s Rule
0 a
∆x ∆y ∆z
a x =
= 1 ,=y = 2 ,=
z = 3
⇒ 3x + a = 0, [ a ≠ 0] ⇒ x = − ∆
3 ∆ ∆
Hence Proved.
Example 6: Show that
Example 4: Solve, using Cramer’s rule 3x ‒ 2y + 4z = 5;
a + b + 2c a b
x + y + 3z = 2; ‒x + 2y ‒ z = 1
c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)3
Sol: By defining D, D1, D2, D3 and by using Cramer’s c a c + a + 2b
Rule we will get required result.
Sol: By using invariance and scalar multiple property
3 −2 4 we can expand given determinant and can prove it.
D= 1 1 3 = −5
−1 2 −1 2(a + b + c) a b
∆ 2(a + b + c) b + c + 2a
= b
5 −2 4 3 5 4 2(a + b + c) a c + a + 2b
D1 = 2 1 3 = −33 , D2 = 1 2 3 = −13
[C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
1 2 −1 −1 1 −1
1 a b
3 −2 5
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b + c + 2a b
=D3 =1 1 2 12
1 a c + a + 2b
−1 2 1
1 a b
D1 −33 33
x =
By Cramer’s Rule,= = , = 2(a + b + c) 0 b + c + a 0
D −5 5
0 a c+a+b
D2 −13 13 D3 12 −12
y
= = = ;=
z = =
D −5 5 D −5 5 [by R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]

= 2(a + b + c)[1{(b + c + a)2 − 0}]

Example 5: Solve the following system of equations by
Cramer’s Rule
= 2(a + b + c)(a + b + c)2 = 2(a + b + c)3
2x − y + 3z
= 9; x + y +=
z 6; x − y +=
z 2

Sol: By defining ∆ , ∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z and by using Cramer’s Example 7: Using determinants, show that the points
Rule we will get the required result. (11, 7), (5, 5) and (–1, 3) are collinear.
 M a them a ti cs | 17.23

Sol: If these points are collinear then the area of a JEE Advanced/Boards
triangle made by joining these points will be zero.
The area of the triangle formed by the given points Example 1: Without expanding, evaluate the determinant
11 7 1 sin α cos α sin(α + δ)
1
= 5 5 1 sin β cos β sin(β + δ)
2
−1 3 1 sin γ cos γ sin( γ + δ)
Operate: R1 → R1 − R 2 ; R 2 → R 2 − R 3
Sol: By using the formula sin(A+ B) = sin A cos B + cos
6 2 0 A sin B and invariance property of determinants we can
1 1
= 6 2 0 = ⋅0 = 0 expand the given determinant.
2 2
−1 3 1 sin α cos α sin(α + δ)
( R1 and R 2 are identical) Let =
∆ sin β cos β sin(β + δ)
sin γ cos γ sin( γ + δ)
Hence, the given points are collinear.
sin α cos α sin α cos δ + cos α sin δ
Example 8: If A and B are two matrices such that AB = ⇒=
∆ sin β cos β sin β cos δ + cos β sin δ
B and BA = A, then A2 + B2. sin γ cos γ sin γ cos δ + cos γ sin δ

Sol: By using the multiplication property of matrices we sin α cos α 0

can solve given problem.
⇒ ∆ sin β cos β 0
=
A2 + B2 = AA + BB sin γ cos γ 0
= A(BA) + B(AB) [Given AB = B and BA = A]
[Applying C3 → C3 − cos δ . C1 − sin δ . C2 ]
= (AB)A + (BA)B
⇒ ∆ =0 [ C3 consists of all zeroes]
[Matrix multiplication is associatively]=BA + AB
[Given AB = B and BA = A] =A+B Example 2: By using properties of determinants prove
[Given AB = B and BA = A] that

1 x x2
12 22 32 42
22 32 42 52
x2 1 x = (1 − x3 )2
Example 9: Find the value of
32 42 52 62 x x2 1

42 52 62 72
Here in this problem by using invariance and
scalar multiple properties we will expand the given
Sol: By applying the invariance property we can find determinant and we will prove it.
the value of the given determinant.
1 x x2 1 + x + x2 x x2
12 22 32 42 1 4 9 16 1 4 9 16
Sol: L.H.S. = x2 1 x = 1 + x + x2 1 x
22 32 42 52
4 9 16 25 3 5 7 9
= = x x 2
1 1+x+x 2
x 2
1
32 42 52 6 2 9 16 25 36 5 7 9 11
42 52 62 7 2 16 25 36 49 7 9 11 13
[Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
[Applying R 4 → R 4 − R 3 , R3 → R3 − R 2 , R 2 → R 2 − R1 ]
1 x x2
1 4 9 16 2
= (1 + x + x ) 1 1 x
3 5 7 9 1 x2 1
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 x x2

[Applying R 4 → R 4 − R 3 , R 3 → R 3 − R 2 ] = (1 + x + x2 ) 0 1−x x − x2

=0 0 x2 − x 1 − x2
1 7 . 2 4 | Determinants

[Applying R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ] a b 1
1
= (1 + x + x2 )(1){(1 − x)(1 − x2 ) − (x2 − x)(x − x2 )} c d 1 where (a, b) (c, d) (e, f) are the vertices of
2
e f 1
= (1 + x + x2 )(1 − x)2 {1 + x + x2 }
triangle. Therefore by substituting the value of vertices
= {(1 − x)(1 + x + x2 )}2 = (1 − x3 )2 = R.H.S. we will get required result.
Let the vertices of triangle be A(2, –6), B(5, 4) and C(k, 4).
Example 3: Show that x =−(a + b + c) is one root of
Since the area of the triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, we
x+a b c
2 −6 1 2 −6 1
the equation: b x+c a =0 and solve the 1 1
have, 5 4 1 = ±35 ⇒ 3 10 0 = ±35
c a x +b 2 2
k 4 1 k − 2 10 0
equation completely.
[Applying R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]
Sol: We can expand given determinant using the
invariance and scalar multiple properties and by solving 1 3 10
we will find out required result. ⇒ = ±35 [Expanding along C3]
2 k − 2 10
By C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get
1
⇒ {30 − 10(k − 2)} =
±35
x +a+b+c b c 2
x +a+b+c x +c a =0 ⇒ ±70 ⇒
30 − 10k + 20 = 10k = 50  70
x +a+b+c a x +b ⇒ k = +12 or k = –2

1 b c
Example 5: Solve the following system of equations by
⇒ (x + a + b + c) 1 x + c a =0
using determinants: x + y + z =,
1
1 a x +b
k ; a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =
ax + by + cz = k2
1 b c
Sol: Here in this problem first define D, D1, D2 and D3.
⇒ (x + a + b + c) 0 x − b + c a−c =0
then by using Cramer’s rule we can solve it.
0 a−b x +b−c
1 1 1
R 2 → R 2 − R1 ; R 3 → R 3 − R1 We have, D = a b c

On expanding by first column, we get a2 b2 c2

(x + a + b + c)[(x − b + c)(x + b − c) − (a − b)(a − c)] =0 1 0 0

= a b−a c−a
⇒ (x + a + b + c)[x2 − (b − c)2 − (a2 − ac − ab + bc)] =0
a2 b2 − a2 c2 − a2
⇒ (x + a + b + c)(x2 − b2 − c2 + 2bc − a2 + ac + ab − bc] =0
[Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 ]
⇒ (x + a + b + c)(x2 − a2 − b2 − c2 + ab + bc + ca) =0
1 0 0
Either x + a + b + c = 0 ⇒ x = –(a + b + c)
= (b − a)(c − a) a 1 1
or x2 − a2 − b2 − c2 + ab + bc + ca =
0 a2 b + a c + a

⇒ x=± a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca 1 1
= (b − a)(c − a).1.
b+a c+a
Example 4: If the area of a triangle is 35 sq. units with [Expanding along R1 ]
vertices (2, –6), (5, 4) and (k, 4), then find k.
= (b − a)(c − a)(c + a − b − a)
Sol: As we know that the area of the triangle =
= (b − a)(c − a)(a − b)  … (i)
 M a them a ti cs | 17.25

1 1 1 [R1 → R1 − R 2 , R 2 → R 2 − R3 ]
D1 =k b c =(b − c)(c − k)(k − b)
2 −1 α
k 2 b2 c2
= −1 2 β −1
[Replacing a by k in (i)] u v − 1 1 + a3 + b3
1 1 1 [ C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 − C3 ]
D 2 =a k c =(k − c)(c − a)(a − k)
a2 k 2 c2 0 −1 α
= 3 2 β −1 [ C1 → C1 + 2C2 ]
[Replacing b by k in (i)]
u + 2v − 2 v − 1 1 + a3 + b3
1 1 1
and D3 =a b k =(a − b)(b − k)(k − a) = [3(1 + a3 + b3 ) − (u + 2v − 2)(β − 1)]
2 2 2
a b k
+ a 2 [3(v − 1) − 2(u + 2v − 2)]
[Replacing c by k in (i)]
= 3 + 3(a3 + β3 ) − uβ − 2vβ + 2β + u + 2 v
D1 (b − c)(c − k)(k − b) (c − k)(k − b)
x =
∴= = , −2 + α( − v + 1 − 2u)
D (b − c)(c − a)(a − b) (c − a)(a − b)
= 1 + 3(a3 + b3 ) + 2β + u + 2v + α − uβ −2vβ − αv − 2uα
D2 (k − c)(c − a)(a − k) (k − c)(a − k)
y =
= = = 1 + 3(a3 + β3 ) + 2(a2 − a3 ) + b1 − b2 + 2(β2 − b3 )
D (b − c)(c − a)(a − b) (b − c)(a − b)
+a − a − 2αu − 2β v − uβ − vα
D3 (a− b)(b− k)(k − a) (k − a)(b− k)
z =
= = = 1 + (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b 3 ) − 2αu −2βv − uβ − vα
D (b − c)(c − a)(a − b) (c− a)(b− c)
= RHS [From (i)]
Example 6: Show that
Example 7: Find values of c for which the equations
1 + a1 + b1 a1 + b2 a1 + b3
2x + 3y =
3 ; (c + 2)x + (c + 4)y =c + 6
a2 + b1 1 + a2 + b2 a2 + b3
a3 + b1 a3 + b2 1 + a3 + b3 (c + 2)2 x + (c + 4)2 y = (c + 6)2 are consistent and hence
solve the equation.
3
=1 + ∑ (ai + bi ) + ∑ (ai − a j ) (b j − bi )
=i 1 1 ≤ i< j≤ 3 Sol: Here in this problem first define given equations as
∆ and solve it as ∆ =0 by using the invariance method.
Sol: By putting α = a1 ‒ a2, β = a2 ‒ a3 , then α + β = a1 ‒ a3 The equation will be consistent, if
u = b1 ‒ b2, v = b2 ‒ b3, then u + v = b1 ‒ b3. Using the
2 3 3
invariance property expand the given determinant, and
then comparing it to the R.H.S. of the given problem c+2 c+4 c+6 0
=
2 2 2
we can prove it. (c + 2) (c + 4) (c + 6)
Let Now R.H.S. Applying C3 → C3 − C2 , we get
3
=1 + ∑ (ai + bi ) + ∑ (ai − a j ) (b j − bi ) 2 3 0
=i 1 1 ≤ i< j≤ 3 c+2 c+4 2 0
=
=1 + (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 ) + (a1 − a2 )(b2 − b1 ) (c + 2) 2
(c + 4)2
4(c + 5)
+ (a2 − a3 )(b3 + b2 ) + (a1 − a3 )(b3 − b1 )
Solving, we get c2 + 10c =
0
= 1 + (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 ) − αu − βv − (α + β)(u + v)
or c = 0, –10  … (i)
= 1 + (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 ) − 2αu − 2βv − βu − αv .
If c = 0, the system of equations becomes
 .... (i)
1+α α −1 α  2x + 3y =
3
 ⇒ x = – 3 , y = 3 .… (ii)
Now L.H.S.= β 1+β β −1 2x + 4y 6
=
a3 + b1 a3 + b2 1 + a3 + b3
1 7 . 2 6 | Determinants

If c = –10, then system of equations becomes Example 9: Let λ and α be real. Find the set of all
values of λ and α for which the system of linear
 2x + 3y = 3 1 4 equations λx + (sin α )y + (cos α )z =0
 ⇒ x = − , y =  .… (iii)
 −8x − 6y =− 4 2 3
x + (cos α )y + (sin α )z =
0 −x + (sin α )y − (cos α )z =0 has
16x + 9y = 4 a non-trivial solution. If λ =1 , find all values of α .

Hence the solutions are given by (ii) and (iii). Sol: Here in this problem first define the given equations
as ∆ and as we know that for non-trivial solution ∆ =0 .
Example 8: If (ar, br), r = 1, 2, 3 be the vertices of a For non-trivial solution, condition is ∆ =0 .
triangle, prove that
λ sin α cos α
a2 − a3 b2 − b3 a1 (a2 − a3 ) + b1 (b2 − b3 )
=∆ 1 cos α = sin α 0
∆= a3 − a1 b3 − b1 ) 0 … (i)
a2 (a3 − a1 ) + b2 (b3 − b1 =
−1 sin α − cos α
a1 − a2 b1 − b2 a3 (a1 − a2 ) + b3 (b1 − b2 )
or λ[ − cos2 α − sin2 α] − sin α [ − cos α + sin α]
and hence show that the altitudes of a triangle are
concurrent.
+ cos α [sin α + cos α] = 0
Sol: Using the invariance method we can expand the or λ sin2α + cos2α
= ∴ α ∈R ; | λ | ≤ 2
given determinant and using the equations of altitude
If λ =1 , then=
1 sin2α + cos2α
we can prove it
 π 1 π
a2 − a3 b2 − b3 a1 (a2 − a3 ) + b1 (b2 − b3 ) cos  2α − = = cos
 4 2 4
∆= a3 − a1 b3 − b1 a2 (a3 − a1 ) + b2 (b3 − b1 =
) 0
π π π π
a1 − a2 b1 − b2 a3 (a1 − a2 ) + b3 (b1 − b2 ) ⇒ 2α − = 2nπ ± : n ∈ I ⇒ α = nπ ± + : n ∈ I
4 4 8 8
[Applying R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 ]

0 0 0 Example 10: For a fixed positive integer n, if

∆= a3 − a1 b3 − b1 a2 (a3 − a1 ) + b2 (b3 − b1 ) n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!
a1 − a2 b1 − b2 a3 (a1 − a2 ) + b3 (b1 − b2 ) ∆= (n + 1)! (n + 2!) (n + 3)!
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!
A(a1, b1)
 ∆ 
then show that  − 4  is divisible by n.
3
 (n!) 
F E
Sol: By using the scalar multiple property of
determinants we can take (n!)3 ,(n+1) and (n + 2)
B(a2, b2) D C(a3, b3) common and using the invariance property we can
solve the given problem.
∴ Equation of altitude AD is:
a − a3 1 n+1 (n + 2)(n + 1)
− 2
y − b1 = (x − a1 ) =∆ (n!)3 n+1 (n + 2)(n + 1) (n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1)
b2 − b3
(n + 2)(n + 1) (n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1) (n + 4)(n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1)
or x(a2 − a3 ) + y(b2 − b3 )= a1 (a2 − a3 ) + b1 (b2 − b3 ) … (ii)
Taking (n+1) and (n + 2) (n + 1) common from C2 and
Similarly equation of altitudes BE and CF are C3 respectively, we get
x(a3 − a1 ) + y(b3 − b1 )= a2 (a3 − a1 ) + b2 (b3 − b1 ) .… (iii) =∆ (n!)3 (n + 2)(n + 1)

x(a1 − a2 ) + y(b1 − b2 )= a3 (a1 − a2 ) + b3 (b1 − b2 )  .… (iv) 1 1 1
n+1 n+2 n+3
Altitudes (ii), (iii), (iv) are concurrent, since the
determinant given by L.H.S. of (i) is zero. (n + 2)(n + 1) (n + 3)(n + 2) (n + 4)(n + 3)

[Apply C3 → C3 − C1 and C2 → C2 − C1 then

 M a them a ti cs | 17.27

=∆ (n!)3 (n + 1)2 (n + 2) = (n!)3 (n + 1)2 (n + 2) ⋅ 2

1 0 0 =∆ (n!)3 (n2 + 2n + 1)(2n +=

4) (n!)3 (2n3 + 8n2 + 10n + 4)
n+1 1 2  ∆ 
∴  − 4  = 2n3 + 8n2 + 10n ,
(n + 2)(n + 1) 2(n + 2) 4n + 10 3
 (n!) 
= (n!)3 (n + 1)2 (n + 2)[4n + 10 − 4(n + 2)] 2n(n2 + 4n + 5) , which is divisible by n.

JEE Main/Boards

 3 1
Exercise 1 Q.11 Find the adjoint of matrix A =  .
 −5 4 
−1 2 2 x
Q.1 Find x, if = .  1 3
4 8 x −4 Q.12 Find the inverse of matrix   , if possible.
 −6 −18 
1 2 3 1 8
Q.2 It matrix A =   , find [A].
0 1  Q.13 Without expanding, find the value of −4 2 16 .
4 −1 0 −5 3 24
x 0 1
Q.3 Given 2 1 4 , find (i) M23 (ii) C32 .  
Q.14 If a =  2 −1 4  is a singular matrix, find x.
1 0 3 1 2 0
 

Q.4 Area of a triangle with vertices (k, 0), (1, 1) and Q.15 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
(0, 3) is 5 sq. units. Find the value(s) of k. (3, 1) (4, 3) and (–5, 4).

Q.5 Find the area of a triangle, whose vertices are (0, 3) Q.16 Find the value of x, if area of triangle
(–1, 4), (2, 6). is 35 square cms with vertices (x, 4), (2, –6) and (5, 4).

a11 a12 a13

Q.17 Show that the following determinant vanishes:
Q.6 Given determinant a21 a22 a23 .
a31 a32 a33 5 15 −25
7 21 30 .
Find the value of a11C21 + a12C22 + a13C33 . 8 24 42

 −1 24  Q.18 Using properties of determinants, prove that :

Q.7 Find the value of p, such that the matrix  
is singular.  4 p
1 a b+c
0.
1 b c+a =
Q.8 Given I2 . Find I2 . Also find 3I2 .
1 c a+b

Q.9 Find the value of x, such that the points (0,2), (1, x),
(3, 1) are collinear. Q.19 If points (2, 0), (0, 5) and (x, y) are collinear, then
x y
show that + = 1.
Q.10 For two given square matrices A and 2 5
B of the same order, such that |A| = 20 and |B| = –20,
find |AB|. Q.20 If for matrix A, |A| = 3 find |5A|, where matrix A is
of order 2 × 2.
1 7 . 2 8 | Determinants

 a11 a12   2 2 1 1 3 2 
Q.21 Given A = a 
a22  , such that |A| = –10. Find
 
Q.32 If A =  −2 1 2 and B =
 
 21 1 1 1  ,
a11C11 + a12C12 .  1 −2 2  2 −3 −1
   
verify that (AB)–1 = B−1 A –1 .
Q.22 Without expanding prove that, the value of
determinant (33-38) Using properties of determinant, prove that
1 a b+c a b c
1 b c + a is zero. Q.33 b c a =(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 –c2)
1 c a+b c a b

= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3.
Q.23 A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 and |A| = –4.
Find |adj.A|. y+z x y
Q.34 z + x y x =(x + y + z) (x – z)2.
Q.24 Is it possible to find the inverse of a matrix x+y z z

 2 1 5 −bc b2 + bc c2 + bc
  ? Given reasons.
 −1 0 3 Q.35 a2 + ac −ac c2 + ac = (ab+bc+ca)3.
a2 + ab b2 + ab −ab
Q.25 Given a square matrix A of order 3 × 3, such that
|A| = 12, find the value of |A.adj. A|.
(b + c)2 a2 bc
2 2
 2 3 Q.36 (c + a) b ac = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a+ b +c)
Q.26 Compute A −1 for the matrix   and show 2 2
 5 −2  (a
(a + b) c ab 2
+ b2 + c2).
1
that A −1 = A.
19
a b−c c+b
Q.37 a + c b c − a = (a+b+c) (a2+b2+c2).
 1 −2 1
  a−b a+b c
Q.27 Let A=  −2 3 1
 1 1 5
 
a b ax + by
Verify that (i) (adj A)-1 (ii) (A−1)−1=A. Q.38 b c bx + cy =(b2– ac)(ax2+2bxy+cy2)
ax + by bx + cy 0
Q.28 Using matrix method, examine the system of
equations: 2x + 5y = 7, 6x + 15y = 13 for consistency. Q.39 Write the minors and cofactors of the elements of
second row of the following determinant:
a b  1 2 3
Q.29 Find the inverse of matrix A=  1 + bc  and
c  −4 3 6.
show that aA −1 = (a2 + bc + 1)I − aA .  a  2 −7 9

Q.40 Find the quadratic function defined by the equation

 1 tanx 
Q.30 If A =  , f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, if f(0) = 6(2) = 11 and f(–3) = 6, using
 − tanx 1  determinants.
cos2x − sin2x 
show that A′A −1 =  . Q.41 Examine whether the system of equations:
 sin2x cos2x  2x – y = 5, 4x – 2y = 10 is consistent or inconsistent.

