COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

De La Salle Supervised School

Ramon M. Durano Foundation Compound
Guinsay, Danao City
First Semester
S.Y. 2023-2024

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CRIM 6 - DISPUTE RESULOTION AND

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

MODULE 3
(SEMI-FINAL PERIOD)

PREPARED BY:
ARMAN S MANIGOS, RCRIM
Revised by: Miraflor M. Peñares, RCrim

Primary reference:

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DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT
PROF. CHRISTIAN G. DOMINGO

Table of Contents
Module Page No. Date

Module 1:

Lesson 1: CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Learning Experience

Self-Assessment

Reflection/Wrap Up

Lesson 2: DISASTERS MANAGEMENT

Learning Experience

Self-Assessment

Reflection/Wrap Up

Lesson 1&2 learning activities

Semi-Final Examination

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Define Crisis Management
2. Identify Types of Crises
3. Explain the Crisis Management Doctrine
4. Describe Phases of Crisis Management
5. Apply Crisis Management Strategies
LEARNING CONTENT:
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
The word Crisis is any event that is going (or is expected) to lead to an unstable and
dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or whole society. Crisis are
deemed to be negative changes in the security, economic, political, societal, or environmental
affairs, especially when they occur abruptly, with little or no warning. More loosely, it is a term
meaning "a testing time or an "emergency event.

In this premise, crisis is a wide variety of concern where collective efforts must be
bundled in, comprising all the vital factors to consider in order to cope with its negative
consequence. Human induced crisis like hostage taking. kidnapping, bombing, public
demonstrations, etc., were among of the crisis situations occurring in the country. Thus,
responders and managers on the ground are challenged by how to end with much success on the
negotiation and operational process.

As a case in point, we shall describe the Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the
Rizal Park hostage- taking incident, which took place when a disgruntled former PNP member
hijacked a tourist bus in Rizal1 Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. The bus carried 25
people: 20 tourists, a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four local Filipinos. The hostage taker
claimed that he had been unfairly dismissed from his job and demanded a fair hearing to defend
himself.

Negotiations (which were broadcast live on television and the internet) broke down
dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested the hostage taker's
brother and thus incited him to open fire, following a 90-minute gun battle, the hostage taker and
eight of the hostages were killed and several others injured and have been widely criticized by
pundits as "bungled" and "incompetent."

Another case in point, we might consider was the Super Typhoon Yolanda. Yolanda, a
category super typhoon with an international name Haiyan, struck the Philippines in November
8, 2013. The provinces which receives the brunt of Yolanda's force were the Provinces of
Eastern Visayas. ln particular, the provinces of Samar and Leyte, Bohol, Cebu and Siquijor.
Local government units cannot help their constituents because their physical assets were either
destroyed or the roads and bridges through which they can be conveyed had been swift by flood.

At the back of these has warrant the government and private organizations to turn into the
resilient side. One most important movement is the adaption of the Incident Command System as
the nation's approach to handle all forms of major destructive incidents brought about by man-
made and/or natural disaster that requires a multi-sectoral involvement and a whole-wide effort
in the response and recovery process.

On this part, the topic includes the concept and doctrine of crisis management, phases and
models of negotiation; understanding terrorism, 1ts tactics, groups and motivational

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classifications; managing hostage situation, stages and procedures; including the composition
and functions of the On-scene Command Post.

In addition, the significant features of the Incident Command System are likewise
presented. To practically realize the target output of this part, it is highly suggested to employ a
hostage crisis simulation, active group disCussions, collaborative research output on the analysis
of hostage crisis experiences in the country; and identity best practices related to crisis
management.

BASIC CONCEPTs

Crisis is a period of disorganization, period of upset during which people attempts at

arriving at solution of problems. It is a crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning point; an
unstable condition, as in political, social, or economic. It is a state provokes when a person faces
obstacles or hazards to an important life goal.

The term Crisis is derived from the Greek word "krisis" which means to separate; a
turning point decision in a process of an affair or a series of events.

The term Emergency is derived from the Latin word "emergencia" which means
dipping/plugging. A sudden condition or a state of affairs calling for an immediate action.

