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 Pathogenesis of Botulism
Botulinum neurotoxin enters the bloodstream through
ingestion or from mucosa! surface

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Binds to peripheral cholfnergic nerve endings

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Aneurotoxin then blocks the motor nerve endings II

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Inhibits the release of neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine)

Cause ~ymmetrical descending flaccid paralysis,

rtartlna from cranial nerves and progresses downwards
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 Salmonella infection
Almost any kind of food or beverage
salmonella infection , although meat andcan carry the bacteria that causes
eggs the most are common sources.

Contaminated Symptoms
food or drink Within 12-72 hours
Nausea, vomttln<J. fever.
How salmonella diarr hea abdominal
prOQesses cramps
Bacteria trave l to small I 4-7 days Illness ranges from
mild to severe: most people
intestine. adhere to
ltn1n<J; be<Jln hie cycle recover without treatment

In seve, e cases, bacteria Severe cases More likely

break through lntestmal with Infants, elderly, people
wall to bloodstream; can with Impaired Immune
be dead ly if not properly systems
treated
Treatment
Oral or Injected
antibiotics. usually IOI" 2
Sourr• ~ S rqod 411d Oro9
M11.i1vllril1on Cu1m1l Medical weeks
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Shigel losis - Symptoms

Cramps Nausea

Diarrhea Dysentery-
Blood in stool
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E.col i strain Site of Clinic al Featu res Patho gene sis
Actio n
Enter otoxi genic Smal l Wate rly diarrh oea,c ramp ,
(ETEC) Enter otoxi ns prom ote
intes tine naus ea,lo w grade fever cAMP henc e elect rolyte
trave lers& infan ts loss
Enter oagg regat ive Smal l Persi stent infan t diarrh ea,lo w Aggre gativ e adhe rence to
(EAggEC) intes ti ne grade fever muco sa preve nts fluid
abso rption .
Enter opath ogen ic Smal l Copio us wate ry infan t Adhe rence and
(EPEC) intes tine diarrh oea,v omiti ng muco id destr uctio n of epith elial
stool cell
Enter o invas ive Large Feve r,Cra mps,w atery Invas ion and destr uctio n
(EIEC) intes tine diarrh oea,d ysen tery of epith elial cells lining
the colon
Enter ohem orrha gic Large Seve re Cram ps,Bl ood Cytot oxic verot oxin
(EHECI intes tine diarrh o ea(he morrb a~ic --1n blblt s orate in s.vnthes.is 1
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Intestinal lumen

SubmOCOOll

~ Submucoeal macrophage • M cell

iC' O~MriUc ce ll Ql.'l!J Mlcrooolonloa

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-_ FIC : Patl'l.09ev,.esis Mode( of Yersinla enterot()//tlctJ, (1) Yers1i11a cells traverse tJ...e
. rri.testrv,.a./ epithe(rut'\i\ via epithe(ia{ cells to the subMucosa, (.2) Submucosal macrophages
\ pho.9ocytose the patho9ev,. avid ev,.ter ,'v,.to the (!:JMphatr'c system thereby reachil'\9 tMl

I
I MLN . (3) A(tuMtive(y, bacteria cav,. be e~u{Fed by M ceUs, (4) 01"ce ;," tJ...e
PP Yersi,v'a forms wiicrocoloriies arid starts replicatiori. (5) Everitual/y, bacterial cells are
(ocated iV\ the MLN avid caV\ eqwiUy forM Microco{ov,.ies to allow repficatiol'\ .

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 Amebiasis

~ Infective stage
4 Diagnosticstage

m Noninvasive colonization
[fil Intestinal disease
ml Extraintestinal disease Cysts and trophozoites
passed in feces

0 Trophozoltes 4
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·· f Exits host
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Excystation
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Trophozoite
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Multiplication

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