 2 0 −1  Q.42 Verify, whether the system of equations: 3x – y – 2z

 
Q.31 If A =  5 1 0  , prove that A −1 = A2 − 6A + 11 I . = 2, 2y – z = –1, 3x – 5y = 3 is consistent or inconsistent.
 0 1 3
 
 M a them a ti cs | 17.29

Without expanding the determinants, show that 2 −3

Q.52 Show that A =   satisfies the equation
2 3 4 
1 a bc 1 a a x2 – 6x + 17 = 0.
Q.43 1 b ca = 1 b b2 .
Hence find A–1.
1 c ab 1 c c2

a a2 bc 1 a2 a3 2 4  0 2  1 6 
2 2 3 Q.53 Find matrix A if,  A = .
Q.44 b b ca = 1 b b 1 3 1 3 3 −1
2 2
c c ab 1 c c3
5 0 4  1 3 3 
  −1  
0 p −q p −r Q.54 Given A 2 3 3  and B 1 4 3  . Compute
Q.45 q − p 0 q−r =0 (AB) .
–1
1 2 1  1 3 4 
   
r −p r −q 0
 2 −1 1
 
Q.55 For the matrix A =
 −1 2 −1 , verify that
x2 0 3
 1 −1 2
Q.46 Solve for x, x 1 −4 =
11 .  
1 2 0 A3 − 6A2 + 9A − 4I =
O , hence find A −1 .

3 2 2 1 0
Q.47 If   , verify that A − 4A − I =O =  
2 1 0 1 Exercise 2
0 0
and O =  −1
 and hence find A . Single Correct Choice Type
 0 0 
Q.1 If a, b, c are all different from zero and
1 / a a2 bc
1+a 1 1
Q.48 Evaluate : 1 / b b2 ca .
1 1+b 1 = 0, then the value of a−1 + b−1 + c−1
1/c c2 ab 1 1 1+c

is:
Q.49 Show that {–(a + b + c)} is root of the following
equation: (A) abc (B) a–1 b–1 c–1

x+a b c (C) –a – b – c (D) –1

b x+c a =0.
a a3 a4 − 1
c a x +b
Q.2 If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b 4 − 1 =
0,
then 3 4
c c c −1
Q.50 Using properties of determinants, prove
(A) abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c
x+4 x x
that : x x+4 x =16(3x + 4) . (B) (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = abc
x x x+4 (C) abc (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca
(D) None of these
Q.51 Using properties of determinants, prove that:
b + c a−b a Q.3 If (sin–1 x + sin–1 w) (sin–1 y + sin–1 z)=p2, then
N1 N2
c + a b − c b= 3abc − a3 − b3 − c3 . x y
a+b c−a c N3 N4
; (N1 ,N2 ,N3 ,N4 ∈ N)
z w
1 7 . 3 0 | Determinants

(A) Has a maximum value 2. Q.9 The following system of equations 3x – 7y + 5z = 3;

3x + y + 5z = 7 and 2x + 3y + 5z = 5 are
(B) Has a minimum value 2.
(A) Consistent with trivial solution
(C) In independent of N1 ,N2 ,N3 ,N4
(B) Consistent with unique non-trivial solution
(D) None of these
(C) Consistent with infinite solution
2 n 2 2n
Q.4 If (1 + x + x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x + ...... + a2n x then (D) Inconsistent with no solution
an−3 an−1 an+1
an−6 an−3 an+3 is Q.10 The system of equations (sin θ)x + 2z =0,
an−14 an−7 an+ 7 (cos θ)x + (sin θ)y =,
0 (cos θ)y + 2z =a has

(A) Non unique solution

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –1
(B) A unique solution which is a function of a and θ
Q.5 The absolute value of the determinant (C) A unique solution which is independent of a and θ
−1 2 1 (D) A unique solution which is independent of θ only
3 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 is
3−2 2 2−2 2 1 Q.11 The equation

(A) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) None of these (1 + x)2 (1 − x)2 −(2 + x2 )

2x + 1 3x 1 − 5x +
a b c bc − a2 ac − b2 ab − c2 x +1 2x 2 − 3x
ac b2
Q.6 D1 = b c a , D2 =− ab − c2 bc − a2 ,
c a b (1 + x)2 2x + 1 x +1
ab − c2 bc − a2 ac − b2
3
(1 − x) 3x 2x = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca 1 − 2x 3x − 2 2x − 3
D3 = ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca then
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 (A) Has no real solution
(B) Has 4 real solutions
(A) D1 ≤ 0 , if a+b+c>0 (B) D22 = D3
(C) Has two real and two non-real solutions
2
(C) D=
1 D=
2 D12
D3 (D) D2 ≠ D3 =
(D) Has infinite number of solutions, real or non-real

1 1 1 1 1 1 Q.12 The system of equation :

Q.7 a b c = a b c , where a, b, c are distinct
2x cos2 θ + y sin2θ − 2sin θ = 0 ;
bc ca ab a3 b3 c3
x sin2θ + 2y sin2 θ = −2cos θ ;
positive reals, then abc is always less than
x sin θ − y cos θ = 0 , for all values of θ , can
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
243 729 27 81 (A) Have a unique nontrivial solution
(B) Not have a solution
Q.8 The value of ‘a’ for which the system of equations,
(C) Have infinite solutions
(a + 1)3 x + (a + 2)3 y = (a + 3)3 ,
(D) Have a trivial solution
logx xyz logx y logx z
logy xyz 1 logy z and x + y = 1 are consistent is Q.13 If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero,
satisfying the system of equations (sin3θ)x − y + z = 0;
logz xyz logz y 1
(cos2θ)x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0, then the
(A) –2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None number of principal values of θ is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
 M a them a ti cs | 17.31

Q.14 For a non-zero, real a, b and c Q.6 The number of values of k for which the system of
2 2 equations (k + 1)x + 8y = 4k, kx+ (k + 3)y = 3k – 1 has
a +b
c c infinite solutions.
c
b2 + c2
a a = α abc
a Assertion Reasoning Type
2 2
c +a (A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
b b
b
correct explanation of Assertion.
then the value of α is
(B) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not
(A) –4 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
the correct explanation of assertion.
Q.15 Number of value of ‘a’ for which the system of (C) Assertion is true but reason is false
equations, a2 x + (2 − a)y = 4 + a2 ; ax + (2a − 1)y =a5 − 2
(D) Assertion is false but reason is true.
possess no solution is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite Q.7 Consider the system of equations x – 2y + 3z = –1,
x – 3y + 4z = 1 and –x + y – 2z = k

Previous Years’ Questions Statement-I: The system of equation has no solution

for k ≠ 3 . and
Q.1 The determinant
1 3 −1
xp + y x y Statement-II: The determinant −1 −2 k ≠ 0 , for
yp + z y z 0 
= (1997) 1 4 1
0 xp + y yp + z k ≠ 0.  (2008)
(A) x, y, z are in AP (B) x, y, z are in GP
Q.8 Given, x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where
(C) x, y, z are in HP (D) xy, yz, zx are in AP
x, y, z are not all zero, prove that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab =1
 (1978)
1 x x +1
Q.2 If f(x)
= 2x x(x − 1) (x + 1)x , Q.9 If α be a repeated root of a quadratic equation
3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) (x + 1)x(x − 1) f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomials of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
then f(100) is equal to  (1999)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) –100 A(x) B(x) C(x)
A(α ) B(α ) C(α ) is divisible by f(x), where prime
Q.3 If the system of equations x – ky – z = 0, A ′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )
kx – y – z = 0, x + y – z = 0 has a non-zero solution, then denotes the derivatives.  (1984)
possible values of k are  (2000)
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 0, 1 (D) –1, 1 a b c 
 
Q.10 If matrix A = b c a  , where a, b, c are real
Q.4 The number of distinct real roots of  (2001)  c a b
 
sinx cos x cos x positive number, abc = 1 and A T A = I , then find the
π π
cos x sinx cos x = 0 in the interval − ≤ x ≤ is value of a3 + b3 + c3 .  (2003)
4 4
cos x cos x sinx

(A) 0 (B)2 (C) 1 (D) 3 Q.11 The number of values of k , for which the system
of equations: (k + 1 ) x + 8y =
4k kx + (k + 3 ) = 3k − 1 Has
Q.5 If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and no solution, is:  (2013)
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is
(A) Infinite (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
 (2002)
(A) –1 (B) 1
Q.12 If α , β ≠ 0 , and f (n) = α + β
n n
(C) 0 (D) No real values
1 7 . 3 2 | Determinants

(B) Is a singleton
3 1 + f (1 ) 1 + f ( 2 )
1 + g (1 ) 1 + f ( 2 ) 1 + f ( 3= (C) Contains two elements
) K (1 − α ) (1 − β )( α − β ) ,
2 2

1 + f ( 2 ) 1 + g (3) 1 + f ( 4 ) (D) Contains more than two elements

then K is equal to:  (2014) Q.14 The system of linear equations  (2016)
α x + λy − z = 0
(A) αβ (B) (C) 1 (D) -1
β
λx − y − z =0
Q.13 The set of all values of λ for which the system of x + y − λz = 0
linear equations:
has a non-trivial solution for:
2x1 − 2x2 + x3 =
λx1
(A) Infinitely many values of λ
2x1 − 3x2 + 2x3 =
λx 2
(B) Exactly one value of λ
− x1 + 2x2 =λx3
(C) Exactly two values of λ
Has a non − trivial solution.  (2015)
(D) Exactly three values of λ
(A) Is an empty set

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.5 Given x = cy + bz; y = az + cx; z = bx + ay where x,

y, z are not all zero, prove that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc =
1.
Q.1 Solve the following using Cramer’s rule and state
whether consistent or not. x y z
Q.6 Given a = ; b= ; c= where x, y, z
(a) x + 2y + z =1 (b) x + y + z − 6 =0 y−z z−x x−y
3x + y + z =6 2x + y − z − 1 =0 are not all zero, prove that 1 + ab + bc + ca = 0.
x + 2y = 0 x + y − 2z + 3 =0
Q.7 If sinq ≠ cosq and x, y, z satisfy the equations
(c) 7x − 7y + 5z = 3 x cosp − y sinp +=
z cosq + 1
3x + y + 5z =7
x sinp + y cosp + z = 1 − sinq
2x + 3y + 3z =5
x cos(p + q) − y sin(p + q) + z =
2
Then find the value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

Q.2 For what value of K do the following system of Q.8 Investigate for what values of λ , µ the simultaneous
equations possess a non-trivial (i.e. not all zero) solution equations x + y + z = 6; x+ 2y + 3z = 10 and
over the set of rational Q? x + Ky + 3z = 0, 3x + Ky – 2z x + 2y + λz = µ have;
= 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0. For that value of K, find all the
(a) A unique solution
solutions of the system.
(b) An infinite number of solutions
Q.3 The system of equations αx + y + z = α − 1 (c) No solution
x + αy + z = α − 1 ; x + y + αz = α − 1 has no solution.
Find α . Q.9 For what values of p, the equations: x + y + z = 1;
x + 2y + 4z = p and x + 4y + 10z = p2 have a solution?
Q.4 If the equations a(y + z) = x, b(z + x) = y, c(x + y) Solve them completely in each case.
= z have non-trivial solutions, then find the value of
1 1 1 Q.10 Solve the equations : Kx + 2y – 2z = 1; 4x + 2Ky
+ + .
1+a 1+b 1+c – z = 2; 6x + 6y + Kz = 3 considering specially the case
 M a them a ti cs | 17.33

when K = 2. x+y+z = 4
2x + y + 3z = 6
Q.11 (a) Let a, b, c, d are distinct numbers to be chosen x + 2y + az = b
from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the least possible positive
Let L: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the
ax + by =
1
solution for x to the system of equation  system of equations has unique solution,
cx + dy =
2
p
can be expressed in the form where p and q are M: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the
q
system of equations has no solution and
relatively prime, then find the value of (p + q).
N: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the
(b) Find the sum of all positive integral values of a for system of equations has infinite solutions. Find (L + M – N).
which every solution to the system of equations x + ay
= 3 and ax + 4y = 6 satisfy the inequalities x > 1, y > 0. Q.16 (a) Prove that the value of the determinant
2
Q.12 If the following system of equations (a – t)x + by + −7 5 + 3i − 4i
3
cz = 0, bx + (c – t)y + az = 0 and cx + ay + (b – t)z = 5 − 3i 8 4 + 5i is real.
0 has non-trivial solutions for different values of t, then
2
show that we can express product of these values of + 4i 4 − 5i 9
3
t in the form of determinant.
(b) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x value
Q.13 Show that the system of equations3x – y + 4z = 3,
x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y + λz = –3 has atleast one 1 a a2
solution for any real number λ . Find the set of solutions of the determinant cos(p − d)x cospx cos(p + d)x
of λ = −5 . sin(p − d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x
does not depend.
Q.14 Solve the system of equations:
x3 + 1 x 2 x
0
z + ay + a2 x + a3 =
 3
(c) If y + 1 y 2
y =
0 and x, y, z are all different then,
z + by + b2 x + b3 =
0 3 2
 z +1 z z
z + cy + c2 x + c3 =
0

prove that xyz = –1.
Q.15 (a) Consider the system of equations
αx − y + z =α a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
x − αy + z =1 Q.17 Prove that (a) 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a − 1)3
x − y + αz =1 3 3 1

If L, M and N denotes the number of integral values 1 1 1

of α in interval [–10, 10] for which the system of the (b) x y z =[(x − y)(y − z)(z − x)(x + y + z)]
equations has unique solution, no solution and infinite
x3 y3 z3
solutions respectively, then find the value of (L – M + N).
(b) If the system of equations is −3
x 1
2x + 3y − z = 0 2
3x + 2y + kz = 0 Q.18 (a) Let f(x) = 2 2 1 Find the minimum
4x + y + z = 0
1 1
0
x −1 2
have a set of non-zero integral solutions then, find the
smallest positive value of z. value of f(x) (given x > 1).

(c) Given a, b ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,……, 9, 10}.

(b) If a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca ≤ 0 ∀ a, b, c ∈ R, then
Consider the system of equations find the value of the determinant
1 7 . 3 4 | Determinants

(a + b + 2)2 a2 + b2 1 x − 2 2x − 3 3x − 4
1 (b + c + 2)2 b2 + c2 (b) x − 4 2x − 9 3x − 16 =0
x − 8 2x − 27 3x − 64
c2 + a2 1 (c + a + 2)2

a b c Q.25 If a + b + c = 0, solve for x :

Q.19 If D = c a b and a−x c b
b c a c b−x a =0
b+c c+a a+b b a c−x
D′ =+
a b b + c c + a then prove that D’ = 2D.
c+a a+b b+c Q.26 Let a, b, c are the solutions of the cubic
x3 − 5x2 + 3x − 1 =0 , then find the value of the
Q.20 Prove that a b c
determinant a − b b − c c − a
1 + a2 − b2 2ab −2b
2 2 b+c c+a a+b
2ab 1−a +b 2a = (1 + a2 + b2 )3
2b −2a 1 − a2 − b2
a2 + λ ab ac
Q.27 Show that, ab 2
b λ bc is divisible by λ2
Q.21 Let
ac bc c2 + λ
sinx sin(x + h) sin(x + 2h) and find the other factor.
f(x) =
sin(x + 2h) sinx sin(x + h) .
sin(x + h) sin(x + 2h) sinx Q.28 Prove that

f(x) a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
If Lim has the value equation to k(sin3x + sin x) 3
h→0 h2 (a + 1)2 (b + 1)2 (c + 1)2 =
4 a b c
find k ∈ N. (a − 1)2 (b − 1)2 (c − 1)2 1 1 1

Q.22 Prove that Q.29 In a ∆ABC , determine condition under which

(β + γ − α − δ)4 (β + γ − α − δ)2 1 A B C
cos cot cot
2 2 2
( γ + α + β − δ )4 ( γ + α − β − δ)2 1
B C C A A B
( α + β − γ − δ )4 (α + β − γ − δ)2 1 tan + tan tan + tan tan + tan =0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= −64(α − β)(α − γ )(α − δ)(β − γ )(β − δ)( γ − δ)

Q.23 If a, b and c are the roots of the cubic x3 − 3x2 + 2 =0 Exercise 2

then find the value of the determinant.
Single Correct Choice Type
(b + c)2 a2 a2
b2 (c + a)2 b2 Q.1 Let m be a positive integer &
c2 c2 (a + b)2 m
2r − 1 Cr 1
2 m
Dr = m −1 2 m+1 (0 ≤ t ≤ m) ,
Q.24 Solve for x 2 2 2 2
sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m + 1)
x + 2 2x + 3 3x + 4 m

(a) 2x + 3 3x + 4 4x + 5 = 0
then the value of ∑ Dr is given by
r =0
3x + 5 5x + 8 10x + 17 (A) 0 2
(B) m − 1 (C) 2m (D) 2m sin2 (2m )
 M a them a ti cs | 17.35

Q.2 If α,β and γ are real numbers, then then the maximum value of f(x) is equal to

1 cos(β − α ) cos( γ − α ) (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

D cos(α − β) cos(β − γ ) cos( γ −=
= β)
cos(α − γ ) 1 1 Q.8 If px 4 + qx3 + rx 2 + sx + t

(A) –1 (B) cos α cos β cos γ x2 + 3x x − 1 x + 3

x + 1 2 − x x − 3 then t is equal to
(C) cos α + cos β + cos γ (D) Zero
x − 3 x + 4 3x

Q.3 If a, b and c are non-zero real numbers, then (A) 33 (B) 0 (C) 21 (D) None
2 2
b c bc b + c
=D 2 2
c a ca
= c+a 0 a2 + 1 ab ac
2
2 2
ab ab a + b Q.9 If D = ba b +1 bc , then D is equal to
2
ca cb c +1
(A) abc (B) a2b2c2
(C) bc + ca + ab (D) Zero (A) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2

(C) (a + b + c)2 (D) None of these

mx mx − p mx + p
Q.4 If f ′(x)
= n n+p n−p , Q.10 If α + β + γ = π , then the value of
mx + 2n mx + 2n + p mx + 2n − p
sin(α + β + γ ) sin β cos γ
then y=f(x) represents − sin β 0 tan α is
cos(α + β) − tan α 0
(A) A straight line parallel to x-axis
(B) A straight line parallel to y-axis (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) Parabola (C) 2 (D) 2.sin β. cos γ. tan α
(D) A straight line with negative slope
Q.11 If the entries of 3 × 3 determinant are zero or one
then the value of the determinant
x − 1 (x − 1)2 x3
(A) Cannot be 3 (B) Cannot be 2
Q.5 If D(x) =
x −1 x2 (x + 1)3 ,
(C) Can be –2 (D) Is essentially zero
x (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3

then the coefficient of x in D(x) is Q.12 In a third order determinant, each element of
the first column consists of sum of two terms, each
(A) 5 (B) –2 (C) 6 (D) 0 element of the second column consists of sum of three
terms and each element of the third column consists of
Q.6 The number of integral solutions of |D|=8, where sum of four terms. Then it can be decomposed into n
determinants, where n has the value
y+z z y
=D z z+x x is (A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 16 (D) 24
y x x+y
Q.13 If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x +
(A) 3 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 24 py + 2z =3, µx + 4 y + z = 3 has an infinite number of
solutions, then
1 + sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin2x (A) p = 2, µ =3 (B) p = 2, µ =4
2 2
Q.7
= Let f(x) sin x 1 + cos x 4 sin2x , (C) 3p = 2µ (D) None of these
2 2
sin x cos x 1 + 4 sin2x
1 7 . 3 6 | Determinants

Q.14 Number of triplets of a, b and c for which the Q.20 The set of equations λx − y + (cos θ)z =0 ;
system of equations, ax – by = 2a – b and (c + 1)x + cy 3x + y + 2z =;0 (cos θ)x + y + 2z =,
0 0 ≤ θ < 2π , has
= 10 – a + 3b has infinitely many solutions and x = 1, nontrivial solution(s)
y = 3 is one of the solutions, is
(A) For no value of λ and θ
(A) Exactly one (B) Exactly two
(B) For all values of λ and θ
(C) Exactly three (D) Infinitely many
(C) For all values of λ and only two values of θ