TYPES OF CRISIS

 MAN-MADE CRISIS - civil disturbances strike- riot, demonstration insurrection

revolution, border incident war- conventional or nuclear - crimes: kidnapping- hijacking,
hostage-taking, etc.
 NATURAL CRISIS - fire, floods, earthquake, tidal waves marine/air disaster, hazardous
spills- power shortage/scarcity, drought-volcanic epidemic, etc. revolt such as mutiny and
failure, nuclear accidents water/food eruption,
 INDIVIDUAL CRISIS - It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces unpleasant
situation such as frustrations and conflicts. This includes

1. Physical Crisis those that are related to health problems or bodily sickness/sufferings.

2. Economics Crisis the deprivation of the basic necessities of life like food and material
things.

3. Emotional Crisis when an individual is affected by negative feelings like emotional

disturbances, fear, etc.

4. Social Crisis -the experiencing lack of interest, confidence and social skills to relate
meaningful, harmonious relationship with others.

5. Moral Crisis - the person has an irrational or distorted concept of what is right or
wrong, lack of moral values and integrity of the person.

6. Psychosexual Crisis - failure of the person to assume one's sex role and identity as a
man or woman. The person has an inappropriate sex objective, inadequate and distorted
expression of affection.

THE CONCEPT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

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 Crisis management is the proper utilization of all available resources and the formulation
of policies and procedures to effectively deal with progressive sequence of events (crisis) and
sudden or unforeseen state (emergency).

THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT DOCTRINE

The crisis may start as basically police or special unit matter but could develop in
proportion and dimension requiring further military operations. If the crisis situation is brought
about by natural calamities, then it is addressed by the National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council or NDRRMC (Formerly known as National Disaster Coordinating
Councilor NDCC). The general idea is to prevent the occurrence of a crisis, ensure a probability
of success in minimizing or neutralizing the perpetrator or to return the situation into normalcy.

PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

A. PRO-ACTIVE PHASE - is the stage of advance planning, organization and coordination and
control in response to an anticipated future crisis occurrence. This phase is designed to predict or
prevent probability or occurrence of the crisis while at the same time prepares to handle them
when they occur.

1. PREDICTION The first stage of anticipating future crisis occurrences through the following;

 Update- Intelligence - involves the collection of information from variety of sources as

basis of actions and plan; those that are related to crisis management contingency
planning.
 Events- are those incidents that are already passed which can facilitate analysis necessary
for identification of probable threat groups, targets and necessary for advance planning
 Threat Analysis of Threat Groups

a. Political Terrorist-ideologically inspire individuals who grouped together for a

common purpose usually for change of government or political power. Ex. CPP/ NPA,
SPT's, etc.

b. Criminals these are people who commit terrorist acts for personal rather than
ideological gains. Some of the terrorist acts such as kidnapping are well planned, other
are not planned, but happens as a result of the fast response time by LEAs to an ongoing
crime. For instance, a number of bank robberies have evolved into unplanned hostage
situation when policemen arrive in response to an alarm robbery is in progress.

c. Mentally Deranged Individuals people commit terroristic acts during a period of

psychiatric disturbance. This type is the most difficult terrorist to deal with. Many of
them are impulsive and unpredictable.

2. PREVENTION- This pro-active phase considers counter measures as part of the total system
of operation. Such counter measures involve the following

 Operation Security - a counterintelligence measure where all aspect of awareness and

training must be considered to prevent threat groups from learning the units plans methods
of operations. It also refers to measures taken in conducting operations or activities in
secure and effective manner.
 Personal Security - it considers that all personnel are susceptible to terrorist attack so the
is a need for securing them. All security measures designed to prevent unsuitable
individuals of DOUGHTFUL LOYALTY from gaining access to classified matters or
security facilities.

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  Physical Security - encompasses protection of into, material and people including
perimeter installation. A system of barrier placed between the potential intruder and the
material to be protected.

3. PREPARATION - involves organizing training and equipment personnel of the organization.

In general, military commanders and officers of the PNP must organize, train and equip special
reaction, security and negotiation elements and provide their immediate activation when this pro-
active phase the need arises.

NCCM -National Committee on Crisis Management - serves as the umbrella organization for
crisis management. The primary concern is the formulation of crisis management policies,
integration of mil/pol to public efforts towards the prevention and control of crisis.

The On-site Command Post (OSCP)- shall establish with in the crisis incident site. It is a post
or unit within a probable target to be headed by an on-scene commander (OSC) whose
responsibility is to take charge of every happening of a crisis incident scene.

Composition of the OSCP

TACTICAL UNIT- composed of regular military or police placed under the operational
command of the OSČ.

1. Reaction Element - Special action unit which are specially organized, equipped and deployed
in the region to hold special operation in cases of crisis incident.