Q.15 If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0, (D) For only one value of λ and all values of θ
x + by + z = 0 & x + y + cz = 0 (a , b, c ≠ 1) has a non-
1 1 1 Multiple Correct Choice Type
trival solution , then the value of + + is
1−a 1−b 1−c
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these Q.21 The determinant
cos(x − y) cos(y − z) cos(z − x)
Q.16 The determinant cos(x + y) cos(y + z) cos(z + x) =
cos(θ + φ) − sin(θ + φ) cos2φ sin(x + y) sin(y + z) sin(z + x)
sin θ cos θ sin φ is (A) 2sin(x − y)sin(y − z)sin(z − x)
− cos θ sin θ cos φ
(B) −2sin(x − y)sin(y − z)sin(z − x)
(A) 0 (C) 2cos(x − y)cos(y − z)cos(z − x)
(B) Independent of θ (D) −2cos(x − y)cos(y − z)cos(z − x)
(C) Independent of φ
π π
(D) Independent of θ and φ both Q.22 The value of θ lying between − and and
4 2
π
−0 ≤ A ≤ and satisfying the equation
Q.17 The values θ , λ for which the following equations 2
x sin θ − y cos θ + (λ + 1)z = 0 ; x cos θ + y sin θ − λz = 0 ; 1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2sin 4θ
λx + (λ + 1)y + z cos θ =0 are consistent with infinite 2
sin A 1 + cos A2
2sin 4θ are
solution, are 2 2
sin A cos A 1 + 2sin 4θ
(A) θ = nπ, λ ∈, λ ∈ R − {0}
π π 3π
(B) θ= 2nπ, λ is any rational number (A) A = ,θ=− (B) A = = θ
4 8 8
θ (2n + 1)π, λ ∈ R + , n ∈ I
(C) = π π π 3π
(C) A = 9 θ = − (D) A = = θ =
π 5 8 6 8
(D) =
θ (2n + 1) , λ ∈ R, n ∈ I
2
1 a a2
Q.18 If the system of equations, a2 x − ay =1 − a and Q.23 If 1 x x2 = 0
bx + (3 − 2b)y =3 + a possess a unique solution x = 1, b2 ab a2
y = 1 then 1 a
(A) x = a (B) x = b (C) x = (D) x =
(A) a = 1; b = –1 (B) a = –1, b = 1 a b
(C) a = 0, b = 0 (D) None of these
a b aα + b
Q.24 The determinant b c bα + c
n+ 2 n+ 3 n+ 4
Cn Cn+1 Cn+ 2 aα + b bα + c 0
n+ 3 n+ 4 n+5
Q.19 Let D = Cn+1 Cn+ 2 Cn+3 and n ∈ N is equal to zero, if
n+ 4 n+5 n+ 6
Cn+ 2 Cn+3 Cn+ 6 (A) a, b, c are in AP
then the value of D is equal to (B) a, b, c are in GP
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (C) α is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c =0
(D) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4) (n + 5) (n + 6) (D) (x − α ) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
 M a them a ti cs | 17.37

Q.25 The set of equations x − y + 3z =,

2 2x − y + z =,
4 (A) D is independent of x (B) D is independent of y
x − 2y + αz =3 has (C) D is independent of z (D) D is dependent of x, y, z
(A) Unique solution only for α =0
(B) Unique solution for α ≠ 8 Previous Years’ Questions
(C) Infinite number of solution of α =8
(D) No solution for α =8 Q.1 The parameter, on which the value of the
determinant
Q.26 Which of the following determinant(s) vanish(es)? 1 a a2
cos(p − d)x cospx cos(p + d)x does not depend
1 1
1 ab
+ sin(p − d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x
1 bc bc(b + c) a b
1 1 upon, is  (1997)
(A) 1 ca ca(c + a) (B) 1 bc +
b c (A) a (B) p (C) d (D) x
1 ab ab(a + b)
1 1
1 ca +
c a
Q.2 Let λ and α be real. Find the set of all values
0 a−b a−c logx xyz logx y logx z of λ for which the system of linear equations
λx + (sin α )y + (cos α )z =0
(C) b − a 0 b−c (D) logy xyz 1 logy z
c −a c −b 0 logz xyz logz y 1 x + (cos α )y + (sin α )z =and
0
−x + (sin α )y − (cos α )z =0 has a non-trivial solution.
Q.27 If the system of equation a2 x − by = a2 − b For λ =1 , find all value of α .  (1993)
and bx − b2 y =+2 4b possess an infinite number of
solutions then the possible values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are Q.3 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 =
1.
(A) a = 1, b = –1 (B) a = 1, b = –2 Show that the equation
(C) a = –1, b = –1 (D) a = –1, b = –2 ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b 0
=
Q.28 If p, q, r, s are in A.P, and cx + a cy + b −ax − by + c

p + sinx q + sinx p − r + sinx represents a straight line.

f(x) = q + sinx r + sinx −1 + sinx such that
r + sinx s + sinx s − q + sinx Q.4 For what value of k does the following system of
2
equations possess a non-trivial solution over the set of
rationals x + y – 2z = 0; 2x – 3y + z = 0 and x – 5y +
∫ f(x)dx = −4 , then the common difference of the A.P.
4z = k. Find all the solution.  (1979)
0
can be
Q.5 For what value of m does the system of equations
(A) –1 (B) ½ (C) 1 (D) None of these
3x + my = m and 2x – 5y = 20 has a solution satisfying
the conditions x > 0, y > 0. (1979)
Q.29 If the system of equations x+ y – 3 =0, (1 + K)x +
(2 + K)y – 8 = 0 and x – (1 + K) y + (2 + K) are consistent
Q.6 Prove that for all values of θ
then the value of K is
(A) 1 (B) 3/5 (C) –5/3 (D) 2
sin θ cos θ sin2θ

1 1 (x + y)
 2π   2π   4π 
− sin  θ +  cos  θ +  sin  2θ +  = 0  (2000)
z z  3   3   3 
z2
(y + z) 1 1  2π   2π   4π 
Q.30 If D = − then sin  θ −  cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
x 2 x x  3   3   3 
y(y + z) x + 2y + z y(x + y)
− − −
2
x z xz xz 2
1 7 . 3 8 | Determinants

Q.7 The total number of ways in which 5 balls of Q.9 The total number of distinct x ∈ R for
different colours can be distributed among 5 persons
x x2 1 + x3
so that each person gets at least one ball is  (2012)
which 2x 4x2 1 + 8x3 =
10 is  (2016)
(A) 75 (B) 150 (C) 120 (D) 243 2 3
3x 9x 1 = 27x

Q.8 Which of the following values of α satisfy the

equation

(1 + α ) (1 + 2α ) (1 + 3α )
2 2 2

( 2 + α ) ( 2 + 2α ) ( 2 + 3α )
2 2 2
−648α ?
= (2015)

(3 + α ) (3 + 2α ) (3 + 3α )
2 2 2


(A) −4 (B) 9 (C) −9 (D) 4

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.15 Q.29 Q.38 Q.1 Q.3 Q.8
Q.48 Q.52 Q.54 Q.11 Q.15 Q.23
Q.55
Exercise 2
Exercise 2 Q.1 Q.11 Q.14
Q.1 Q.6 Q.13 Q.20 Q.25 Q.30

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.2 Q.6 Q.7
Q.2 Q.5 Q.7
Q.10
Q.10
 M a them a ti cs | 17.39

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1

Single Correct Choice Type

7 13 5
Q.1 x = ±2 2 Q.2 1 Q.3 (i) 1 (ii) –16 Q.4 − , Q.5 sq. units
2 2 2
5
Q.6 0 Q.7 –96 Q.8 1; 9 Q.9 Q.10 –400
3
 4 −1 5 19
Q.11   Q.12 Not possible Q.13 0 Q.14 x = Q.15 sq. units
5 3  8 2

Q.16 -2 Q.20 75 Q.21 –10 Q.23 16 Q.24 No

−1 1 2 3 
Q.25 1728 Q.26 A =   Q.28 Inconsistent
19 5 −2 
 1 + bc 
−b 
Q.29  a Q.39 M21=39, M22=3, M23=−11, C21=−39, C22=3, C23=11
 
 −c a 

1 2 3
Q.40 f(x) = x + x+6 Q.41 Consistent Q.42 Inconsistent
2 2

7  −1 2 
Q.46 x = − or 1 Q.47 A −1 =   Q.48 0
4  2 −3

 3 −19 12 
1  4 3 1  49 −18  −1  
Q.52 A −1
= Q.53   Q.54  4 −18 5 
  4  −23 10  11
17  −3 2   4 −29 27 
 
 3 1 −1
1 
Q. 55  1 3 1 
4
 −1 1 3
 

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 C

Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 B Q.11 D Q.12 B

Q.13 C Q.14 D Q.15 C

1 7 . 4 0 | Determinants

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 1

Q.7 A Q.10 4 Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 C Q.14 D

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1

Q.1 (a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3; consistent (b) x = 2, y = –1, z = 1; consistent (c) Inconsistent

33 15
Q.2 K = ,x:y:z=
− : 1 : −3 Q.3 –2 Q.4 2 Q.7 2
2 2

Q.8 (a) λ ≠ 3 (b) λ =3 , µ =10 (c) λ= 3, µ ≠ 10

Q.9 x = 1 + 2K, y = –3K, z = K, when p = 1; x = 2K, y = 1 – 3K, z = K when p = 2; where K ∈ R

x y z 1 1 − 2λ
Q.10 If K ≠ 2, = = = , If K = 2, then x =λ, y = and z = 0 where λ ∈ R
2(K + 6) 2K + 3 6(K − 2) 2(K 2 + 2K + 15) 2

a b c
Q.11 (a) 19 (b) 4 Q.12 b c a
c a b

4 9 4 − 5K 13K − 9
Q.13 If λ ≠ −5 , then x = ; y = − and z = 0; If λ =5=
then x = ;y and z = K where K ∈ R .
7 7 7 7
Q.14 x = –(a + b + c), y = ab + bc + ca, z = – abc

Q.15 (a) 21 (b) 5 (c) 119 Q.16 (b) p Q.18 (a) 4 (b) 65

Q.21 3 Q.23 –108 Q.24 (a) x = –1 or x = –2; (b) x = 4

3 2
Q.25 X = 0 or x ± (a + b2 + c2 ) Q.26 80
2

Q.27 λ2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + λ ) Q.29 Triangle ABC is isosceles.

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 D

Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 A Q.11 C Q.12 D

Q.13 D Q.14 B Q.15 C Q.16 B Q.17 D Q.18 A

Q.19 A Q.20 A
 M a them a ti cs | 17.41

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.21 A,D Q.22 A, B, C, D Q.23 A, D Q.24 B, D Q.25 B, D Q.26 A, B, C, D

Q.27 A, B, C, D Q.28 A, C Q.29 A, C Q.30 A, B, C

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 B Q.2 Zero Q.4 k = 0, the given system has infinitely many solutions
15
Q.5 m < − or m > 30 Q.7 B Q.8 B C Q.9 2
2

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards ⇒ |–2k + 3| = 10

⇒ –2k + 3 = 10 or 2k – 3 = 10
Exercise 1 7 13
⇒k= – or k =
2 2
–1 2 2 x
Sol 1: =
4 8 x –4 Sol 5: Vertices of triangle (0, 3) (–1, 4) (2, 6)

–8 – 8 = 2(–4) –x2 = – 8 – x2 1 0 3
1 1
Area = 1 −1 4 =  –1(6) − 8  + 3[2 + 1]
⇒ x = ± 8 = ±2 2 2 2
1 2 6
1 2 1 1 5
Sol 2: A =   , |A| = 1[1] – 2(0) = 1 = –14 + 9 = 5 = Sq. Unit
0 1  2 2 2

4 −1 0 a11 a12 a13

Sol 3: 2 1 4 , Sol 6: D ⇒ a21 a22 a23
1 0 3 a31 a32 a33

4 −1 a11C21 + a12C22 + a13C23

(i) M23 = = 0 – (–1) = 1
1 0
a13 a12 a11 a13 a a
= a11 + a12 + a13 11 12 (–1)2+3
C23 = (–1) 2+3
= –1 a33 a32 a31 a33 a31 a32

4 0 = a11[a13a32 – a33a12] + a12[a11a33 – a31a13] – a13[a11a32 – a31a12]

(ii) C32 = (–1)2+3 = = –16
2 4
=0
It can be directly said as it is a property
Sol 4: Area of triangle, [(k, 0), (1, 1), (0, 3)] = 5 unit2

1 k 0 –1 24
1 1 Sol 7: = A (assume)
⇒ 1 1 1 = 1[3 – 0] + k(1 − 3) = 5 4 P
2 2
1 0 3
1 7 . 4 2 | Determinants

–1 24 So |a| = 0
|A| = = –P –4(24) = – (96 + P) = 0
4 P ⇒ x[–8] + 1{2(2) –(–1)(1)}] = –8x + 4 + 1 = 0

⇒ P = –96 5
⇒ 8x = 5 → x =
8

1 0  1 0  Sol 15: Vertices → (3, 1) (4, 3) and (–5, 4)

Sol 8: I2 =   , |I2| =   =1
0 1  0 1 
1 3 1
1
1 0  3 0  Area = 1 4 3
3I2 = 3   =   , 2
0 1  0 3  1 −5 4
1
3 0  = [16 + 15 + 3 [3 – 4] + 1 [–5 – 4]]
|3I2| =   =9 2
0 3  1 19
= [31 – 3 – 9] = sq. unit
2 2
Sol 9: (0, 2), (1, x) and (3, 1) points are collinear
Sol 16: Vertices (x, y) (2, –6), (5, 4)
1 0 2
So 1 1 x = 0 1 x 4
1 1
1 3 1 Area = 1 2 −6 = [8 + 30 + x[–6 – 4] + 4[5 – 2]]
2 2
1 5 4
⇒ [1 – 3x] + 2[3 – 1] = 0 ⇒ 1 – 3x + 4 = 0
5 38 – 10x + 12 = 70 ⇒ 10x = 50 – 70 = –20
⇒ 3x = 5 ⇒ x =
3 –20
⇒x= = –2
10
Sol 10: |A| = 20, |B| = – 20

|AB| = |A| |B| = 20(–20) = –400 5 15 −25 5 5 −25

Sol 17: 7 21 30 = (3) 7 7 30
 3 1 8 24 42 8 8 42
Sol 11: A =  
 –5 4  Two column are same so Determinants is 0
C11 = 4, C12 = 5, C21 = –1, C22 = 3 1 a b+c
T
C C12   4 –1 Sol18: 1 b c + a C2 → C2 + C3
adjA =  11  =   1 c a+b
C21 C22  5 3 
1 a+b+c b+c
1 3  ⇒ 1 a+b+c c+a
Sol 12: A =   1 a+b+c a+b
 –6 –18 
1 1 b+c
|A| = – 18 – [3] [–6] = –18 + 18 = 0
= (a+b+c) 1 1 c + a C1 → C2 – C1
So, A–1 does not exist
1 1 a+b
0 1 b+c
3 1 8 3 1 1
= (a + b + c) 0 1 a + c =0
Sol 13: −4 2 16 = (8) −4 2 2 0 1 a+b
−5 3 24 −5 3 3

Two columns are same, so determinant is 0 Sol 19: (2, 0), (0, 5) and (x, y) are collinear

1 2 0
x 0 1
  ⇒ 1 0 5 =0
Sol 14: a =  2 −1 4  is singular 1 x y
1 2 0 
 
 M a them a ti cs | 17.43

1[–5x] + 2[5 – y] = 0 C11 = 15 – 1 = 14

–5x + 10 –2y = 0 C12 = 1 + 10 = 11
x C13 = –2 – 3 = –5,
5x + 2y = 10 → + y - 5= 1
2
C21 = 1 + 10 = 11
Sol 20: |A| = 3, A’s order → 2 × 2 C22 = 5 –1 = 4
|5A| = (5)2 |A| = 25 × 3 = 75 C23 = –2 – 1 = –3
C31 = –2 – 3 = –5,
a a12  C32 = –2 – 1 = –3
Sol 21: A =  11  , |A| = –10
a21 a22 
C33 = 3 – 4 = –1
|A| = a11C11 + a12C12 (along first row) = |A| = –10
|A| = 1[14] – 2[11] + 1[–5]
= 14 – 5 – 22 = –13
1 a b+c 1 a b+c
R 2 −R1 , R3 −R1
Sol 22: 1 b a + c  → 0 b −a a−b 14 11 –5 
 
1 c a+b 0 c−a a−c AdjA = 11 4 –3 ,
 –5 –3 –1 
 
1 a b+c 1
A–1 = adjA
=( a − b )( a − c ) 0 −1 1 |A|
0 −1 1
14 11 −5
1  
A =
–1
 11 4 −3 ,
Since the columns are linearly dependent, hence the –13
 −5 −3 −1 
value of determinant is zero.  
1 1
|A–1| = =
Sol 23: |A| = –4 |A| –13

Order of A = 3 For adjA,

|adjA| = |A| 3–1
= (–4) = 16
2
4 −3
C11 = = –4 – 9 = –13,
−3 −1
 2 1 5
Sol 24:   C12 = 15 + 11 = 26
 −1 0 3
C13 = –33 + 20 = –13,
It is not a square matrix, so inverse not exist
C21 = 15 + 11 = 26,
Sol 25: |A| = 12, A’s order 3 × 3 C22 = –14 – 25 = –39
|A. adjA| = |A| |A| 3–1
= |12| = 1728
3
C21 = C12, C31 = C13,
C23 = –55 + 42 = –13,
2 3  –1 1
Sol 26: A =  ,A = A C38 = 56 – 121 = –65
5 –2 19
 −13 26 −13
C11 = –2, C12 = –5, C21 = –3, C22 = 2 1  
So |A | =
–1 –1
 26 −39 −13
adjA 1  −2 −3 1 2 3  1 | A –1 | 
A–1 = =   =   = A  −13 −13 −65 
|A| (–4 – 15)  −5 2  19 5 –2 19
 −13 26 −13  1 –2 1
1    
 1 −2 1 =  26 −39 −13 =  –2 3 1 = A
  –13
Sol 27: A =  −2 3 1   −13 −13 −65  1 1 5
   
 1 1 5
 
1 7 . 4 4 | Determinants

Sol 28: 2x + 5y = 7, 6x + 15y = 13

 1 – tanx   cos2 x – sinx cos x 
AA = 
1 –1
 
2 5 tanx 1  sinx cos x cos2 x 
D= = 30 – 30 = 0
6 15
 cos2 x − sin2 x – sinx cos x − sinx cos x 
D = 0. So system is inconsistent =  
sinx cos x + sinx cos x – sin2 x + cos2 x 

a b cos2x – sin2x 
Sol 29: A = =   = R.H.S.
c (1 + bc) / a  sin2x cos2x 

 1 + bc 
|A| = a   – bc = 1 + bc – bc = 1 2 0 –1
 a   
Sol 31: A = 5 1 0  ,
(1 + bc) / a –b  0 1 3 
adjA =    
 –c a
Assume A – xI = 0  ….. (i)
adjA (1 + bc) / a –b  |A1 – xI| = 0
A–1 = = 
|A|  –c a
2 − x 0 –1 
(a2 + bc + 1)I – aA  
So  5 1–x 0  =0
a2 + bc + 1 0  a b   0 1 3 − x 

=  – a 
c (1 + bc) / a
2
 0 a + bc + 1 ⇒ (2 – x) [x2 + 3 – 4x] –1[5] = 0

a2 + bc + 1 − a2 –ab  ⇒ –x3 – 3x + 4x2 + 2x2 + 6 – 8x = 5

=  
 –ac 2
a + bc + 1 – (1 + bc) ⇒ x3 – 6x2 + 11x = 1
1
⇒ x2 – 6x + 11 = = x–1
(1 + bc) / a –b  x
= a  = aA
–1
(A – xI) = 0
 –c a 
⇒ A2 – 6A + 11I = A–1
R.H.L. = L.H.S.
 2 2 1 1 3 2 
 1 tanx     
Sol 30: A =  Sol 32: A =  −2 1 2  = 1 1 1 
 ,
 – tanx 1   1 −2 2 
 
2 −3 −1
 
 1 – tanx   2 + 2 + 2 6 + 2 −3 4 + 2 −1 
A1 =    
tanx 1  AB =  −2 + 1 + 4 –6 + 1 − 6 –4 + 1 – 2
 1−2+ 4 3 − 2 − 6 2 − 2 − 2 
1 
|A| = 1 + tan2x = 6 5 5
cos2 x  
= 3 −11 −5
 1 – tanx  3 −5 −2 
adjA =    
 tanx 1 
For A
 sinx  C11 = 2 + 4 = 6,
adjA  1 – 
A–1 = cos2 x
= cos x 
C12 = 2 + 4 = 6,
|A|  sinx
 cos x 1  C13 = 4 – 1 = 3,

 cos2 x – sinx cos x  C21 = –2 – 4 = –6,
=  
sinx cos x cos2 x  C22 = 4 – 1 = 3,
C23 = 2 + 4 = 6,
 M a them a ti cs | 17.45

C31 = 4 – 1 = 3, C22 = –12 – 15 = –27

C32 = –2 – 4 = –6, C23 = 30 + 15 = 45
C33 = 2 + 4 = 6 C31 = –25 + 55 = 30
|A| = 2(6) + 2(6) + 1(3) = 27 C32 = –30 + 15 = 15,

6 −6 3  C33 = –66 – 15 = –81

adjA 1  
A
= –1
= 6 3 −6   –3 –15 30 
| A | 27   
3 6 6 
  So (AB) =  –9 −27 15 
–1

2 −2 1  18 45 –81
 
1 
= 2 1 −2  −1 −5 10 
9 1 
1 2 2 
  =  −3 −9 15  = B–1A–1
9
For B  −30 3 9 
 
C11 = –1 + 3 = 2 ,
a b c
C12 = 2 + 1 = 3, Sol 33: b c a
C13 = –3 –2 = –5, c a b
C21 = –6 + 3 = –3, = (a+b+c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
C22 = –1 – 4 = –5, = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
C23 = –3 – 6 = –9, C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
C31 = 3 – 2 = 1,
a+b+c b c 1 b c
C32 = 2 – 1 = 1, = a + b + c c a = (a+b+c) 1 c a
C33 = 1 – 3 = –2 a+b+c a b 1 a b
|B| = 1[2] + 3[3] + 2[–5] = 11 – 10 = 1 R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3
 2 −3 1  0 b −c c −b
adjB  
B = =  3 −5 1 
–1
(a+b+c) 0 c − a a − b
|B |
 −5 −9 −2
  1 a b
 4 −6 +1 –4 − 3 + 2 2 + 6 + 2  = (a+b+c)[(b–a) (a–b) – (c–a) (c–b)]
1  
B A =
–1 –1
 6 − 10 + 11 –6 − 5 + 2 3 + 10 + 2  = (a+b+c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
9
 –10 − 18 − 2 16 − 3 − 4 –5 + 18 − 4 
  = a2b – a2b + ....... + 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
 −1 −5 10  = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
1 
=  −3 −9 15 
9
 −30 3 9  y+z x y
 
6 5 5 Sol 34: z + x z x = (x + y + z) (x – z)2
  x+y y z
AB = 3 −11 −5 ,
3 −5 −2  R → R1 + R2 + R3
 
|AB| = 6(–3) + 5(–9) + 5(18) = –18 – 45 + 90 = +27 2(x + y + z) x + y + z x + y + z
C11 = 22 – 25 = –3 z+x z x
x+y y z
C12 = –9
C13 = –15 + 33 = 18 2 1 1
= (x+y+z) z + x z x
C21 = –25 + 10 = –15
x+y y z
1 7 . 4 6 | Determinants

C1 → C1 – C2 – C3 R1 → R1 + R2

2 −1 −1 1 1 = (c – a)(b – c)
= (x+y+z) z + x − z − x z x a + 2b + ( −2a − b + c) −a − c + b + c b − a
x+y−y−z y z −(2a + b + c) b+c −a
0 1 1 (a + b)2 c2 ab
= (x+y+z) 0 z x
b–a b−a b−a
x−z y z
= (c–a)(b–c) −2a − b − c b + c −a
= (x + y + z) (x – z) (x – z)
(a + b)2 c2 ab

–bc b2 + bc c2 + bc 0 1 1
Sol 35: a2 + ac –ac c2 + ac = (ab + b + ca)3 0 b + c −a
a2 + ab b2 + ab −ab a2 + b2 + c2 c2 ab

C1 → C1 + C3, C2 → C2 + C3 C1 → C1 + C2 – 2C3
= (c–a)(b–c)(b–c)
c2 (b + c)2 c2 + bc
(a + c)2 c2 c2 + ac z−z 1 1
a2
b 2
−ab –2a − b − c + b + c + 2a b + c –a
a2 + b2 + 2ab + c2 − 2ab c2 ab
= c2[–abc2 – b2(c2 + ac)] +
= –(a–b)(b–c)(c–a)
(b+c)2 [a2(c2+ac) + ab(a+c)2]
z−z 1 1
(c2 + b) [b2(a + c)2 – c2a2]
–2a − b − c + b + c + 2a b + c –a
= [–abc4 – c4b2 – c3b2a + (b+c)2 (a2c2 + a3c + a3b + abc2 a2 + b2 + 2ab + c2 − 2ab c2 ab
+ 2a2bc] + (c2 + bc)[b2a2 + b2c2 + 2acb2 – c2a2]
This on simplification comes out to be equal to = –(a–b)(b–c) (c–a) (a2+b2+c2)(–a–b–c)

(ab + bc + ca)3 = (a–b)(b–c)(c–a)(a2+b2+c2)(a+b+c)

(b + c)2 a2 bc a b−c c+b

2 2
Sol 36: (c + a) b ca = (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) Sol 37: a + c b c−a
2 2
(a + b) c ab a−b a+b c

R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 = (a b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2)

(b − c)2 − (a + b)2 a2 − c2 bc − ab a b−c c+b 0 b−c c+b

= a b c−a + c b c−a
= (c + a)2 − (a + b)2 b2 − c2 ac − ab
2 2 a a+b c –b a + b c
(a + b) c ab
1 b−c c+b 0 1 c+b
(c − a)[c + a + 2b] (c − a)(–a − c) b(c − a)
=a 1 b c−a + c 1 c−a
= (b − c)[–c − b − 2a] (b − c)(b + c) –a(b + c)
1 a+b c –b b c
(a + b)2 c2 ab
0 –c c + b
a + 2b + c −a − c b + c 0 c−a
= (c – a) (b – c) −(2a + b + c) b + c −a –b a c
(a + b)2 c2 ab
 M a them a ti cs | 17.47

1 b−c c+b 0 1 c+b 1 3

M22 = =9–6=3
=a 1 b c − a +b c 1 c − a 2 9
1 a+b c –b 1 c
1 2
M23 = = –7 – 4 = –11
0 –c b 0 –c c 2 –7
+ c 0 –a + c 0 c C21 = –39, C22 = 3, C23 = 11
–b a 0 –b a c
Sol 40: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, f(0) = 6
Using, C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3-C1
f(2) = 11, f(–3) = 6
in (i), (ii), (iii)
 02 0 1  a  6
    
1 b−c c+b 0 1 c+b 4 2 1 b  = 11 
a 0 c −a − b + c 0 −a − b 9 –3 1  c  6
   
0 a+c −b –b 0 −b
D = –12 – 18 = –30
0 –c 1  6 0 1
+c c c 0  
Da= 11 2 1
–b a + c 0  6 −3 1
 
= a2[a + b + c] + b2[a + b + c] + c2[a + b + c] = 6[2+3]+1[–33 – 12] = 30 – 33 – 12 = –15
= (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c) Da –15 1
a= = =
D –30 2
a b ax + by 0 6 1
Sol 38: b c bx + cy Db= 4 11 1
ax + by bx + cy 0 9 6 1
R3 → R3 – xR1 – yR2 = 6[9 – 4] + 1[24 – 99] = 30 + 24 – 99 = –45

a b ax + by –45 3
b= =
0= b c bx + cy –30 2

0 0 (ax2 + byx + byx + cy 2 ) 0 0 6

Dc= 4 2 17 = 6[–12 – 18] = –30 × 6
0 = –(ax2 + 2bxy + cy2) (ac – b2)
9 −3 6
0 = (b2 – ac) (ax2 + 2bxy + cy2)
DC –30 × 6
1 b−c c+b 0 1 c+b C=
= = 6
D –30
a 0 c −a − b + b c 0 −a − b x2 3
Equation → ax2+bx+c = + x +6
0 a+c −b −b 0 −b 2 2

0 –c 1 Sol 41: 2x – y = 5
+c c c 0
4x – 2y = 10
−b a + c 0
2 −1
D= =0
1 2 3 4 −2
Sol 39: –4 3 6 5 −1 2 5
2 –7 9 Dx = = 0, Dy = =0
10 −2 4 10
2 3
⇒M21 = = 18 + 21 = 39 So system has infinite solution (consistent).
−7 9
1 7 . 4 8 | Determinants

Sol 42: 3x – y – 2z = 2
1 a2 a3
2y – z = – 1 = 1 b2 b3 = R.H.S.
3x – 5y = 3 1 c 2
c 3

3 −1 −2 C2 ↔ C3 and then C1 ↔ C2
D = 0 2 −1
3 −5 0 0 p −q p −r
= 3[–5] –1[–3] –2[–6] = –15 + 3 + 12 = 0 Sol 45: q − p 0 q−r
r −p r −q 0
2 −1 −2
Dx = –1 2 −1 q−p q−r q−p 0
= –(p – q) + (p – r)
3 −5 0 r −p 0 r −p r −q

= 3[1 + 4] – 5[2 + 2] = 15 – 20 = –5 ≠ 0 =+(p – q (q – r) (r – p) – (p – q) (q – r) (r – p)=0

So system is inconsistent.
x2 0 3
1 a bc 1 a a 2 Sol 46: x 1 −4 = 11
Sol 43: 1 b ca = 1 b b2 1 2 0
1 c ab 1 c c2 ⇒ x2[8] + 3[2x – 1] = 11

1 a bc a a2 abc ⇒ 4x2 + 3x – 7 = 0
1 ⇒ (x – 1) (4x + 7) = 0
L.H.S. = 1 b ca = b b2 abc
abc
1 c ab c c2 abc ⇒ (x – 1)(4x + 7) = 0
7
a a2 1 ∴ x = 1 or –
abc 4
= b b2 1 C2 ↔ C3
abc
c c2 1 3 2  2
Sol 47: A =   , A – 4A – I = 0
a 1 a 2 2 1 
= – b 1 b2 C1 ↔ C2 Assume A – xI = 0 →
2
c 1 c 3 − x 2 
  =0
 2 1 − x
2
1 a a
2
= (–1)2 1 b b = R.H.S. (3 – x)(1 – x) – 4 = 0
1 c c2 3 + x2 – x – 3x – 4 = 0
⇒ x2 – 4x – 1 = 0
2 2 3
a a bc 1 a a A – xI = 0
2 2
Sol 44: b b ca = 1 b b3
⇒ A2 – 4A – I = 0 Hence proved.
c c2 ab 1 c2 c3
⇒ A–1[A2 – 4A – I] = 0
a a2 bc A – 4I – A–1 = 0
2 abc
L.H.S. = b b ca ×
2
abc 3 2  1 0 
c c ab ⇒ A – 4I =   –4  
2 1  0 1 
a2 a3 abc a21 a3
1 abc 2 3 − 4 2   –1 2 
= b2 b3 abc =
3
b b 1 A–1 = 
abc 2 abc 2  =  
c c3 abc c c3 1  2 1 − 4  2 –3
 M a them a ti cs | 17.49

1 / a a2 bc a/a a3 abc 0 a + c − 2b a − b
2 1 = (a + b + c) 0 b − 2c + a b − c
Sol 48: 1 / b b ac = b / b b3 abc
(abc) 1 c−a c
1 / c c2 ab c / c c3 abc
= (a + b + c) [(b – c)(a + c – 2b) – (a – b)(b + a – 2c)]
1 a3 1
abc = a2b + b2a – b2a – a2b + ….. + 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
= 1 b3 1 = 0
(abc) = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
1 c3 1

2 −3
x+a b c Sol 52: A =  
Sol 49: b x+c a =0 3 4 
c a x +b Assume |A – xI| = 0
Have to show that x = –(a + b + c) 2 −3 1 0 
⇒   –x   =0
R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 3 4  0 1 
x +a+b+c x +a+b+c x +a+b+c 2 − x − −3 
b x+c a =0 ⇒   = |0| = 0
 3 4 − x
c a x +b
⇒ (2 – x) (4 – x) + 9 = 0
1 1 1
⇒ 8 + x2 – 4x – 2x + 9 = 0
(x+a+b+c) b x + c a =0
⇒ x2 – 6x + 17 = 0 and |A – xI| = 0
c a x +b
So, A satisfied this equation
x + a + b + c = 0 ⇒ x = –(a + b + c)
⇒ A2 – 6A + 17 I = 0
A–1[A2 – 6A + 17I] = 0
x+4 x 2
Sol 50 : 2 x+4 x ⇒ A – 6I + 17A–1 = 0
x x x+4 –17A–1 = (A – 6I)

C1 → C1 − C3 ,C2 → C2 − C3 –1 1  2 −3 1 0  
A–1 = (A – 6I) =   −6 
17 17  3 4  0 1  
4 0 x
1 2 − 6 −3  1  −4 −3
0 4 x A–1 = –   =–  
17  3 4 − 6 17  3 –2 
−4 −4 x + 4

= ( 4x + 16 + 4x ) + 16x = 48x+64 1  4 3
A–1 =  
17  −3 2

b + c a−b a
2 4  0 2  1 6 
Sol 51: c + a b − c b = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 Sol 53:   A 1 3 = 3 –1
1 3     
a+b c−a c
Assume BAC = D
C1 → C1 + C3
2 4
a+b + c a−b a 1 a−b a |B| = =6–4=2
1 3
= a + b + c b − c b = (a+b+c) 1 b − c b
a+b+c c−a c 1 c−a c 3 –4
Adj B =
R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 –1 2

1  3 −4 
B–1 =  
2  −1 2 
1 7 . 5 0 | Determinants

B–1BAC = B–1D  −3 + 3 + 3 8 + 3 − 30 −12 − 21 + 45   3 −19 12 

–1   –1  
1 3 −4 1 6 −3 + 4 + 3 8 + 4 − 30 −12 − 28 + 45 =  4 −18 5 
AC = B–1D = 11  11
 −3 + 3 + 4 8 + 3 − 40 −12 − 21 + 60   4 −29 27 
2 −1 2 3 –1    

1  3 − 12 18 + 4  1  −9 22   2 −1 1 
AC =   =  
2  –1 + 6 –6 − 2  2  5 –8  Sol 55: A =  −1 2 −1 ,
 1 −1 2 
0 2   
|C| =   = –2 Assume (A –XI) = 0
1 3
2 − x −1 1 
 3 –2 1  –3 2   
adjC =   ,C = 
–1
 ⇒  −1 2 − x −1  = 0
 –1 0  2  1 0  1
 −1 2 − x 
ACC–1 = B–1DC–1 (2 – x) [(2 – x)2 – 1[–1 + 2 – x] + 1[1 – 2 + x] = 0
1 1  –9 22   −3 2  ⇒ (2 – x)[4 + x2 – 4x –1] –1 + x –1 + x = 0
A= ×   
2 2  5 −8   1 0  ⇒ 6 – x3 + 2x2 – 8x – 3x + 4x2 – 2 + 2x =0

1 27 + 22 −18  1  49 −18  ⇒ –x3 + 6x2 – 9x + 4 = 0

A=   =+  
4  −15 − 8 10  4  −23 10  ⇒ x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 4 = 0
|A – xI| = 0, so this equation satisfied A

5 0 4  1 3 3  ⇒ A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = 0 ⇒ A–1[A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I] =

    A–10 = 0
Sol 54: A = 2 3 3  , B–1 = 1 4 3 
1 2 1  1 3 4  ⇒ A2 – 6A + 9I – 4A–1 = 0
   
(AB)–1 = B–1A–1  2 −1 1   2 −1 1 
   
C11 = 3 – 6 = –3, A =  −1 2 –1  −1 2 –1
2

 1 −1 2   1 −1 2 
C12 = 3 – 2 = 1,    

C13 = 4 – 3 = 1,  4 + 1 + 1 −2 – 2 – 1 2 + 1 + 2 
 
C21 = 8, =  −2 − 2 − 1 +1 + 4 + 1 –1 − 2 − 2 
 2 + 1 + 2 −1 – 2 – 2 1 + 1 + 4 
C22 = 5 – 4 = 1,  

C23 = –10,  6 −5 5 
 
C31 = –12, A =  −5 6 −5 ,
2

 5 −5 6 
C32 = 8 – 15 = –7,  

C33 = 15 4A–1 = A2 – 6A + 9I

|A| = 5(–3) + 4(1) = –15 + 4 = –11  6 −5 5   2 −1 1  1 0 0 

     
4A =  −5 6 −5 – 6  −1 2 −1 + 9 0 1 0 
–1

 −3 8 −12  5 −5 6   1 −1 2  0 0 1 
1 –1        
A =
–1
adjA =  1 1 −7 
|A| 11 6 − 12 + 9
 1 −10 15  −5 + 6 5−6 
   
4A =  −5 + 6
–1
6 − 12 + 9 −5 + 6 
1 3 3   –3 8 12   5−6 −5 + 6 6 − 12 + 9 

1    
B A =–
–1 –1
1 4 3  1 1 –7 
11   3 1 −1
1 3 4   1 –10 15 
    1 
A–1 = 1 3 1
4
 −1 1 3 
 
 M a them a ti cs | 17.51

Exercise 2 1 a2 a3 a a3 1
2 3 3
⇒ abc 1 b b = b b 1
Single Correct Choice Type
2 3 3
1 c c c c 1

1+a 1 1 R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3
Sol 1: (D) 1 1+b 1 =0
1 1 1+c 0 a2 – c2 a3 – c3 a – c a3 – c3 0
2 2 3 3 3 3
⇒ abc 0 b – c b –c = b–c b –c 0
1 1 1 2 3 3
+1 1 c c c c 1
a a a
1 1 1 ⇒ abc [(a2–c2) (b3 – c3) – (b2 – c2) (a3 – c3)
abc 1+ ` =0
b b b
1 1 1 = [(a – c) (b3 – c3) – (b – c) (a3 – c3)
+1
c c c ⇒ abc (a – c) (b – c)[(a + c) (b2 + c2 + bc)

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 – (b + c) (a2 + c2 + ac)
= (a – c) (b – c) [b2 + c2 + bc – (a2 + c2 + ac)]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c abc [ab2 + ac2 + abc + cb2 + c3 + bc2
1 1 1 – ba2 – bc2 – abc – ca2 – c3 – ac2]
abc 1+ =0
b b b
1 1 1 = b2 + c2 + bc – a2 – c2 – ac
1+
c c c = (b – a) (b + a + c)
⇒ abc (b – a) [ab + c(b + a)]
1 1 1 = (b – a) (a + b + c)
 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + +  1+ =0 ⇒ abc [ab + bc + ca] = [a + b + c]
 a b c b b b
1 1 1
1+ Sol 3: (A) (sin–1x + sin–1w) (sin–1y + sin–1z) = p2
c c c
N1 N2
C2 → c2 – c1, C3 → c3 – c1 x y
D→
N3 N4
z w

1 0 0 –1 ≤ (x, y, w, z) ≤ 1
 1 1 1 1 N N4 N N4
1 + + +  1 0 =0 x 1w – z 3y
 a b c b
1 If x = y = 7 = w = – 1
0 1
c
N1 N2
x y N2 +N4 N2 +N3
 1 1 1 → (–1) – (–1)
 1 + + +  = 0 ⇒a + b + c = – 1 N N
–1 –1 –1
a b c z 3 w 4
 
For max value
3 4 N1 + N4 = 2n. N2 + N3 = 2m + 1
a a a –1
Sol 2: (A) b b3 b 4 – 1 = 0 ⇒ n,m ∈ N
3 4
c c c –1 Value (–1)2n – (–1)2n – (–1)2m+1
⇒ 1 – (–1) = 2
a a3 a4 a a3 –1
Min value → – 1 – 1 = – 2
⇒ b b3 b 4 + b b3 –1 = 0
c c3 c4 c c3 –1 Dependent of N1, N2, N3, N4
1 7 . 5 2 | Determinants

Sol 4: (C) (1+ x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …+… a2n x2n = D3 (given)

an–3 an–1 an+1 in D3 → C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3

an–6 an–3 an+3 and assume T = a2+b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca
an–14 an–7 an+ 7
T 0 ab + bc + ca
(1 + x + x2)n = (x2 + x + 1)n +0 T ab + bc + ca
an–1 = an+1 –T –T a2 + b2 + c2
a0 = an 1 0 ab + bc + ca
an – r = an + rO ≤ r ≤ n = T2 0 1 ab + bc + ca
an–3 an–1 an–1 –1 –1 a2 + b2 + c2
So determinate → an–6 an–3 an–3 T2[a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+ca+ab+bc+ca(1)]
an–14 an–7 an–7
= T2[a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)]
C2 → C2 – C3
bc – a2 ac – b2 ab – c2
an–3 0 an–1
D2 = ac – b2 ab – c2 bc – a2
an–6 0 an–3 = 0
ab – c2 bc – a2 ac – b2
an–14 0 an–7
= C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
–1 2 1
Sol 5: (A) 3 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 C1 → C1 – C2 – C3 –T ac – b2 ab – c2
3–2 2 2–2 2 1 D2 = –T ab – c2 bc – a2
–T bc – a2 ac – b2
–1 – 2 – 1 2 1
–1 ac – b2 ab – c2
(– 1) 3 + 2 2 – 2 – 2 2 – 1 2 + 2 2 1
3

D2 = T –1 ab – c2 bc – a2
3–2 2 –2+2 2 –1 2–2 2 1
–1 bc – a2 ac – b2
–4 2 1
R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3
=– 0 2 + 2 2 1 = + 4 [2 + 2 2 –(2 – 2 2 )]
0 2–2 2 1 0 ac – b2 + a2 – bc ab – c2 + b2 – ac
2 2 2 2
D2 = T 0 ab – c + a – bc bc – a + b – ac
= + 4 [ 4 2 ] = 16 2
–1 bc – a2 ac – b2
a b c D2 = – T [(ac – b2 + a2 – bc) (bc – a2 + b2
Sol 6: (C) D1 = b c a ,
– ac) – (ab – c2 + b2 – ac) (ab – c2 + a2 – bc)]
c a b
D2 = (– T) (– T) [T + 3 (ab + bc + ca)]
2 2 2
bc – a ac – b ab – c
D2 = T2[a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)]
2 2 2
D2 = ac – b ab – c bc – a
2 2 ∴ D12 = D2 = D3
ab – c bc – a ac – b2

a b c a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
D12 = b c a b c a
Sol 7: (C) a b c = a b c
c a b c a b
bc ca ab a3 b3 c3
2 2 2
a +b +c ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
L.H. S. = (a – c) (b – c) (b – a)
= ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
in L.H.S. C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2
 M a them a ti cs | 17.53