2. Security Element - military or police personnel task to protect the area of perimeter security
to prevent occurrence of unnecessary incidents.

SUPPORT UNIT - It is a unit that provides the necessary administrative, operational and
logistic support of the OSC.

1. Intelligence Team - responsible for the collection and processing of all information needed by
the OSC.

2. Communication Team - responsible for insuring effective communication between OSC and
other units or sub-units.

3. Logistic Team- responsible for ensuring mess services, supplies (clothing, equipment,
transportation) and other logistic services.

4. Medical Team- responsible for all medical supplies and services in cases of crisis incidents.

5. Fire Fighting Team - responsible for all services related to extinguishing fires intentionally
set by perpetrators or during the result of operations.

6. Administrative Personnel - personnel assigned to OSC to keep written records of coming or

outgoing communications.

7. Legal/Investigation team- services of investigation, preservation of evidence, documents and

legal advice to the OSC.

NEGOTIATION UNIT - It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or more

members. Their primary concern is to serve first life, prevent destruction and pave the way for a
peaceful resolution of crisis situations.

B. THE REACTIVE PHASE

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 When a crisis occurs despite the pro-active effort, the organization concerned must
prepare to perform the crisis management in accordance with their plan.

PERFORMANCE- It is the action stage, the implementation of the crisis management

contingency plan.

1. The Initial Action - the stage taken by the Initial Action Unit, which is composed of police
and military personnel immediately organized into team to initially respond to take incident and
begin the containment effort. They are responsible for:

 maintain and control of the situation

 report the matter to the RCAG through channels
 secure the scene by establishing perimeter security
 evacuate by standers if possible prevent escape of perpetrator take maximum control

2. The Action Stage- The action stage starts as soon as the tactical, support unit and the
negotiation unit arrived and are deployed. The OSC discusses the incident with his commander
and staff and decides on the plans and actions to be taken.

Negotiation - chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as soon as he has been properly briefed
and received appropriate instruction from the OSC. He shall keep the OSCP informed of the
progress of negotiations and shall take instructions only from the OSC. No further negotiation
shall be undertake when the tactical unit commander initiates tactical operations.

Tactical Action - the tactical commander makes a complete estimate of the crisis situation and
plans his courses of action upon arrival at the scene while negotiation is in progress. He shall
maintain and continuous contact with the OSCP. He shall take over authority on reaction element
throughout the tactical operations. He shall take instructions only from the OSC and coordinate
all support requirements with the OSCP.

The Post Action Stage This stage begins as soon as the perpetrator surrendered, captured or
neutralized. OSC shall ensure that the following are accomplished:

 Protection of the incident scene

 Investigation of the incident preservation of evidence
 Documentation
 SS - witnesses, hostage, perpetrators and other key participants of the incident.
 Recovered, documented, preserve evidence
 Pictorials, written reports
 Filing and prosecution of cases
 Damage Compensation and rehabilitation

He also initiates recommendation for the compensation and provide assistance to civilian
killed and injured during tactical operations. He initiates recommendation tor the rehabilitation,
construction of damage or essential infrastructures. Training and re- training of unit personnel
special units and negotiators shall continue with their training to improve their proficiency and
enhance their readiness.

TERRORISM

Terrorism is punishable under Republic Act 9372 Human Security Act of 2007. Under
this law: Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following provisions of
the Revised Penal Code.

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  Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
 Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
 Article 134-a (Coup de e Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
 Article 248 (Murder);
 Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious illegal Detention);
 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction, or under
 Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
 Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act
of 1990);
 Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
 Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
 Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-piracy and Anti- highway Robbery Law of 1974); and,
 Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on illegal and
Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms,
Ammunitions or Explosives) thereby Sowing and creating a condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to
give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and shall suffer
the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment, Without the benefit of parole as provided
for under Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence Law, as
amended.

Classification of Terrorists

1. National Terrorist - A terrorist who operates and aspires to political power primarily within a
single nation.

2. Transnational Terrorist - This is a terrorist who operates across national borders, whose
actions and political aspirations may affect individual of more than one nationality.

3. International Terrorists A terrorists who is controlled by, and whose actions represent the
national interest of a sovereign state.

Types of Terrorist

1. State-Sponsored Terrorist - which consists of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state

or government. Example: A-Qaeda, PLO, ISIS

2. Dissent Terrorist- terrorist groups which have rebelled against their government. Example:
ISIS, IRA, CPP-NPA

3. Terrorists (LEFT and RIGHT) -terrorist groups rooted in political ideology. Example: Irish
Republican Army (IRA), CPP-NPA, U.S. Patriot Movement.