= (a + 1) (a + 3) [a2 + 1 + 2a – a2 – 9 – 6a]
0 0 1
a–c b–c c = (a + 1) (a + 3) ( – 4a – 8)
a3 – c3 b3 – c3 c3 = – 4 (a + 2) (a + 1) (a + 3)
D = D x = Dy = 0
0 0 1
⇒ a = – 2 (common solution in all)
= (a – c) (b – c) 1 1 c
a2 + c2 + ac b2 + c2 + bc c3
Sol 9: (B) 3x – 7y + 5z = 3, 3x + y + 5z = 7
⇒ (a – c) (b – c)[b2 + c2 + bc – a2 – c2 – ac]
2x + 3y + 5z = 5
⇒ (a – c) (b – c) (b – a) (b + a + c)
3 –7 5
→a+b+c=1
D= 3 1 5
= (a – c) (b – c) (b – a) 2 3 5
abc = a + b +c = 3 [5 – 15] – 7 [10 – 15] + 5 [9 – 2]
A.M. ≥ G.M = – 30 + 35 + 35 = 40 ≠ 0
a+b+c 1
≥ (abc)1/3 ; ≥ (abc)1/3 So system is consistent with unique non trivial solution.
3 3
1 Sol 10: (B) (sin θ)x + 27 = 0
≥ abc → abc is always less than 1/27
27
(cos θ)x + sin θ y = 0
Sol 8: (A) (a + 1)3x + (a + 2)3y = (a + 3)3 (cos θ)y + 2z = 0
(4 + 1)x + (a + 2)y = (a + 3) sin θ 0 2
x+y=1 D = cos θ sin θ 0
Here for two variable thus equation 0 cos θ 2

So D = Dx = Dy=0 for consistent D = sin θ (sin θ.2) + 2(cos2θ)

(a + 1)3 (a + 2)3 = 2 (sin2θ + cos2θ) = 2 Constant

D=
(a + 1) (a + 2) 0 0 0 2
C = 0 , Dx = 0 sin θ 0
(a + 1)2 (a + 2)2 0 a cos θ 2
= (a + 1) (a + 2)
1 1
So system has a unique solution which is a function of
= (a + 1) (a + 2) [a2 + 1 + 2a – a2 – 4 – 4a] = (a + 1) a and θ
(a + 2) (–2a – 3) … (i)
(1 + x)2 (1 – x)2 –(2 + x2 )
3 2
(a + 3) (a + 2) Sol 11: (D) 2x + 1 3x 1 – 5x
Dx =
(a + 3) (a + 2) x +1 2x 2 – 3x
(a + 3)2 (a + 2)2 (1 + x)2 2x + 1 x +1
= (a + 2) (a + 3)
1 1 2
+ (1 – x) 3x 2x = 0
= (a + 2) (a + 3) (a + 9 + 6a – a – 4 – 4a)
2 2
1 – 2x 3x – 2 2x – 3
= (a + 2) (a + 3) (5 + 2a) … (ii) In 2nd determinate R3 → + R3 + R1
(a + 1)3 (a + 2)3 (1 + x)2 2x + 1 x +1
Dy =
(a + 1) (a + 3) (1 – x)2
3x 2x =- B  1 – 2x + (1 + x)2
(a + 1)2 (a + 3)2 +(2 + x2 ) –(1 – 5x) 3x – 2
= (a + 1) (a + 3)
1 1 = 2 + x2 + 2x – 2x = 2 + x2
1 7 . 5 4 | Determinants

R3 → – R3 So Dx = Dy = Dz = 0

(1 + x)2 (2x + 1) x +1 sin3θ –1 1

2
⇒ |A| – (1 – x) 3x 2x = B D = cos2θ 4 3
–(2 + x2 ) 1 – 5x 2 – 3x 2 7 7

x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero so for

Now all rows of A is equal to columns of B
solution (not-trivial), D = 0
⇒ |B| = – |A|
sin 3θ [28 – 21] – 1[6 – 7cos 2q]
|A| – |A| = 0 (always)
+ 1 [7 cos2θ – 8] = 0
For every valued of x
⇒ 7 sin 3θ – 6 + 7 cos2θ + 7 cos2θ – 8 = 0
|A| + |B| is zero
⇒ 7 sin 3θ + 14 cos 2θ = 14
Therefore infinite solutions
⇒ Sin 3θ + 2 cos 2θ = 2

Sol 12: (B) 2x cos2 θ + y sin 2θ – 2sin θ = 0  … (i) ⇒ Sin 3θ + 2 cos 2θ = 2

x sin 2θ + 2y sin2 θ = – 2 cos θ …(ii) ⇒ 3 sin θ – 4 sin3θ + 2[1 – 2 sin2q] = 2

x sin θ – y cos θ = 0 …(iii) ⇒ 3 sin θ – 4 sin3θ + 2 – 4 sin2θ = 2

for (i) & (ii) assume sin θ = x

⇒ 4x3 + 4x2 – 3x = 0
2cos2 θ sin2θ
D= ⇒ x[4x2 + 4x – 3] = 0
sin2θ 2sin2 θ
⇒ x[4x2 + 6x – 2x – 3] = 0
= 4 sin2θ cos2θ – 4 sin2 θ cos2 θ = 0
x = 0 or 2x (2x + 3) – 1 (2x + 3) = 0
= (sin2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ)
(2x + 3) (2x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1/2 or –3/2
2sin θ sin2θ
Dx = x = 0, ½, –3/2 but – 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
–2cos θ 2sin2 θ
sin θ ≠ –3/2
= 4 sin θ + 4 sin θ cos θ
3 2
sin θ ∈ {0, ½}, x = 0, π/6, 5π/6, π, 12π
= 4 sin θ(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) = 4 sin x
between [0, 2p]
for consistent Dx = 0 → 4 sin θ = 0
No. of principle value = 5
θ ∈ n π, n ∈ I
a2 + b2
2sin2 θ 2sin θ c c
Dy = = 4 cos3θ – 4 sin2θ cos θ c
sin2θ – sin θ
b2 + c2
Sol 14: (D) a a = α abc
= – 4 cos θ [sin θ + cos θ) = – 4 cos θ
2 2
a
Dy = 0 θ = (2n + 1)π/2, n ∈ I a2 + c2
b b
b
Sin θ and cos θ both are not zero for same θ, so for
every value of θ system has not a solution
a2 + b2
1 1
c2
Sol 13: (C) (sin 3θ)x – y + z = 0
b2 + c2
abc 1 1
(cos 2θ)x + 4y + 3z = 0 a2
2x + 7y + 7z = 0 a2 + c2
1 1
0 b2
( c = 0  a2 + b2   (b2 + c2 )(a2 + c2 ) 
0 ⇒ abc    – 1
 c2   a2b2 

 M a them a ti cs | 17.55

 a2 + c2    b2 + c2    0 x y
– – 1 + 1 1 –   
 b
2
   a2    ⇒ 0 y z =0
2
−(xp + yp + yp + z) xp + y yp + z
 (a b + a c + b + b c )(a + c ) – b a – a b
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2
⇒ abc  ⇒ −(xp2 + 2yp + z)(xz − y 2 ) =
0
 a2b2c2
∴ Either xp2 + 2yp + z =0 or y 2 = xz
a +c –b
2 2 2  a –b –c
2 2 2 
– +  ⇒ x, y, z are in GP.
 b2  a2 
 
a4b2 + a4 c2 + a2b 4 + a2b2c2 + a2b2c2 + a2c 4  Sol 2: (A) Given
abc  4 2 
1 x x +1
⇒  +b c + b2c 4 – a2b2c2 – a4 c2 – a2c 4 + a2c2b2 
a2b2c2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4  f(x)
= 2x x(x − 1) (x + 1)x
 +b a c – b c – b c – a b – a b 
3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) (x + 1)x(x − 1)
1  2 2 2
= 4a b c + a4b2 + a2b 4  = 4abc =2abc
abc   Applying C3 → C3 − (C1 + C2 )

⇒α=4 1 x 0
= 2x x(x − 1) = 0 0
Sol 15: (C) a2x + (2 – a)y = 4 + a2 3x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x − 2) 0
ax + (2a – 1)y = a5 – 2
∴ f(x) = 0 ⇒ f(100) = 0
2
a 2–a
D= = a2(2a – 1) + (a – 2) a
a 2a – 1 Sol 3: (D) Since, the given system has non-zero solution.

= 2a3 – a2 + a2 – 2a 1 −k −1
∴ k −1 −1 =0
For D = 0 = 2a (a2 – 1) → +1, – 1, 0
1 1 −1
4 + a2 2–a
Dx = Applying C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 + C3
5
a – 2 2a – 1
1 + k −k − 1 −1
= (4 + a2) (2a – 1) + (a – 2) (a5 – 2)
⇒ 1+k −2 −1 =0
= 8a – 4 + 2a3 – a2 + a6 – 2a5 – 2a + 4 0 0 −1
at a = 0 Dx = 0 ⇒ 2(k + 1) − (k + 1)2 =
0
a2 4 + a2 0 4+0 ⇒ (k + 1)(2 − k − 1) =0
So Dy = =
a a3 – 2 0 0–2 ⇒k= ± 1
So at a = 0, system has infinite solution Note: There is a golden rule in determinant that n one’s
⇒ (n – 1) zero’s or n(constant) ⇒ (n – 1) zero’s for all
At a = – 1, + 1, D = 0, and Dx, Dy ≠ 0
constant should be in a single row or a single column.
⇒ No solution, no. of values = 2
sinx cos x cos x
Sol 4: (C) Given cos x sinx cos x = 0
Previous Years Questions
cos x cos x sinx

Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
xp + y x y
Sol 1: (B) Given yp + z y z 0
= sinx + 2cos x cos x cos x
0 xp + y yp + z = sinx + 2cos x sinx cos x
Applying C1 → C1 − (pC2 + C3 ) sinx + 2cos x cos x sinx
1 7 . 5 6 | Determinants

1 cos x cos x When k ≠ 3 , the given system of equation has no

solution.
(2cos x + sinx) 1 sinx cos x =
= 0
1 cos x sinx ⇒ Statement I is true. Clearly, Statement II is also true
as it is rearrangement of rows and columns of
Applying R 2 → C2 − R1 , R 3 → C3 − R1  1 −2 3
 
1 cos x cos x  1 −3 4 
 −1 1 −2
⇒ (2cos x + sinx) 0 sinx − cos x 0 0
=  
0 0 sinx − cos x
Sol 8: Given systems of equation can be rewritten as
⇒ (2cos x + sinx)(sinx − cos x)2 =
0
–x + cy + bz = 0
0 or sinx − cos x =
⇒ 2cos x + sinx = 0
cx – y + az = 0 and bx + ay – z = 0
⇒ 2cos x = − sinx or sinx = cos x
Above system of equations are homogeneous equation.
1 π π
⇒ cot x = − gives no solution in − ≤ x ≤ and sin Since, x, y and z are not all zero, so it has non-trivial
2 4 4 solution.
x = cos x ⇒ tan x = 1
Therefore, the coefficient of determinant must be zero
π
⇒ x= −1 c b
4
∴ c −1 a =
0
Sol 5: (A) Given equations b a −1

x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and ax + z = 0 ⇒ −1(1 − a2 ) − c( −c − ab) + b(ca + b) =0

has infinite solutions. ⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc − 1 =0
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc =
1
1 a 0
∴ 0 1 a = 0 ⇒ 1 + a3 =
0 or a = –1
Sol 9: Since α is repeated root of f(x) = 0.
a 0 1
= a(x − α )2 , a ∈ constant ( ≠ 0)
∴ f(x)
Sol 6: (1) For infinitely many solution, we must have A(x) B(x) C(x)
k +1 8 4k Let φ(x) = A(α ) B(α ) C(α )
= = ⇒k=1
k k + 3 3k − 1 A ′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )

[To show φ(x) is divisible by (x − α )2 , it is sufficient to

Sol 7: (A) The given system of equation can be show that φ(α ) and φ′(α ) =0 ].
expressed as
A(α ) B(α ) C(α )
 1 −2 3  x   −1 ∴ φ(α=
) A(α ) B(α ) C(α ) = 0
     
 1 −3 4  y  = 1 A′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )
 −1 1 −2 z   k
     
[ R1 and R 2 are identical]
Applying R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 + R1
A ′(x) B′(x) C′(x)
1 −2 3  x   −1 Again, φ′(x) = A(α ) B(α ) C(α )
     A ′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )
⇒ ~ 0 −1 1   y  =
 2
0 −1 1   z  k − 1 A ′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )
    
φ′(α )= A(α ) B(α ) C(α ) =0
1 −2 3   x   −1
     A ′(α ) B′(α ) C′(α )
⇒ ~ 0 −1 1   y  =
 2
0 0 0   z  k − 3 [ R1 and R3 are identical]
    
Thus, α is repeated root of φ(x) =
0
⇒ R3 → R3 − R 2
Hence, φ(x) is divisible by f(x).
 M a them a ti cs | 17.57

a b c  1+1+1 1+α+β 1 + α2 + β21 1 1 1 1

  Sol 12: (C) 1+α+β 2
1+α +β 2 3 3
1 + α + β= 1 α β ×1 α
Sol 10: (4) Given A = b c a  , abc = 1
 c a b 1 + α2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3 1 + α 4 + β3 1 α2 β2 1 β
 
T
and A A = 1  … (i)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Now, A T A = 1
= 1 α α × 1 α α = 1 α α2
2 2

 a b c   a b c  1 0 0  1 α2 β 1 β β2 1 β β2
    
⇒ b c a  b c a  = 0 1 0 
= (1 − α ) ( α − β ) ( β − 1 )
2 2 2
 c a b   c a b  0 0 1 
    
K =1
 a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
 
⇒ ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
 Sol 13: (C) ( 2 − λ ) x1 − 2x1 + x3 = 0
2 2 2
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a + b + c 
2x1 − ( 3 + λ ) x2 + 2x3 = 0
1 0 0  −x1 + 2x2 − λx3 = 0
 
= 0 1 0 
Non-trivial solution
0 0 1 
  ∆ =0
2 2 2
1 and ab + bc + ca = 0 
⇒ a +b +c = … (ii) 2−λ −2 1
2 −3 − λ 2 = 0
We know, a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc
−1 2 −λ
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)

⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = (a + b + c)(1 − 0) + 3
(1 − λ ) {3λ + λ2 − 4} + 2. {−2λ + 2} + ( 4 − 3 − λ ) = 0
[from equation (i) and (ii)] (
⇒ 6λ + 2λ2 − 8 − 3λ2 − λ3 + 4λ − 4λ + 4 + 1 − λ = 0 )
3 3 3
∴ a + b + c = (a + b + c) + 3  … (iii) ⇒ −λ2 − λ2 − 5λ + 3 =0

Now, (a + b + c)2 =a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) =1… (iv) x3 − λ 2 + 2λ 2 − 2λ − 3λ + 3 =0

∴ From equation (iii), a3 + b3 + c3 =1 + 3
3 3 3
( )
⇒ λ2 λ2 − 1 + 2λ ( λ − 1 ) − 3 ( λ − 1 ) =0
⇒ a +b +c =
4
(
⇒ ( λ − 1 ) λ2 + 2λ − 3 =0 )
k +1 8
Sol 11: (B) ∆= = k 2 + 4k + 3 − 8k ⇒ ( λ − 1 )( λ + 3)( λ − 1 ) =0
k k +3
λ 1,1, −3
=
= k 2 − 4k + 3
=(k − 3)(k − 1) Sol 14: (D) x + λy − z = 0
4k 8 λx − y − z =0
∆1= = 4k 2 + 12k − 24k + 8
3k − 1 k + 3 x + y − λz = 0
2
( 2
)
= 4k − 12k + 8 = 4 k − 3k + 2 = 4 (k − 2 )(k − 1 ) For non-trivial solution ⇒ ∆ =0
1 λ −1
k +1 4k
∆2= = 3k 2 + 2k − 1 − 4k 2 ⇒ λ −1 −1 =0
k 3k − 1
1 1 −λ
− (k − 1 )
2
=−k 2 + 2k − 1 =
As given no solution ⇒ ∆1 & ∆2 ≠ 0
{ }
⇒ λ + 1 − λ −λ2 + 1 − ( λ + 1 ) =0

⇒ λ ( λ − 1 ) =0
2
∆ =0
⇒k =
3 λ= 0, ±1
1 7 . 5 8 | Determinants

JEE Advanced/Boards D z 10
y= = = 2
D 5
Exercise 1 1 1 1
Dy = 3 6 1 = 1[1 – 6] = –5,
Sol 1: (a) x + y + z = 6 1 0 0
2x + y – z = 1 D y –5
y = = = –1
x + y – 2z = –3 D 5

1 1 +1 1 2 1
D = 2 1 –1 C1 → C1 – C2 Dz = 3 1 6 = 1[6 – 1] + 6[0] = 5m,
1 1 −2 1 2 0
Dz 5
0 1 +1 Z= = =1
D 5
⇒ 1 1 –1 = 1[+2 + 1] = 3
(c) 7x – 7y + 5z = 3
0 1 −2
3x + y + 5z = 7
6 1 +1
2x + 3y + 5z = 5
Dx = 1 1 –1 C3 → C3 + C2
–3 1 −2 7 −7 5
D= 3 1 5 R1 → R1 – R3; R2 → R2 – R3
6 1 2
2 3 5
⇒ 1 1 0 = 1[6 – 1] + 2(1 + 3) = –5 + 8 = 3
–3 1 −1 5 −10 0
1 –2 0 = 5[–10 + 10] = 0
1 6 1
2 3 5
Dy = 2 1 –1
1 –3 –2 3 −7 5
Dx = 7 1 5 R1 → R1 – R3; R2 → R2 – R3
= 1[–2 – 3] + 6[–1 + 4] + 1[–6 – 1] = –5 + 18 – 7 = 6
5 3 5
1 1 6
−2 −10 0
Dz = 2 1 1
2 –2 0 = 5[4 + 20] = 120 ≠ 0
1 1 –3
5 3 5
= 1[–3 – 1] + 1[1 + 6] + 6[2 – 1] = –4 + 7 + 6 = 9
D = 0 but Dx ≠ 0, so, system is inconsistent
Dx 3 Dy 6 Dz 9
x= = = 1 ,y= = = 2 , z= = = 3
D 3 D 3 D 3
Sol 2: x + ky + 3z = 0  … (i)
Here, it is consistent 3x + ky – 2z = 0 … (ii)

(b) x + 2y + z = 1 2x + 3y – 4z = 0  … (iii)

3x + y + z = 6 Equation has non-trivial solution.

x + 2y = 0 So, D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0

1 2 1 1 k 3
D = 3 1 1 = 1[6 – 1] + 1[0] = 5 D = 3 k −2
1 2 0 2 3 –4

1 2 1 = 1 [–4k + 6] + k[–4 + 12] + 3[9 – 2k]

Dx = 6 1 1 = 2[6 – 1] = 10, = –4k + 6 + 8k + 27 – 6k = 33 – 2k = 0
0 2 0
 M a them a ti cs | 17.59

33 Sol 4: a(y + z) = x → x – ay – az = 0
K= , assuming x = t
2 b(z + x) = y → bx – y + bz = 0
From equation (ii) – (i) c(x + y) = z → cx + cy – z = 0
2x – 5z = 0 0 
2x 2t  
z= = , (x = t) c = 0  , so Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
5 5 0 
 
In (iii)
So for non-trivial solution, D = 0
⇒ 2t + 3y – 4z = 0 → 3z = 4z – 2t
1 −a –a
 2t  8t − 10t –2t
⇒ 3y = 4   – 2t = = D= b –1 b C1 → C1 – C3; C2 → C2 – C3
5 5 5
c c –1
–2t
⇒y=
15 1+a 0 –a
 –2t 2t  D= 0 –(1 + b) b
(x, y , z) ⇒  t, ,  t∈R
 15 5  1+c 1+c –1

 1 1 1 
Sol 3: ax + y + z = α –1 →  + +  =0
 1 + a 1 + b 1 +c
x + ay + z = α – 1
or from equation
x + y + az = α – 1
x y z
a= ,b= ,c=
α 1 1 y+z x+z x+y
D= 1 α 1 x+y+z x+y+z
1+a= ; 1+b= ;
1 1 α y+z x+z
D = a[a2 –1] + 1[1 – a] + 1[1 – a] x+y+z
1+c=
= a – α + 2 – 2α = a – 3α + 2
3 3 x+y

a3 – 3α + 2, 1 1 1 x+y+y+z+z+x
+ + =
1+a a+b 1+c x+y+z
At α = 1 ⇒ 1 – 3 + 2 = 0
2(x + y + z)
So (α – 1) is a factor of a3 – 3α + 2 = =2
(x + y + z)
Now, a3 – 3α + 2 can be witten as
⇒ a3 – a2 + a2 – α – 2α + 2 Sol 5: x = cy + bz → x – cy – bz = 0
⇒ a (α – 1) + α(α – 1) – 2(α – 1)
2
y = az + cx → cx – y + az = 0
⇒ (α – 1) (a + α – 2)
2
z = bx + ay → bx + ay – z = 0
D = (α – 1) (a + α – 2)
2
0 
D = (α – 1) (a2 + 2α – α – 2) (α – 1)  
c = 0  →
D = (α – 1)[α(α + 2) – 1(α + 2)] 0 
 