4. Religious Terrorism - terrorist groups which are extremely religiously motivated. Example:
Al- Qaeda, ISIS, Jemaah Islamiyah (J)

5. CRIMINAL TERRORISM - terrorist acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit. Example:
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Abu Nidal Organization

6. Lone-Wolf Terrorist - RIGHT) - someone who prepares and commits violent acts alone,
outside of any command structure and without material assistance from any group.

PROFILE

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(a) The Lone-Wolf acts to advance in ideological or philosophical belief of an extreme group,
they act on their own, without any command or direction.

(b) The Lone-Wolf's tactics and methods are conceived and directed solely of their own.

(c) The Lone-Wolf never has personal contact with the group they identify with.

IDEOLOGY

(a) Anarchist, conservatives, right-wing, and nationalist.

(b) Special interest: religion, environment, anti- abortion, and political.

MOTIVATION AND GROUP CLASSIFICATION

What causes a rational thinking human being to terrorize society? Assuming that the
terrorists think rationally (and most of them possess a high degree of rationality), we must look
to the terrorist's motives if we are to understand them, to think like them, and to ultimately them.

1. Minority Nationalistic Groups - groups fighting the majority of the community where the
support base will depend one ethnic, religion, linguistic minorities at odd with the majority
community.

2. Marxist Revolutionary Groups - here, the terrorists movement is characterized by its

possession of a coherent Marxist ideology and of a long-term strategy for bringing about the
Socialistic revolution.

3. Anarchist Group - True Anarchist are difficult to find since true anarchy brings lawlessness
and disorder, which is not a natural state in which the human race exists.

4. Pathological Groups - problematic individuals who are grouped together for some terrorist
activities for emotional satisfaction.

In hostage taking, hostages are usually separated in sate houses to prevent

communications and escape, planning, and intelligence gathering.

TERRORIST TACTICS

BOMBING

Delivery to target is done through Vehicle Bomb- booby traps with attached devices,
Laid Charges-bomb plates, Projected bombs-launched from riffles by a mortal device,
Postal/mail bombs.

ARSON

This is used to destroy or to disrupt public utilities, political HQs and industrial facilities.

HIJACKING

Hijacking and skyjacking are commonly used by terrorists. The hijack supply,
ammunitions, fuel cargoes and vehicles to provide them to gain entry to a close military area,
skyjacking of commercial aircraft to gain publicity or to ask demands.

ASSASSINATION

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 The oldest but the commonly used terrorist tactic where targets are often police or
military officials, or political features and they always claim responsibility of assassination.

AMBUSH

This is a well-planned, well thought-out, properly rehearsed and precisely executed

operation. The terrorist has time on his side and will spend considerable time preparing for an
operation. Terrorist have an advantage in that they can choose the time and place of operation.

KIDNAPPING

Kidnapping for ransoms is the most common form of this tactic. The victim is normally
confined in a secret hideout and kidnappers make material demands.

HOSTAGE TAKING

The hostage-taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the victims for ransom. His
demands are more than just material in nature. Political concessions are the frequency demanded
in exchange for the hostage lives.

ROBBERIES/EXTORTIONS

Terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their activities, terrorists rob banks
and armored vehicles carrying large sums of cash. Bank robberies are also used as graduation
exercises for terrorist training programs and viewed as a tactical operation. The conduct
reconnaissance, plan escape routes and operates in the high degree of efficiency and the
progressive taxation scheme of the CPAA/NPA is a form of extortion through coercion or use of
force against the victim or his property.

LESSON 2: DISASTERS MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Disaster, as defined by the United Nations , is a serious disruption of the functioning of a

community or society, which involve widespread human, material, economic or
environmental impacts that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources [1]. Disaster management is how we deal with the human, material,
economic or environmental impacts of said disaster, it is the process of how we “prepare
for, respond to and learn from the effects of major failures” [2]. Though often caused by
nature, disasters can have human origins. According to the International Federation of Red
Cross & Red Crescent Societies a disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable
people. The combination of hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk results in disaster [3]. The organization, planning and
application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters.

Annotation: Disaster management may not completely avert or eliminate the threats; it
focuses on creating and implementing preparedness and other plans to decrease the impact
of disasters and “build back better”. Failure to create and apply a plan could lead to damage
to life, assets and lost revenue.