D = (α – 1) (α + 2) (α – 1) Dx = Dy = Dz = 0,
For D = 0, α = 1 or –2 But system has solution. So D = 0
For α = 1,
1 −c −b
0 1 1 D = c −1 a = 1[1–a2] + c[–c – ab) – b[ac +b] = 0
Dx = 0 1 1 = 0, so consistent b a −1
0 1 1
1 – a2 – c2 – abc – abc – b2 = 0
So on Dy and Dt = 0 \α ≠ 1 ⇒ α = –2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab = 1
1 7 . 6 0 | Determinants

x Sol 8: x + y + z = 6
Sol 6: a = → x – ay + az = 0
y−z x + 2y + 3z = 10
y
b= → bx + y – bz = 0 x + 2y + lz = µ
z−x
z (a) A unique solution, D ≠ 0
c= → cx – cy – z = 0
x−y
1 1 1
0  D= 1 2 3
 
c = 0  , so Dx = Dy = Dz = 0, 1 2 λ
0 
  = 1[2λ – 6] + 1[–λ + 3] + 0
For solution → D = 0
= 2λ – 6 + 3 – λ = λ – 3 ≠ 0
1 −a a
λ≠3
D = b 1 −b
(b) Infinite solution
c −c −1
So D = 0, Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
= 1[–1 – bc] – a[–bc + b] + a[–bc–c]
D=0→λ=3
= –1 – bc + abc – ab – abc – ac
6 1 1 6 1 1
= –1(ab + bc + ca + 1) = 0
Dx = 10 2 3 = 10 2 3
= ab + bc + ca + 1 = 0 µ 2 λ µ 2 3

Sol 7: sinq ≠ cosq ⇒ 6[0] + 1[3µ – 30] + [20 – 2µ]

Xcosp – ysinp + z = cosq + 1  ... (i) ⇒ (µ−10)5 = 0

xsinp + ycosp + z = 1 – sinq ... (ii) µ = 10

xcos(p + q) – ysin(p + q) + z = 2  ... (iii) (c) No solution → D = 0, Dx ≠ 0

cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinAsinB λ = 3, µ ≠ 10

sin(p + q) = sinpcosq + cosp sinq

Sol 9: x + y + z = 1
equation (i)2 + equation (ii)2
x + 2y + 4z = p
⇒ x2(sin2p+cos2p) + y2(cos2p+sin2p)
x + 4y + 10z = p2
–2xy cospsinp + 2xcospz – 2yzsinp + 2xysinpcosp
1 1 1
+ 2xzsinp + 2z2 + 2yzcosp
D= 1 2 4
= z + 1 – 2sinq + 2cosq
1 4 10
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xycosp – 2yzsinp
D = 1[20 – 16] + 1[4 – 10] + 1[4 – 2] = 4 – 6 + 2 = 0
+ 2xzsinp + z2 + 2yzcosp
So for solution, Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
= 2 + 1 – 2sinq + 2cosq
1 1 1
From equation (iii) and (i)
Dx = p 2 4
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2z (1 + cosq – z) + 2q(1 – sinq – z) z2
p2 4 10
= 3 – 2(sinq – cosq)
= 1[20 – 16] + 1[4p2 – 10p] + 1[4p – 2p2] = 0
= x2+y2+z2 + 2z(2 + cosq – sinq – 2z)
= 4 + 4p2 – 10p + 4p – 2p2 = 0
= 3 + 2(cosq – sinq)
2p2 – 6p + 4 = 0
For equation (iii)
p2 – 3p + 2 = 0
⇒ 2z(2 + cosq – sinq – 2z) = 1 + 2 |cosq – sinq|
p2 – 2p – p + 2 = 0
\x + y + z = 2
2 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 17.61

(p – 2) (p – 1) = 0 ⇒ p = 1 or 2 4x + 4y – z = 2 … (ii)
For p = 1 6x + 6y + 2z = 3 … (iii)
⇒ x + y + z = 1 ... (i) Assume x = l
x + 2y + 4z = 1  … (ii) Equation (iii), (ii) – (iii).(ii)
x + 4y + 10z = 1 … (iii) 7z = 0 → z = 0
Assume that x = k 2y = 1 + 2z – 2x = 1 – 2λ
Equation (ii) – ii(i) (x, y, z) = (λ, 1–2λ, λ)
–x + 2z = –1 If K ≠ 2
k −1
⇒ 2z = x – 1 ⇒ z = K 2 −2 
2  
D =  4 2K −1
(k − 1)
So y = 1 – z – x = 1 – k – 6 6 K 
2  
2 − 2k − k + 1 3 − 3k = K[2K2 + 6] + 2[–6 – 4K] – 2[24 – 12K]
y= =
2 2 = 2K3 + 6K – 12 – 8K – 48 + 24K
 3 − 3k k − 1  = 2K3 + 22K – 60 = 2(K3 + 11K – 30)
(x,y,z) =  k, , 
 2 2 
At K = 2
At p = 2 ⇒ 2(8 + 11(2) – 30) = 0
x + y + z =1  … (1) So (K – 2) is a factor
x + 2y + 4z = 2 … (2)
k 3 + 11k – 30
= K2 + 2K + 15
x + 4y + 10z = 4 … (3) k −2
Assume x = k D = 2(K – 2) (K2 + 2K + 15)
Equation (2) – 2(1)
1 2 −2
–x + 2z = 0  
Dx = 2 2K −1
k 3 6 K 
⇒ x = 2z = k ⇒ z =  
2
= 2K2 + 6 + 2[–3 – 2K] – 2[12 – 6K]
k
y=1–x–z=1–k–
2 = 2K2 + 6 – 6 – 4K – 24 + 12K
3k 2 – 3k = 2K2 + 8K – 24 = 2[K2 + 4K – 12]
=1– =
2 2 = 2[K2 + 6K – 2K – 12] = 2[K(K+6) – 2(K + 6)]

Sol 10: Kx + 2y – 2z = 1 = 2(K – 2) (K + 6)

4x + 2Ky – z = 2 Similarly, Dy = (K – 2) (2K + 3) and Dz = 6(K – 2)2

6x + 6y + Kz = 3 if K ≠ 2,

K 2 −2  x y z 1
= = =
  2(K + 6) 2K + 3 6(K − 2) 2(K + 2K + 15)
2
D =  4 2K −1 at K = 2 (given)
6 6 K 
 
Sol 11: (a) a, b, c, d are distinct no.
2 2 −2
a, b, c, d ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= 4 4 −1 = 0
ax + by = 1
6 6 2
cx + dy = 2
⇒ 2x + 2y – 2z = 1 … (i)
1 7 . 6 2 | Determinants

a b Sol 12: (a – t)x + by + cz = 0

D= = ad – bc … (i)
c d bx + (c – t)y + az = 0

1 b cx + ay + (b – t)z = 0
Dx = = d – 2b,
2 d Has non-trivial solution,
Dx d − 2b So D = 0
x= =
D ad − bc a−t b c
for least possible +ve value of x D= b c−t a =0
d – 2b = 1 (least natural number) c a b−t

(d, b) → (3, 1) or (5, 2) Assume D = a0t3 + b0t2 + c0t + d0 = 0

ad – bc should be maximum for least x –d0

So t1t2t3 =
a0
(a, b) → (3, 1) (ad – bc) → (3a – c)
At t = 0, D = d0
a,c ∈ {7, 4, 5}
a b c
Max. → 3(5) – 2 = 15 – 2
So d0 = b c a
1
x= c a b
13
If a, b → (5, 2), And a0 is coefficient of t3 = (–1)(–1)(–1) = –1

ad – bc → 5a – 2c, a b c
–d0
t1t2t3 = = d0 = b c a
a, c ∈ {1, 3, 4} –1
c a b
Max. 5a – 2c → 5(4) – 2(1) = 18
1 p
→x= = (min.) Sol 13: 3x – y + 4z = 3
18 q
X + 2y – 3z = –2
p + q = 1 + 18 = 19
6x + 5y + lz = –3,
(b) x + ay = 3 and ax + 4y = 6 → x > 1, y > 0
3 −1 4
1 a
D= =4–a , 2 D = 1 2 –3
a 4
6 5 λ
3 a
Dx = = 12 – 6a ⇒ 3(2λ + 15) –1[–18 – λ) + 4[5 – 12]
6 4
⇒ 6λ + 45 + 18 + λ – 28 = 7λ + 35 = 7(λ + 5)
1 3
Dy = = 6 – 3a, D = 7(λ + 5)
a 6
3 −1 4
Dx 6(2 − a)
x > 0, > 101→ > 101 Dx = –2 2 –3
D (2 − a)(2 + a)
–3 5 λ
6
> 1,
01 = 3[2λ + 15] + 1[–2λ – 9] + 4[–10 + 6]
(2 − a)
= 6λ + 45 – 2λ – 9 – 16
2 + a < 6 → a = 1, 3
= 4λ + 20 = 4(λ + 5);
Dy3(2 − a) 3 1
y= = = = + ve D 4(λ + 5) 4
D 6(2 − a) 6 2 = x
x= =
D 7(λ + 5) 7
So a is 1 and 3 3 3 4
1+3=4 Dy = 1 −2 −3
6 −3 λ
 M a them a ti cs | 17.63

= 3[–2λ – 9] + 3[–18 – l] + 4[–3 + 12] 1 a –a3

= –6λ – 27 – 54 – 3λ + 36 Dx = 1 b –b3
= –9λ – 45 = –(λ + 5) 1 c −c3
Dy –9(λ + 5) –9 = –(a + b + c) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a);
⇒y= = =
D 7(λ + 5) 7
\x = –(a + b + c)
3 −1 3
1 –a3 a2
Dz = 1 2 −2
Dy = 1 –b3 b2
6 5 −3
1 –c3 c2
= 3[–6 + 10] + 1[–3 + 12] + 3[5 – 12]
= (ab + bc + ca) (a – b)(b – c) (c – a)
= 12 + 9 – 21 = 0,
Dz \y = [ab + bc + ca]
z= =0
D –a3 a a2
So x, y, z is not dependent on λ Dz = −b3 b b2
(if λ ≠ –5) −c3 c c2
At λ = –5 = –abc(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
3x – y + 4z = 3  … (i) \ z = –abc
x + 2y – 3z = –2 … (ii)
6x + 5y – 5z = –3  … (iii) Sol 15: (a) ax – y + z = α

Assume z = k, (iii) – (ii)(i) x – ay + z = 1

7y – 13z = –9 x – y + az = 1

13k − 9 D = a[–a2 + 1] –1 [1 – a] + [–1+a]

⇒y=
7 = –a3 + α – 2 + 2a
2 4 − 5k = (–a3 + 3α – 2) = –(a3 – 3α + 2)
So, x = 3z – 2y – z = 3k – (13k – 9) – z =
7 7
At α = 1
 4 − 5k 13k − 9 
(x, y, z)  , ,k  D = –(1 – 3+ 2) = 0
 7 7 
So (α – 1) is a factor
Sol 14: z + ay + a2x + a3 = 0
α3 − 3α + 2
= a2 + α – 2
z + by + b x + b = 0
2 3
α −1
z + cy + c2x + c3 = 0 So D = – (α – 1) (a2 + α – 2)
 a3  = –(α –1)(a2 + 2α – α – 2)
 
Now, c = b3  = –(α – 1)[α(α + 2) – 1(α + 2)]
 3
 c  = –(α – 1) (α – 1) (α + 2)
α ∈ [–10, 10]
1 a a2
So, α has an integral value
D = 1 b b2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
1 c c2 α −1 1
Dx = 1 −α 1
Dx Dy Dz 1 −1 α
x= ,y= ,z=
D D D
So x = 1,
Dx = –(α – 1)2(α + 2)
1 7 . 6 4 | Determinants

α α 1 (c) a, b ∈ {0, 1, 2, ……., 10}

Dy = 1 1 1 = 0, x+y+z=4
1 1 α 2x + y + 3z = 6
α –1 α x + 2y + az = b
Dz = 1 – α 1 =0
1 1 1
1 –1 1
D= 2 1 3
(a) Unique solution, 1 2 a
So D≠0 →α ≠1, –2 = 1(a – 6) + 1(3 – 2a) + 1(4 – 1)
Number of values for α in = a – 6 + 3 – 2a + 3 = – 9
[–10, 10] = 21 – 2 = 19 = L
4 1 1
(b) Number solution is not possible for every value of α,
Dx= 6 1 3
system has atleast one solution. So M = 0
b 2 a
(c) Infinite solution → D = 0
= 4(a–6) + 1(3b–6a) + 1(12–b)
α = 1, –2 → N = 2
= 4a – 24 + 3b – 6a + 12 – b
L – M + N = 19 + 2 = 21
= –2a + 2b – 12
(b) 2x + 3y – z = 0
1 4 1
3x + 2y + kz = 0
Dy= 2 6 3
4x + y + z = 0
1 b a
Has non-trivial solution
= 6a – 3b + 4[3 – 2a] + b – 6
2 3 −1 = 6a – 3b + 12 – 8a + b – 6
So, D = 0 ⇒ 3 2 k
= –2a – 2b + 6
4 1 1
1 1 4
= 2[2 – k] + 3[4k – 3] – 1[3 – 8] = 0
Dz= 2 1 6
4 – 2k + 12k – 9 + 5 = 10k = 0
1 2 b
⇒k=0
= b – 12 + 6 – 2b + 4[4 – 1]
⇒ 2x + 3y – z = 0 … (i)
= b – 12 + 6 – 2b + 12
3x + 7y = 0  … (ii)
= –b + 6
4x + y + z = 0  … (iii)
(i) Unique solution so D ≠ 0
(iii) – (ii) (i) →
→a≠0
– 5y + 32 = 0 → 3z = 5y
∴ a ∈ {1, 2, ………. , 10},
–2y
3x = – 2y → x = , b ∈ {0, 1, ………. , 10}
3
5 L = 10 × 11 = 110
z= y,y=y
3 (ii) Number solution D = 0, a = 0
x, y, z are integer , so at for x and z to be integer x = n Dx ≠ 0 → 2b ≠ 12 → b ≠ 6,
2
= – y and Dy ≠ 0 → b ≠ 3
3
3n M = 1(11 – 2) = 9
→y= (also an integer)
–2
(iii) Infinite solution D=0 → a=0,
So at n = –2, –7y = 3, z = 5 (minimum +ve value)
D x = Dy = Dz = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 17.65

But Dx and Dz can’t be zero at same times, so no possible = [sin x (p+d – p) + a [sinx (p – d – p – d)]
common solution N = 0
+ a2[sin x (p – p + d)]
L + M – N = 110 + 9 – 0 = 119
= sin x d + a sin (– 2d) + a2 sin dx
2 It dose not depend upon p
–7 5 + 3i – 4i
3
Sol 16: 5 – 3i 8 4 + 5i x3 + 1 x 2 x x3 x2 x 1 x2 x
2 3
(c) y + 1 y 2
y = y 3
y 2
y + 1 y 2
y
+ 4i 4 – 5i 9
3 3
z +1 z 2
z z 3
z 2
z 1 z 2
z
2
(a) Assume z1 = 5 + 3i, z2 = + 4i
3
z3 = 4 + 5i x2 x 1 1 x2 x
2 2
= xyz y y 1 + 1 y y
(z3)2 = 42 + 52 = 41
2 2
z z 1 1 z z
–7 z1 z2
= (xyz + 1) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) = 0
⇒ z1 8 z3
z2 z3 9 (given) x, y, z are all different
So (xyz + 1) = 0 ⇒ xyz = – 1
= –7[72–z3 z ]+z1[z2z3 – 9 z 2 ]+ z 2 [ z 1 z 3 – 8z2]
3

= –7[72 – 41] + (5 + 3i) a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1

Sol 17: (a) 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a – 1)3
 2  2 
 + 4i  ( 4 + 5i) – 9  – 4i   3 3 1
 3  3 
R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3
2   2 
+  – 4i  (5 – 3i) (4 – 5i) – 8  + 4i  
3   3  a2 + 2a – 3 2a + 1 0
= – 7 (31) + (5 + 3i) 2a – 2 a–2 0
3 3 1
8 10 
 + 16i + i – 20 – 6 + 36i = (a – 1) (a2 + 2a – 3) – 4(a – 1)2
3 3 
= (a – 1) [(a2 + 3a – a – 3) – 4 (a – 1)]
2   16 
+  – 4i  20 – 15 – 12i – 25i – – 32i
3   3  (a – 1) [(a – 1) (a + 3) – 4(a – 1)]

 –70 160i  2   1  = (a – 1)2 [a + 3 – 4] = (a – 1)3

= –217 + (5 + 3i)  +  +  – 4i   – – 69i
 3 3  3   3 
1 1 1 0 0 1
Coefficient of i (b) x y z ⇒ x–2 y–2 2
800 4 804 x3 y3 z2 x3 – z 3 y 3 – z3 z3
= – 70 + – 46 + = – 106 +
3 3 3
0 0 1
1 a a2 = (x – z) (y – z) 1 1 2
(b) cos(p – d)x cospx cos(p + d)x x2 + y 2 + xz y 2 + z 2 + yz z3
sin(p – d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x
∴ a2 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)
= 1[cos px sin (p+d)x – cos(p+d)x sin px] = (x – z) (y – z) (y2 + z2 + yz – x2 – z2 – xz)
+ a[cos(p+d)x sin (p – d)x – ws(p – d)x sin (p + d)x] = (x – z) (y – z) [ z (y – x) + (y2 – x2)
+ a2[cos (p –d)x sin px – cos px sin (p –d)x] = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (x + y + z)
1 7 . 6 6 | Determinants

22 0 1
x 1 –3 / 2 2
1 2 0 = 4[16] + [1] = 65
Sol 18: (a) f(x) = 2 2 1 x>1
1 0 1 22
0 1/2
x –1
a b c b+c c+a a+b
 1  3 2  Sol 19: D = c a b , D’ = a + b b + c c + a
f(x) = x [1 – 0] + 1  – 1 +  
x – 1  2 x – 1 b c a c+a a+b b+c
1 3
=x+ –1+ b c+a a+b c c+a a+b
x –1 x –1
D’= a b + c c + a + b b + c c + a
3 (x – 1)2 + 3 c a+b b+c a a+b b+c
= (x – 1) + =
x –1 x –1
C2 → C2 + C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C1,
2 2
x + 1 + 3 – 2x x – 2x + 4 C3 → C3 – C1C3 → C3 – C2
= =
x –1 x –1
b c a c a b
3 3
F’(x) = 1 – ⇒ 01 = D’ = a b c + b c a
(x – 1)2 (x – 1)2
c a b a b c
⇒ (x – 1)2 = 3 ⇒ x = 1 ± 3 After swapping rows according to D

But x . so x = 1 ± 3 a b c a b c
D’ = c a b + c a b = 2D
–6
f’’(x) = , at x = 1 + 3 b c a b c a
(x – z)3
–6
f”(x) = > 0 so minima 1 + a2 – b2 2ab –2b
3 3 2 2
Sol 20: 2ab 1–a +b 2a
3
f(1 + 3)= 3 + = 2 3 2b –2a 1 – a2 – b2
3
But if x is integer for min. volue of f(x) C1 → C1 – BC3, C2 → C1 + AC3

⇒ x = [1 + 3]=2 1 + a2 + b2 0 –2b
3 0 2
1–a +b 2
2a
F(x) = f(2) = 1 + =4
1 2 3 3 2
b+b+a b+b –a + a – ab 1 – a2 – b2
(b) a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca ≤ O ∀ a,b,c ∈ R
R3 → R3 + aR2 – bR1
(a + b + 2)2 a2 + b2 1
1 (b + c + 2)2 b2 + c2 1 + a2 + b2 0 –2b
c2 + b2 1 (c + a + 2)2 = 0 1 + a2 + b2 2a
0 0 1 + a2 + b2
(a + b) + (b + 1) + (c + a) ≥ 0
2 2 2

= (1 + a2 + b2)3
(always & square is +ve)
= 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + bc + ca + ab)
sinx sin(x + h) sain(x + 2h)
Its given that a2+b2+c2 + bc + ca + ab ≤ 0
Sol 21: f(x) = sin(x + 2h) sinx sin(x + h)
So 0 ≤ a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + ca + ab ≤ 0 sin(x + h) sin(x + 2h) sinx
⇒ (a + b)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c + a)2 = 0
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
⇒a=b=c=0
 M a them a ti cs | 17.67

sin (x + nh) = sin x cos (nh) + sin nh cos x ((γ + α – β – δ)2 – (α + β – γ – δ)2)

⇒ lim sin (x + nh) = (sin x ) 1+ (nh) cos x [(β + γ – α – δ)2 + (d2 + b2 – γ – δ)2
h→0
(γ + α – β – δ)2 – (α + β – ρ – δ)2]
sinx sinx + ncos x sinx + 2hcos x
= – 2 (α – β)2 (α – γ)2 (α – γ)2 (β – γ)2
⇒f(x) sinx + 2hcos x sinx sinx + hcos x
sinx + hcos x sinx + 2hcos x sinx (β – δ)2 (γ – δ) (– 1)6

C1 → C1 → C3, C2 → C2 – C3 = –64(α – β)(α – γ)(α – δ)(β – γ)(β – γ)(γ – δ)

–2hcos x –hcos2 x sinx + 2hcos x Sol 23: x3 – 3x2 + 2 = 0

f(x) = hcos x –hcos x sinx + hcos x
At x = 1 ⇒1 – 3 + 2 = 0.
cos x 2hcos x sinx
So (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 3x2 + 2 = 0
–2cos x – cos x sinx + 2hcos x
(b + c)2 a2 a2
f(x) = h cos x
2 – cos x sinx + hcos x
b2 (c + a)2 b2
cos x 2cos x sinx
c2 c2 (a + b)2
–2cos x – cos x sinx
f(x) ⇒ x3 – 3x2 + 2 = (x – 1) (x2 – 2x – 2)
lim = cos x – cos x sinx
h→0 h2 a = 1, and bc = – 2, b + c = 2
cos x 2cos x sinx

R1 → R1, R3, R2 → R2 – R3 ⇒ bc = 1 ± 3 , c2b2 = 4 ± 2 3

–3cos x –3cos x 0 22 1 1
= 0 –3cos x 0 = 4 + 2 3 (2 – 3) 2
4+2 3
cos x 2cos x sinx 4–2 3 4–2 3 (2 + 3)2
= sin x (9 cos2x) = sin x (9 – 9sin2x) 4 1 1
= 9 sin x – 9sin3x = 3 (3sin x – 3 sin3x) = 4+2 3 7– 4 3 4+2 3

= 3 [sin 3x + sin3x] = k(sin 3x + sin3x) 4–2 3 4–2 3 7+4 3

⇒K=3 = 4[49 – 48] – [16 – 12] – 1 [16 + 12) + 28

(β + γ – α – δ)4 (β + γ – α – δ)2 1 + 30 3 + 24]+[16 – 12– (28 + 24 – 3 (30) = – 108

Sol 22: ( γ + α – β – δ)4 ( γ + α – β – δ)2 1

x + 2 2x + 3 3x + 4
( α + β – γ – δ )4 (α + β – γ – δ)2 1
Sol 24: (a) 2x + 3 3x + 4 4x + 5 = 0
R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 3x + 5 5x + 8 10x + 17

x+2 4x + 6 3x + 4
1
4
(β + γ – α – δ) – (α + β – γ – δ) 4 4
(β + γ – α – δ) – (α + β – γ – δ) 2
0 = 2x + 3 6x + 8 4x + 5
2
( γ + α – β – δ )4 – ( α + β – γ – δ )4 ( γ + α – β – δ)2 – (α + β – γ – δ)2 0 3x + 5 10x + 16 10x + 17
( α + β – γ – δ )4 (α + β – γ – δ)2 1
c2→ c2 – c1 – c3
= ((β + γ – α – δ)2 – (α + β – γ – δ)2
x+2 0 3x + 4
– ((γ + α – β – δ)2 – (α + β – γ – δ)2) 1
= 2x + 3 0 4x + 5
2
3x + 5 –3x – 6 10x + 17
(β + γ – α – δ)2 + (α2 + β – γ – δ)2 1 0
2 2
( γ + α – β – δ) + (α + β – γ – δ) 1 0 [3x + 6]
4 2 ⇒ [(3x + 4) (2x + 3)–(x + 2) (4x + 5)]= 0
(α + β – γ – δ) (α + β – γ – δ) 1 2
= ((β – γ – δ – δ)2 – (α + β – γ – δ)2)
1 7 . 6 8 | Determinants

⇒ (3x + 6)[6x2 + 17x + 12 – 4x2 – 13x – 10]=0 x2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – (ab + bc + ca)

⇒ (3x + 6) [2x2 + 4x + 2] = 0 \ a + b + c = 0 ⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x2 + 2x + 1) = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
⇒ (x + 2) (x + 1)2 = 0 –(a2 + b2 + c2 )
⇒ ab + bc + ca =
⇒ x = – 2, – 1 2

x – 2 2x – 3 3x – 4 a2 + b2 + c2 3
x2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + = (a2 + b2 + c2)
(b) x – 4 2x – 9 3x – 16 = 0 2 2
x – 8 2x – 27 3x – 64 3 2
x=± (a + b2 + c2 )
2
R1 → R2 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3
a c b
6 24 60 x = 0 c b a = a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0
⇒ 4 18 48 =0 b c a
x – 8 2x – 27 3x – 64
∴a+b +c =0
1 4 10
⇒ 2 9 24 =0 a
x – 8 2x – 27 3x – 64 Sol 26: xX33−–5x
5x2++3x
2
3x−–11==00 b

= 9(3x – 64) – 24(2x – 27) + 4 [24 (x – 8) c

– 2 (3x – 64)] + 10 [2(2x – 27) – 9(x – 8)] a b c
= (6 – 48 + 96 – 24 + 40 – 90) (x – 4) = 0 a – b b – c c – a C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
b+c c+a a+b
⇒x=4
a+b+c b c
Sol 25: a + b + c = 0 = 0 b–c c–a
a–x c b 2(a + b + c) c + a a + b
c b–x a =0
1 b c 1 b c
b a c–x
=5 0 b–c c–a =5 0 b–c c–a
c1 → c1 + c2 + c3 2 c+a a+b 2 a+c a+b
a+b+c – x c b
= 5[(b – c) (a + b) + (a – c) (a + c) + 2 (bc – ab – bc + c2)]
a+b+c – x b – x a
a+b+c – x a c–x = 5[ab – ac + b2 – bc + a2 – c2 – 2ab + 2c2]
= 5[a2 + b2 + c2 – (ab + bc + ca)]
1 c b
a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc +ca)
= (a + b + c – x) 1 b.x a =0
1 a c–x = 25 – 2 (3) = 19
= 5[19 – 3] = 5. 16 = 80
a + b + c = 0 (a + b + c – x) = – x = 0

1 c b a2 + λ ab ac
1 b–x a Sol 27: ab 2
b +λ bc
1 a c–x 2 2
ac b c +λ
= (b – x) (c – x) – a + c (a – c + x) + b (c – b + x] = 0
2

(a2 + λ ) ab2 ac2

bc – x (b + 1) + x2 – a2 + a (– c2 + cx + ba – b2 + bx = 0 1
= a2b b(b2 + λ ) bc2
x + x(b + c – b – c) = a + b + c – (ab + bc + ca)
2 2 2 2 abc
a2c b2 c c(c2 + λ )
 M a them a ti cs | 17.69

a2 + λ b2 c2 C A B A B C
= tan cot – 1 – tan cot + tan cot
abc 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= a b +λ c
abc 2
a b 2 2
c +λ B C A B A C
– cot tan + tan cot +1 – tan cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 A 1
We know that tan =
2 A
λ 0 –λ 1 0 –1 cot
2
2
= 0 λ –λ = λ 0 1 –1
C B C A
a2 b2 c2 + λ a2 b2 (c2 + λ ) tantan tan tan
= 2 – 2 – 2 + 2
A A B B
= l2 (c2 + λ + b2 – 1[– a2]) tan tan tan tan
2 2 2 2
= l2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + λ)
A B
tan tan
– 2 +1–1+ 2 =0
a2 b2 c2 C C
tan tan
Sol 28: = 4 a b c 2 2
1 1 1
1  C B 1  A C
⇒  tan – tan  +  tan – tan 
C2 → C2 − C1 ,C3 → C3 − C1 A 2 2 B 2 2
tan  tan 
2 2
a2 b2 − a2 c2 − a2
1  B A
4 a b−a c−a = =
 ( ) ( )
4  b2 − a2 ( c − a) − c2 − a2 (b − a+) 
 C tan – tan  = 0
 2 2
1 1 1 tan
2
a2 c2 − a2
a c−a = =
=
 ( ) (
4  b2 − a2 ( c − a) − c2 − a2 (b − a) 
 ) It can only happen when two angles are equal.

1 ⇒ ∆ABC is isosceles
=-4 ( c − a)(b − a)(b − c )
= 4 ( c − b )(b − c )( c − a)

Exercise 2
Sol 29:
Single Correct Choice Type
A B C
cot cot cot
2 2 2 m
B C C A A B 2r – 1 Cr 1
tan + tan tan + tan tan + tan =0 2 m
2 2 2 2 2 2 Sol 1: (A) Dr = m –1 2 1+m
1 1 1 sin (m ) sin m sin2 (m + 1)
2 2 2

m
C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3 ∑ Dr =
r =0
A C B C C
cot – cot cot – cot cot m m
2 2 2 2 2
C A C B A B
∑ (2r – 1) ∑ m Cr m+1
=r 0=r 0
tan – tan tan – tan tan + tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(m + 1)(m – 1) (m + 1)2m (m + 1)2
0 0 1
(m + 1)sin2 (m2 ) (m + 1)sin2 m (m + 1)sin2 (m + 1)

 C B  A C (m + 1)(m – 1) 2m (m + 1)
=  tan – tan  cot – cot  2 m
 2 2  2 2 = (m + 1)(m – 1) (m + 1)2 (m + 1)2
(m + 1)sin2 m2 (m + 1)sin2 m (m + 1)sin2 (m + 1)
 B C  C A
–  cot – cot  tan – tan 
 2 2  2 2
1 7 . 7 0 | Determinants

Common (m + 1) from C1, C3 and R2 C3 → C3 + C1

m–1 2m 1 bc 1 ab + bc + ca
= abc ac 1 ab + bc + ca
= (m+1)3 m – 1 2m 1 =0
ab 1 ab + bc + ca
sin2 m2 2 2
(m + 1)sin m sin (m + 1)
bc 1 1
= (abc) (ab + bc + ca) ac 1 1 = 0
1 cos(β – α ) cos( γ – α )
ab 1 1
Sol 2: (D) D = cos(α – β) 1 cos( γ – β)
cos(α – γ ) cos(β – γ ) 1
Sol 4: (A)
D = 1 – cos (β – γ) cos (γ – β) + cos(β – α)
mx mx – p mx + p
[cos (γ – β) cos (α – γ) – cos (α – β)] f’(x) = n n+p n–p
+ cos (γ – α) [cos (α – β) cos (β – γ) mx + 2n mx + 2n + p mx + 2n – p
– cos (α – γ)] C2 → C2 + C3
D = 1 – cos2(β – γ) + cos (β – α) cos (γ – β)
mx 2mx mx + p
cos (α – γ) – cos2 (β – α) + cos (γ – α)
f’(x) = n 2n n–p
cos (α – β) cos (β – γ) – cos2 (γ – α) mx + 2n 2(mx + 2n) mx + 2n – p
cos(β – γ )
D=1+2 [cos (γ – β) + cos C2 → C2 – 2C1
2
(γ – β – 2α)] – cos2 (γ – α) – cos2(β – α) – cos2(β – γ) mx 0 mx + p
f’(x) = n 0 n–p =0
 cos2(β – α ) + cos2( γ – α ) 
D = 1+cos2(β–γ)+   mx + 2n 0 mx + 2n – p
 2 
y = f(x)
– cos2(β – γ) – cos2(γ – α) – cos2 (β – α)
y’ = 0
=1+
1
2
(
2cos2 (β – α ) – 1 + 2cos2 ( γ – α ) – 1 ) y=K
It is a straight line parallel to x–axis.
– cos2 (β – α) – cos2(γ – α)
2
= 1 –   = cos2(β – α) + cos2 (γ – α) x − 1 (x − 1)2 x3
2
Sol 5: (A) D(x) = x − 1 x2 (x + 1)3
– cos2 (β – α) – cos2 (γ – α) = 1 – 1 = 0
x (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
Assume D(x) a0 + a1x + …
b2 c2 bc b + c
Sol 3: (A) D = c2a2 ca c+a D’(x) = a1 + 2a2x

a2b2 ab a + b At x = 0 D’(0) = a1

+1 (x – 1)2 x3 x – 1 2(x – 1) x3
ab2c2 abc a(b + c)
1 D’(x) = +1 x2 (x + 1)3 + x – 1 2x (x + 1)3
= bc2a2 abc b(a + c)
abc 2 2 1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3 x 2(x + 1) (x + 1)3
ca b abc c(a + b)
x – 1 (x – 1)2 3x2
bc 1 a(b + c)
abc.abc + x –1 x2 3(x + 1)2 at x = 0
= ac 1 b(a + c)
abc x (x + 1)2 3(x + 1)2
ab 1 c(a + b)
 M a them a ti cs | 17.71

1 1 0 –1 –2 0 –1 1 0 = 1 + (sin2x + cos2x) + 4 sin2x = 2 + 4 sin2x

D’(0) = 1 0 1 + –1 0 1 + –1 0 3 For max value

1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 3 Sin 2x = 1
⇒ 2 + 4 sin 2x = 2 + 4 = 6
= 1[–1] + 1 [1 – 1] – 1[–2] –2 (1) –1 (–3) + 1[3]
=–1+0+2–2+3+3=–1+6=5 x2 + 3x x – 1 x + 3
Sol 8: (C) x + 1 2 – x x – 3 = px4+qx3+rx2 +5x+t
y+z z y
x – 3 x + 4 3x
Sol 6: (D) D = z z+x x , |D| = 8
y x x+y At x = 0

R1 → R1 – R2 – R3 0 –1 3
R2 → R2 – R3 1 2 –3 = t
–3 4 0
0 –2x –2x
D= z–y z –y t = 1 [– 9] + 3 [4 + 6] = 30 – 9 = 21
y x x+y

0 1 1 a2 + 1 ab ac
D = (–2x) z – y z –y Sol 9: (A) D = ba 1+b 2
bc
y x x+y 2
ca cb c +1
C2 → c2 – c3
a3 + a a2b a2c
0 0 1 1
= b2 a b + b3 b2 c
D = (–2x) z – y z + y –y =(–2x) [– y(z – y) – y (z+y) abc
y –y x + y c2 a c2b c + c3

= – 2x [–yz + y2 – y2 – yz] = }4xyz| = 8 given |xyz| = 2 R1 → aR1, R2 → bR2, R3 → cR3

For → 2 → (2, 1, 1) (–2, 1, –1) (2, – 1, – 1) 1 + a2 a2 a2

abc
3! 3! D= b2 1 + b2 b2
⇒ + 3! + = 12 abc
2! 2! c2 c2 1 + c2
For → –2→ (2, 1,–1), (–2,–1,–1), (–2,1,1) = 12
C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3
3 + 6 + 3 = 12
1 0 a2
Total solution = 12 + 12 = 24
0 1 b2 = 1[1 + c2 + b2] + a2 [+1]
1 + sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin2x –1 –1 1 + c2
Sol 7: (C) f(x) = sin2 x 1 + cos2 x 4 sin2x
2 2 = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2
sin x cos x 1 + 4 sin2x

R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3 Sol 10: (A) α + β + γ = π

sin(α + β + γ ) sin β cos γ

1 0 –1
sin β 0 tan α
f(x) = 0 1 –1
cos(α + β) tan α 0
sin2 x cos2 x 1 + 4 sin2x
sin π = 0
= 1 + 4 sin 2x + cos2x – 1(– sin2x)
α + β = π – γ, cos (π – γ) = – cos γ
1 7 . 7 2 | Determinants

0 sin β cos γ For infinite solution D= 0, Dx = Dy = Dz = 0

– sin β 0 tan α P + 4µ – 3pµ + 2 = 0
– cos α – tan α 0 4 3 3
  sin α     sin α   Dx = 3 p 2 = 4[p–8] + 2[6–3] + 3 [12 – 3p]
= sin β  –   cos γ  + cos γ sin β  
  cos α     cos α   3 4 1

sin β sin α cos γ = 4p – 32 + 6 + 36 – 9p = 0

=
cos γ → p = 10/5 = 2

a11 a12 a13 1 4 3

Sol 11: (C) a21 a22 a23 , aij ∈ {0, 1} Dy = 1 3 2 = 1[3–6] + 4[2µ–1] +3[3–3m]=0
a31 a32 a33 µ 3 1

– 3 + 8µ – 4 + 9 – 9µ = 0
1 0 1
2=µ
0 1 1 ⇒ 1 [– 1] + 1 [– 1] = – 2
1 1 0 For equation (i) p + 4(2) – 3p (2) + 2 = 0
P + 8 – 6p + 2 = 0
0 1 1
1 0 1 = – 1 [– 1] + 1 [1] = 2 → p = 10/5 = 2
1 1 0 1 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 Dz = 1 p 3
1 1 1 = 0, 0 1 1 µ 4 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 = 3p – 12 + 2(3µ – 3) + 4 (4 – pµ)
= 1 [–1] – 1[–1] + 1 [– 1] = 3p – 12 + 6µ – 6 + 16 – 4pµ
Cannot be → 3 = 3p + 6µ – 4pµ – 2
D = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21 a32 a13 – a31 a22 a13 – a32 At p = 2, µ = 2
a23 a11 – a21 a12 a33 < 3 ⇒ 3(2) + 6(2) – 4(2) (2) – 2
As, for it to be 3, atleast one terms must be 0 but there ⇒ 6 + 12 – 16 – 2 = 0
sum would not be 3
At p = 2, µ = 2, system has infinite solutions.

Sol 12: (D) Order 3 × 3

Sol 14: (B) ax – by = 2a – b
First column consists of sum of 2 terms
(c + 1)x + cy = 10 – a + 3b
2nd ‘’3’’
For infinitely many solution
3rd”4”
Total no. of determinats = 2.3.4 = 24 a –b
D= = 0 ac + b (c + 1) = 0
c +1 c
Sol 13: (D) x + 2y + 3z = 4 ac + bc + b = 0 …(i)
x + py + 2z = 3
2a – b –b
mx + 4y + z = 3 Dx = 0
10 – a + 3b c
1 2 3 4
  = c(2a – b) + b (10 – a + 3b) = 0
D= 1 p 2 ,C= 3 
µ 4 1 3  2ac – bc + 10b – ba + 3b2 = 0 … (ii)
 
a 2a – b
D = p – 8 + 2 [2µ 4 – 1] + 3 [4 – pµ) Dy = 0 =
c + 1 10 – a + 3b
D = p – 8 + 4µ – 2 + 12 – 3pµ = p + 4µ – 3pµ + 2
 M a them a ti cs | 17.73

⇒ a(10 – a + 3b) + (2a – b) (–1 – c) = 0 And a, b, c ≠ 1 , So

⇒ 10a – a2 + 3ba – 2a – 2ac + b + bc = 0 1
–1 0
At x = 1, y = 3 1–a
1
a – 3b = 2a – b 0 –1 =0
1–b
o = a + 2b ⇒ a = – 2b c
1 1
c + 1 + 3c = 10 – a + 3b( – a = 2b) 1–c
4c = 9 + 2b + 3b = 9 + 5b  –c 1  1
⇒ – 1 –  + 1 = 0
4c = 9 + 5b  1 – c 1 – b  1 –a 
In equation (i) ac + bc + b = 0
1 c +1 –1 1
(9 + 5b) (9 + 5b) ⇒ + + =0
(– 2b) +b +b=0 1–a 1–c 1–b
4 4
– 18b – 10b2 + 9b + 5b2 + 4b = 0 1 1 1 (1 – c)
⇒ + + – =0
1–a 1–b 1–c (1 – c)
– 5b2 – 5b = 0
1 1 1
b2 + b = 0 ⇒ + + =1
1–a 1–b 1–c
b = – 1 or o
a = 2 or 0 cos(θ + φ) – sin(θ + φ) cos2 φ
c = 1 or 9/4 Sol 16: (B) sin θ cos θ sin φ
(a, b, c) → exactly ⇒ (–1, 2, 1) or (0, 0, 9/4) – cos θ sin θ cos φ

⇒ cos (θ + φ) [cos θ cos φ – sin θ sin f] +

Sol 15: (C) ax + y + z = 0
sin (θ + φ) [ sin θ – cos f] + sin φ cos q]
x + by + z = 0
+ cos2φ (sin2θ + cos2θ)
x + y + cz = 0 a, b, c ≠ 1
⇒ cos2 (θ + θ) + sin2 (θ + φ) + cos 2φ
a 1 1 0
= 1 + cos 2φ
D= 1 b 1,C= 0
1 1 c 0 So determinant is only dependent of φ
So, Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
Sol 17: (D) x sin θ – y cos θ + (λ + 1)z = 0
But system has nontrival solution
x cos θ + y sin θ – λ . z = 0
So, D = 0 and a, b, c ≠ 1
λ x + (λ + 1)y + z cos θ = 0
a 1 1
D= 1 b 1 sin θ – cos θ λ + 1
1 1 c D = cos θ sin θ –λ
λ λ + 1 cos θ
C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3
D = sin θ [sin θ cos θ + l2 + l]
a–1 0 1
D= 0 b –1 1 + cos (cos2θ + l2] + (λ + 1) (λ cos θ + cos θ – λ sin θ)
1–c 1–c c D = (sin2θ + cos2θ) cos θ + sin θ (l2 + λ
1 – l2 – λ) + cosθ (l2 + l2 + λ + λ + 1)
–1 0
1–a D = cos θ (2l2 + 2λ + 2) = cos θ [l2 + 1 + (λ + 1)2]
1
= (1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c) 0 –1 =0 So for D = 0 ( System has infinite solution)
1–b
c cos θ = 0, θ ∈ (2n + 1) π/2, λ ∈ R, n ∈ I
1 1
1–c
1 7 . 7 4 | Determinants

Sol 18: (A) a2x – ay = 1 – a

(n + 3)(n + 2)
–(n + 2) n+3
1 – a 2
bx + (3 – 2b)y = 3 + a C =  
3 + a –1 n+3 1 =–1
Unique solution x = 1, y = 1 0 1 0

a2 –a
D= , at (x, y) ⇒ (1, 1)
b 3 – 2b Sol 20: (A) lx – y + cos θ z = 0
a2 – a = 1 – a 3x + y + 2z = 0
a2 = 1 ⇒ a = ± 1 cos x + y + 2z = 0
And b + 3 – 2b = 3 + a 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
3–b=3+a 0 
 
a=–b C = 0 
0 
So (a, b) ⇒ (1, – 1) or (–1, 1)  