Emergency management is also used, sometimes interchangeably, with the term disaster
management, particularly in the context of biological and technological hazards and for

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health emergencies. While there is a large degree of overlap, an emergency can also relate
to hazardous events that do not result in the serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or society.

(VULNERABILITY + HAZARD ) / CAPACITY = DISASTER [3]

Natural disasters and armed conflict have marked human existence throughout history and
have always caused peaks in mortality and morbidity. This article examines the advances in
the humanitarian response to public health over the past fifty years and the challenges
currently faced in managing natural disasters and armed conflict [4].

Types of Disaster

Natural Disasters

According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies Natural
Disasters are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing
further death and suffering. These disasters can be [5]:

 Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides, Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity)

 Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches and Floods)
 Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures, Drought and Wildfires)
 Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges)
 Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and Insect/Animal Plagues)

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction characterizes Natural Disasters in
relation to their magnitude or intensity, speed of onset, duration and area of extent e.g.
earthquakes are of short duration and usually affect a relatively small region whereas
droughts are slow to develop and fade away and often affect large regions [1].

Man-Made Disasters

Man-Made Disasters as viewed by the International Federation of Red Cross & Red
Crescent Societies are events that are caused by humans which occur in or close to human
settlements often caused as a results of Environmental or Technological Emergencies. This
can include [3]:

 Environmental Degradation
 Pollution
 Accidents (e.g. Industrial, Technological and Transport usually involving the
production, use or transport of hazardous materials)

Complex Emergencies

Some disasters can result from multiple hazards, or, more often, to a complex combination
of both natural and man-made causes which involve a break-down of authority, looting and
attacks on strategic installations, including conflict situations and war. These can
include [6]:

 Food Insecurity

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  Epidemics
 Armed Conflicts
 Displaced Populations

According to ICRC these Complex Emergencies are typically characterized by [6]

:

 Extensive Violence
 Displacements of Populations
 Loss of Life
 Widespread Damage to both Societies and Economies
 Need for Large-scale, Humanitarian Assistance across Multiple Agencies
 Political and Military Constraints which impact or prevent Humanitarian Assistance
 Increased Security Risks for Humanitarian Relief Workers

Pandemic Emergencies

Pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious
disease that has spread across a large region, which can occur to the human population or
animal population and may affect health and disrupt services leading to economic and
social costs. It may be an unusual or unexpected increase in the number of cases of an
infectious disease which already exists in a certain region or population or can also refer to
the appearance of a significant number of cases of an infectious disease in a region or
population that is usually free from that disease. Pandemic Emergencies may occur as a
consequence of natural or man-made disasters. These have included the following
epidemics: [7] [8]

 Ebola
 Zika
 Avian Flu
 Cholera
 Dengue Fever
 Malaria
 Yellow Fever
 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19 )

Aspects of Disaster Management

The International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies defines disaster
management as the organisation and management of resources and responsibilities for
dealing with all the humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters [3].

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[9]

Disaster Prevention

"The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters [1]"
UNISDR views Disaster Prevention as the concept of engaging in activities which intend to
prevent or avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance, activities
designed to provide protection from the occurrence of disasters [1]. WCPT similarly
highlight that while not all disasters can be prevented, good risk management, evacuation
plans, environmental planning and design standards can reduce risk of loss of life and
injury mitigation. The HYOGO Framework was one such Global Plan for natural Disaster
Risk Reduction, which was adopted in 2005 as a 10 year Global Plan, signed by agreement
with 168 Governments which offered guiding principles, priorities for action and practical
means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities [10].

Disaster Preparedness

"The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and

recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to,
and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or
conditions" [1].
According to ICRC, Disaster Preparedness refers to measures taken to prepare for and
reduce the effects of disasters, be they natural or man-made. This is achieved through
research and planning in order to try to predict areas or regions that may be at risk of
disaster and where possible prevent these from occurring and/or reduce the impact those
disasters on the vulnerable populations that may be affected so they can effectively cope.
Disaster preparedness activities embedded with risk reduction measures can prevent
disaster situations and also result in saving maximum lives and livelihoods during any
disaster situation, enabling the affected population to get back to normalcy within a short
time period [3].

Minimisation of loss of life and damage to property through facilitation of effective disaster
response and rehabilitation services when required. Preparedness is the main way of
reducing the impact of disasters. Community-based preparedness and management should
be a high priority in physical therapy practice management [10].