At (–1, 1) ⇒ x + y = 1 – (–1) = 2 So Dx = Dy = Dz = 0

x+y=2 λ –1 cos θ
And x + (3 – 2)y = 3 – 1 = 2 D= 3 1 2
cos θ 1 2
x+y=2
Both equations are same so, D =0 at (–1, 1) For non-trivial solution
So it is not unique solution D = 0 ∴Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
(a, b) ≠ (–1, 1) (a, b) = (1, – 1) l[2–2]+1[6 – 2 cos q]+cos θ [3 – cos q] = 0
⇒ 6 – 2 cos θ + 3 cos θ – cos2θ = 0
n+ 2 n+ 3 n+ 4
Cn Cn+1 Cn+ 2 ⇒ cos2θ – cos2θ – 6 = 0
n+ 3 n+ 4 n+5
Sol 19: (A) D = Cn+1 Cn+ 2 Cn+3
⇒ cos2θ – 3cos θ + 2 cos θ – 6 = 0
(n+ 4) n+5 n+ 6
Cn+ 2 Cn+3 Cn+ 6
⇒ cos θ (cos θ – 3) + 2 (cos θ – 3) = 0
⇒ (cos θ – 3) (cos θ + 2) = 0
(1 + n)(n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 2) (n + 4)(n + 3)
2 2 2 ⇒ cos θ = 3 or cos θ = – 2
(n + 3)(n + 2) (n + 4)(n + 3) (n + 5)(n + 4) But – 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
D=
2 2 3
(n + 4)(n + 3) (n + 5)(n + 4) (n + 6)(n + 5) So cos θ ≠ 3, – 2
2 2 2 There is no solution for non-trivial solution

At n = 1
Multiple Correct Choice Type
3 6 10
D = 6 10 15 cos(x – y) cos(y – z) cos(z – x)
10 15 21 Sol 21: (A, D) cos(x + y) cos(y + z) cos(z + x)
sin(x + y) sin(y + z) sin(z + x)
= 3 [210 – 225) + 6 (150 – 126) +10(90–100)
= – 45 + 144 – 100 = – 1 cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

There is only one option (A) sin (A + B) = cos B sin A + sin B cos A

Which satisfied the ans. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

Using, C1 → C1 – C2, C3 → C3 – C2, = cos (x – y) [cos (y + z) sin (z + x) – cos (z + x)

sin (y + z)] + cos (y – z) [cos (z + x) sin (x + y) – sin (x + z)
R3 → R3 – R2, we get
 M a them a ti cs | 17.75

cos (x + y)] + cos (z – x) [cos (x + y) sin (y + z) – cos (y ⇒ x2ab (b – 1) + a2x (1 – b2) + a3 (b – 1) = 0

+ z) cos (x + y)]
⇒ x2ab – a2x (1 + b) + a3 (+1) = 0
= cos (x – y) [sin (z + x – y – z)]+ cos (y – z) [ sin (x +
⇒ x2ab – x (a2 + a2b) + a3 = 0
y – z – x)]+ cos (z – x) [sin (y + z – x – y)]
⇒ x2ab – a2x – a2 (bx – a) = 0
= cos (x – y) sin (x – y) + cos (y – z) sin (y – z) + cos
(z – x) sin (z – x) ⇒ (bx – a) (ax – a2) = 0

1 ⇒ bx – a = 0 or ax – a2 = 0
= [sin 2 (x –y) + sin (2(y – z) + sin 2(z – x)]
2 a a2
⇒x= or x = =a
1 b a
= [2 cos (x + z – zy) sin (x + z) – 2 sin (x – z) cos (x – z)]
2
a b aα + b
1
= sin (x – z) [cos (x + z – 2y) – cos (x – z)] Sol 24: (B, D) b c bα + c
2
aα + b bα + c 0
 (x – y) (y – z) 
= sin (x – z) 2sin sin 
 2 2  R3 → R3 – aR1 – R2
a b aα + b
= 2 sin (x – y) sin (y – z) sin (z – x)
b c bα + c
–π π 0 0 –(aα2 + bα + bα + c)
Sol 22: (A, B, C, D) < θ < , 0 ≤ A ≤ π/2
4 2
= (aa2 + 2bα + c) (b2 – ac) = 0
1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2sin 4θ
sin2 A 1 + cos2 A 2sin 4θ =0 So (b2 – ac) = 0

sin2 A cos2 A 1 + 2sin 4θ b2 = ac → b is GM of a, c → ab, c are in GP

or (aa2 + 2b α + c) = 0
R1 → R1 – R3 , R2 → R2 – R3
⇒ x = α → (x – α)
1 0 –1 ⇒ ax2 + 2bx + c, (x – α) is a factor of this)
0 1 –1 =0
2 2 2
sin A cos A 1 + sin θ Sol 25: (B, D) x – y + 3z = 2
2x – y + z = 4
⇒ 1 + 2 sin4θ + cos2A – 1 [– sin2 A]
x – 2y + az = 3
⇒ 1 + 2 sin 4θ + sin2θ + cos2 θ
1 –1 3
⇒ 2 + 2 sin 4θ = 0 (only depend on θ)
D = 2 –1 1
⇒ sin 4θ = – 1 ⇒ 4q∈ – π/2 + 2nπ, n ∈ I 1 –2 α
θ ∈ – π/8 + nπ/2, n ∈ I = 1 [– α + 2 ] – 1 [1 – 2a] + 3 [– 4 + 1]
(A) θ → – π/8 = – α + 2 – 1 + 2α – 9= α – 8
(B) θ → 3π/8 sin 4θ = – 1 D≠0→α≠8
(C) θ = – π/8 sin 4θ = – 1 If α = 8, D = 0
(D) θ = 3π/8 2 –1 3
Dx = 4 –1 1
1 a a2
3 –2 α
Sol 23: (A, D) 1 x x2 = 0
= 2 [– α + 2] – 1 [3 – 4a] + 3 [– 8 + 3]
b2 ab a2
= – 2α + 4 – 3 + 4α – 15 = 2α – 14 = 2(α – 7)
⇒ xa2 – x2ab + a [x2b2 – a2] + a2 [ab – xb2]=0
= At α = 8 (0 = 0), Dx ≠ 0
⇒ x [a – a b ] + x [ab – ab] – a + a b = 0
2 2 2 2 2 3 3
So, at α = 8, system has no solution.
1 7 . 7 6 | Determinants

1 bc bc(b + c) logx xyz logx y logx z

Sol 26: (A,B,C,D) 1 ca ca(c + a) (D) logy xyz 1 logx z
1 ab ab(a + b) logx xyz logz y 1

a abc abc(b + c) a 1 b+c logxyz log y logx

1 (abc)2
= b abc abc(c + a) = b 1 c+a logx logx logx
abc abc
c abc abc(a + b) c 1 a+b logxyz log y logz
log y log y log y
C3 → C3 + C1 logxyz log y logz
a 1 a+b+c a 1 1 logz logz logz
= (abc) b 1 a + b + c = (abc) (a + b + c) b 1 1
1 1 1
c 1 a+b+c c 1 1
=
(logxyz )(log y )(logz ) 1 1 1 =0
C2 → c2 – c3
(logx )(log y )(logz ) 1 1 1
a 0 1 ( C1 = c2 = c3)
= (a b c) (a + b + c) b 0 1 = 0
c 0 1 Sol 27: (A, B, C, D) a2x – by = a2 – b2posses an infinite
no. of solution
1 1 1 1 
1 ab + c abc c  +  bx – b2y = 2 + 4b
a b a b
1 1 1 1 1 a2 –b
(B) 1 bc + = a abc a  +  So D = 0 ⇒ = – b2a2 + b2 = 0 Þ
b c abc b c b –b2
1 1 1 1
1 ca + b abc b  +  ⇒ b2(1 – a2) = 0
c a
c a
→ b = 0 or a = ± 1 … (i)
c c c
c +
c a b a2 – b –b
Dx = 0 ⇒
abc a a a 2 + 4b –b2
a + C → c3 + c2
abc a b c 3
b b b = – b2 (a2 – b) + b (2 + 4b) = 0
b +
b a c – a2b2 + b3 + 2b + 4b2 = 0

1 1 1 b(b2 + 4b + 2 – a2b) = 0
c 1 c + + 
a b c c 1 C
⇒ b = 0 or b2 + 4b + 2 = a2b … (ii)
1 1 1 1 1 1
a 1 a + +  =  + +  a 1 a a2 a2 – b
a b c a b c b 1 b Dx = 0 ⇒ = a2(2 + 4b) + b(b – a2) = 0
b 2 + 4b
1 1 1
b 1 b + +  2a2 + 4a2b + b2 – ba2 = 0 …(iii)
a b c
All option are satisfied equation (i, ii, iii)
C1 → c1 – c3

0 1 c Sol 28: (A, C) p, q, r, s are in AP

1 1 1
=  + +  0 1 a =0 P = p q = p + d r = p + 2d, s = p + 3d
a b c 0 1 b
D is common difference of the A.P.
0 a–b a–c 0 (a – b) (a – c) p + sinx q + sinx p – r + sinx
(C) b – a 0 b – c = –(a – b) 0 (b – c) f(x) = q + sinx r + sinx –1 + sinx
c–a c–b 0 –(a – c) –(b – c) 0 r + sinx s + sinx s – q + sinx
This is stew symmetric matrix so value of determinate C2 → c2 – c1, C3 → c3 – c1
is zero.
 M a them a ti cs | 17.77

p + sinx q – p –p + q – r Dx 3k – 2
x= =
D 1
f(x) = q + sinx r – q –1 – q
r + sinx s – r s–q–r 1 3
Dy = = 8 – 3 (1 + k) = 5 – 3k
1+k 8
p + sinx d –p – 2d
= q + d + sinx d –1 – p – d y = 5 – 3k
p + 2d + sinx d –p Which will satisfied other equation of (x, y)

R3 → R3 – R1, R2 → R2 – R1 ⇒ (3k – 2) – (1 + k) (5 – 3k) + 2 + k = 0

⇒ 3k – 2 – (5 – 3k2 + 2k) + 2 + k = 0
p + sinx d –p – 2d
f(x) = d 0 –1 – p – d + p + 2d ⇒ 3k – 2 – 5 + 3k2 – 2k + 2 + k = 0
2d 0 –p + p + 2d ⇒ 3k2 + 2k – 5 = 0
⇒ 3k2 + 5k – 3k – 5 = 0
p + sinx d –p – 2d
= k (3k + 5) – 1(3k + 5) = 0
d 0 d–1
2d 0 2d ⇒ (k – 1) (3k + 5) = 0
⇒ k – 1 = 0 or 3k + 5 = 0
= d[2d(d – 1) – 2d2]
k =1 or k = –5/3
= d(2d2 – 2d – 2d2) = – 2d2
2 2 2
2
 –2d2  Sol 30: (A, B, C)
∫ f(x)dx = ∫ –2d dx = [ 
 d
x  = – 2d2 (2) = – 4
 0
0 0
1 1 (x + y)
⇒ d2 = 1 ⇒ d = ± 1 z z z2
–(y + z) 1 1
D=
Sol 29: (A, C) x + y = 3 … (i) x2 x x
(1 + k) x + (2 + k)y = 8 … (ii) –y(y + 2) –(x + 2y + z) –y(x + y)
x2 z xz xz 2
x – (1 + k)y = – (2 + k) … (iii)
1 1 1
1 1 D= . .
2 2 2 2
D12 = = 2 + k – (1 + k) = 1 z x x z
1+K 2+K
z z –(x + y)
D12 ≠ 0 , So
–(y + z) x x
1 1 –zy(y + z) –(x + 2y + z)(xz) –yx(x + y)
D13 = = – 1 – k – 1 = – 2 – k = – (2 + k)
1 –(1 + k) C1 → C2 – C3 and

3 1 –zy (y + z) + yx (x + y) = – zy2 – z2y + yx2 + y2x

So Dx = = – 3 (1 + k) + 2 + k
–(2 + k) –(1 + k) = y [y(x –z) + x2 – z2] = y(x – z) [y + x + z]

= – 3 – 3k + 2 + k = –2k – 1 1
D=
4 4
x z
1+k (2 + k)
∴ D23 = 0
1 –(1 + k) (x + y + z) (x + y + z) –(x + y)
= – 1(1 + k)2 – (2 + k) = – (k2 + 3k + 3) –(x + y + z) 0 x
y(x – z)(x + y + z) x[(y – z)(x + y + z) – 2yz] –xy(x + y)
From (ii) & (iii)
(x + y + z)
3 1 D=
Dx = = 3(2 + k) – 8 = 6 + 3k – 8 = 3k – 2 x4 z4
8 2+k
1 7 . 7 8 | Determinants

1 x+y+z –(x + y) variables and that could have only unique, no solution
or infinitely many solution.
–1 0 x
y(x – z) x[(y – z)(x + y + z) – 2yz] –xy(x + y) ∴ It is not possible to have two solutions.
Hence, number of matrices A is zero.
R1 → R1 + R2

(x + y + z) ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
D=
4 4
x z Sol 3: Given bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b 0
=
cx + a cy + b −ax − by + c
0 x+y+z –y
–1 0 x a2 x − aby − ac bx + ay cx + a
y(x – z) x[(y – z)(x + y + z)(–xyz) –xy(x + y) 1 2
⇒ abx + a y −ax + by − c cy + b 0
=
a 2
x+y+2 acx + a cy + b −ax − by + c
x +4 y + 2
x +4
x4 + 4 Applying C1 → C1 + bC2 + cC3
( x + y + z )( xy + y ) − xy ( x − z ) + yx ( −xyz )( x + y + z )( y − z ) 
( x + y + z )( xy + y ) − xy ( x − z ) + yx ( −xyz )( x + y + z )( y − z )  
 
(a2 + b2 + c2 )x ay + bx cx + a
1 2 2 2
⇒ (a + b + c )y by − c − ax b + cy = 0
Previous Years Questions a 2 2
a +b +c 2
b + cy c − ax − by

1 a a2 x ay + bx cx + a
1
Sol 1: (B) Let
= ∆ cos(p − d)x cospx cos(p + d)x ⇒ y by − c − ax b + cy = 0
a
sin(p − d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x 1 b + cy c − ax − by

Applying C1 → C1 + C3 ( a2 + b2 + c2 =
1)

Applying C2 → C2 − bC1 and C3 → C3 − cC1

1 + a2 a a2
=
⇒ ∆ cos(p − d)x + cos(p + d)x cospx cos(p + d)x x ay a
1
sin(p − d)x + sin(p + d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x ⇒ y −c − ax b =0
a
1 cy −ax − by
1 + a2 a a2
⇒ ∆ 2cospx cosdx cospx cos(p + d)x x2 axy ax
1
2sinpx cosdx sinpx sin(p + d)x ⇒ y −c − ax b =0
ax
1 cy −ax − by
Applying C1 → C1 − 2cosdx C2
Applying R1 → R1 + yR 2 + R 3
1 + a2 − 2acosdx a a2
⇒ ∆ 0 cospx cos(p + d)x x2 + y 2 + 1 0 0
1
0 sinpx sin(p + d)x ⇒ y −c − ax b =0
ax
1 cy −ax − by
⇒ ∆= (1 + a2 − 2acosdx)
1 2
[sin(p + d)x cospx − sinpx cos(p + d)x] ⇒ [(x + y 2 + 1){( −c − ax)( −ax − by) − b(cy)}] =0
ax
⇒ ∆= (1 + a2 − 2acos dx)sindx
1 2
Which is independent of p. ⇒ [(x + y 2 + 1)(acx + bcy + a2 x2 + abxy − bcy)] =
0
ax
1 2
 x  1  ⇒ [(x + y 2 + 1)(acx + a2 x2 + abxy)] =
0
    ax
Sol 2: Since,  y  = 0  is linear equation in three
A 1
 z  0  ⇒ [ax(x2 + y 2 + 1)(c + ax + by)] =
0
    ax
 M a them a ti cs | 17.79

Applying R 2 → R 2 + R 3
⇒ (x2 + y 2 + 1)(ax + by + c) =
0 ⇒ ax + by + c =0
Which represents a straight line.
sin θ cos θ sin2θ
Sol 4: Since, the given system of equations posses non-  2π   2π   4π 
sin  θ +  cos  θ +  sin  2θ + 
trivial solution, if  3   3   3 
=
0 1 −2  2π   2π   4π 
+ sin  θ −  + cos  θ −  + sin  2θ − 
0 k=0
0 −3 1 =  3   3   3 
k −5 4  2π   2π   4π 
sin  θ −  cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
 3   3   3 
On solving the equations x = y = z = λ (say)
∴ For k = 0, the system has infinite solutions for λ ∈ R .  2π   2π 
Now, sin  θ +  + sin  θ − 
 3   3 
Sol 5: Given system of equations are
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
3x + my = m and 2x – 5y = 20 θ+ +θ−  θ+ −θ+ 
= 2sin  3 3  cos  3 3 
3 m  2   2 
Here, ∆ = = −15 − 2m    
2 −5    
2π  π
m m 3 m = 2sin θ cos = 2sin θ cos  π − 
and ∆ x = =−25m ; ∆y = = 60 − 2m 3  3
20 −5 2 20
π =
− sin θ
=−2sin θ cos
If ∆ =0 , then system inconsistent i.e. it has no solution. 3
15  2π   2π 
If ∆ ≠ 0 i.e. m ≠ , then system has a unique solution and cos  θ +
2  + cos  θ − 
 3   3 
for any fixed value of m.
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
∆x −25m 25m θ+ +θ−  θ+ −θ+ 
x
We have,= = = 3 3 3 3 
∆ −15 − 2m 15 + 2m = 2cos   cos 
 2   2 
   
∆y 60 − 2m 2m − 60    
y
and= = =
∆ −15 − 2m 15 + 2m  2π   1
= 2cos θ cos  =  2cos θ  −  =
− cos θ
25m  3   2
For x > 0, >0
15 + 2m
 4π   4π 
15 and sin  2θ +  + sin  2θ − 
⇒ m > 0 or m < − … (i)  3   3 
2 
2m − 60  4π 4π   4π 4π 
and y > 0, >0  2θ + + 2θ −   2θ + − 2θ + 
2m + 15 = 2sin  3 3  cos  3 3 
 2   2 
15    
⇒ m > 30 or m < − … (ii)    
2 
4π  π
From equation (i) and (ii) we get = 2sin2θ cos= 2sin2θ cos  π + 
3  3
15 π
m<− or m > 30 =−2sin2θ cos = − sin2θ
2 3

sin θ cos θ sin2θ

sin θ cos θ sin2θ ∴∆
= − sin θ − cos θ − sin2θ
 2π   2π   4π   2π   2π   4π 
Sol 6: Let sin  θ +  cos  θ +  sin  2θ +  sin  θ −
 3   3   3   cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
 3   3   3 
 2π   2π   4π 
sin  θ −  cos  θ −  sin  2θ − 
 3   3   3  = 0 (Since, R1 and R 2 are proportional).
 1 7 . 8 0 | Determinants

Sol 7: (B) Method I

α 2 − 4 4 α 2 − 4 9α 2 − 4
5 3 5 3 5
Total no. of ways = 3 − C1 3 − 1 + C2 3 − 1 −2 −2 −2 = −648α
= 243 − 3 × 32 + 3= 246 − 96= 150 5 + 2α 5 + 4α 5 + 6α

Alternative Method α 2 − 4 4 α 2 − 4 9α 2 − 4
System I −2 1 1 1 648α
=
5 + 2α 5 + 4α 5 + 6α
Boxes I II III
Balls I 2 2 α2 − 4 3α2 8α 2
−2 1 0 0 = −648α
For this system no. of ways 5 + 2α 2α 4α
 5!
= 
 2!2!1!
1  5× 4 ×3× 2 
× ×
2!   2×2×2 
= × 6 90 (
−2 12α3 − 16α3 =−648α)
System II ( ) 3
⇒ 2 −4α =−648α

⇒ α ( α − 81 ) =0
2
Boxes I II III
⇒=
α 0,9, −9
Balls I 3 1

For this system no. of ways 1 1 1 + x3

Sol 9: (2) 2 4 1 + 8x3 =
10
 5! 1
=  ×  × 3! = 10 × 6 = 60 3 9 1 + 27x3
 3!1!1! 2! 
1 1 1 1 1 1
Total no. of ways = 90 + 60 = 150 3 6
x 2 4 1 +x 2 4 8 = 10
3 9 1 3 9 27
Sol 8: (B, C)

(1 + α ) (1 + 2α ) (1 + 3α )
2 2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0
3 6
x 2 2 −1 + x 2 2 6 = 10
( 2 + α ) ( 2 + 2α ) ( 2 + 3α )
2 2 2
−648α
=
3 6 −2 3 6 24
(3 + α ) (3 + 2α ) (3 + 3α )
2 2 2

6x3 + x3 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 6x6 + 6x3 − 5x3 − 5 = 0

1 + α2 + 2α 1 + 4α2 + 4α 1 + 9α 2 + 6α
4 + α2 + 4α 4 + 4 α 2 + 8α 4 + 9α2 + 12 R 2 → R 2 − R1
(6x − 5)( x
3 3
)
+1 =
0

9 + α2 + 6α 9 + 4α2 + 12α 9 + 9α2 + 18α 5

x3 = or x3 = −1 Two real distinct values of x.
6
R3 → R3 − R 2 =
−648α

1 + α2 + 2α 1 + 4α2 + 4α 1 + 9α2 + 6α
3 + 2α 3 + 4α 3 + 6α C2 → C2 − C3
5 + 2α 5 + 4α 5 + 6α
C2 → C2 − C2 =
−648α