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Disaster Response / Relief

"The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a
disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the
basic subsistence needs of the people affected" [1].
Focused predominantly on immediate and short-term needs, the division between this
response/relief stage and the subsequent recovery stage is not clear-cut. Some response
actions, such as the supply of temporary housing and water supplies, may extend well into
the recovery stage. Rescue from immediate danger and stabilization of the physical and
emotional condition of survivors is the primary aims of disaster response/relief, which
go hand in hand with the recovery of the dead and the restoration of essential services such
as water and power [3][10].

Coordinated multi-agency response is vital to this stage of Disaster Management in order to

reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term results with relief activities including [3]:

 Rescue
 Relocation
 Provision Food and Water
 Provision Emergency Health Care
 Prevention of Disease and Disability
 Repairing Vital Services e.g. Telecommunications, Transport
 Provision Temporary Shelter

Disaster Recovery

Vulnerability of communities often continues for long after the initial crisis is over. Disaster
Recovery refers to those programmes which go beyond the provision of immediate relief to
assist those who have suffered the full impact of a disaster and include the following
activities [3] [10]:

 Rebuilding Infrastructure e.g. Homes, Schools, Hospitals, Roads

 Health Care and Rehabilitation
 Development Activities e.g. building human resources for health
 Development Policies and Practices to avoid or mitigate similar situations in future

Resources

The WCPT provide a comprehensive set of resources relating to disaster management, the
role of the physiotherapy profession, advice for volunteering and the existing organisations
involved:

 WCPT Disaster Management Resources

The number of natural disasters has increased fivefold over the last 50 years. Whether it’s a
storm, fire, flood, tornado, earthquake, or hurricane, your organization is more at risk of
being damaged by a climate-related event now than ever before.

Think your particular organization won’t be affected? Well, between January 2013 and
January 2023, 88.5% of all U.S. counties declared a natural disaster. And a disaster can cost
you big bucks.

Economic losses from storms, floods, fires, etc. have increased sevenfold from the 1970s to
the 2010s. From 2010-2019, natural disasters caused $383 million of losses a day on
average. In the 70s, losses were only $49 million per day on average.

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Scared yet? You should be. Natural disasters can damage your facilities, hurt your
employees and clients, stop your productivity in its tracks, and even put you out of business
entirely.

Forty percent of businesses do not reopen after a natural disaster. Another 25% of
businesses fail within a year after a disaster and an additional 90% fail within two years.

However, there is a bright spot in all this doom and gloom. Organizations who plan ahead
for natural disasters can react and begin recovering more quickly.

But as a facilities manager or building owner, how do you plan for something as
catastrophic as a fire, flood, or hurricane? Where do you even begin?

That’s where the four phases of disaster management come in. They’re a useful framework
to build your disaster recovery and business continuity plans around. An up-to-date facility
condition assessment is another important tool for disaster management that, as you’ll read
below, plays a key role in all four phases.

The 4 Phases of Disaster Management

Think of disasters as recurring events that take place in four main phases:

1. Mitigation

2. Preparedness

3. Response

4. Recovery

All organizations are in at least one phase at any given time. Understanding these four
phases empowers your organization to prepare for and respond to crises in a smarter, more
informed way. Making the right decisions gives your organization the best chance at
survival and recovery following a climate-related event.

Let’s take a closer look at what the disaster management phases mean and how a facility
condition assessment helps you in each one.

Phase 1: Mitigation

Meaning: To prevent future emergencies and take steps to minimize their effects

The mitigation phase occurs before a disaster takes place. Here, an organization will take
steps to protect people and property, while also decreasing risks and consequences from a
given disaster situation. The organization’s main goal is to reduce vulnerability to disaster
impacts (such as property damage, injuries, and loss of life).

Examples of mitigation may can include measures such as:

Clearing space around buildings to create a defensible space against fires

Adding levees or improving property drainage to protect from flooding

Securing furniture to floors and walls to help prevent damage/injuries during earthquakes

Re-locating structures to less disaster-prone areas

How Does an FCA Help in Disaster Mitigation?

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One of the most important mitigation strategies is conducting a facility condition
assessment (FCA). An FCA shows you the current condition of all your buildings and
spotlights areas that need repair or replacement.

If you know your roof has some trouble spots, you can make repairs so the next big storm
doesn’t cause leaks and water damage in your building. If you know the insulation around
your water pipes is failing, you can re-insulate them before a blizzard’s freezing temps cause
your pipes to burst. If you know some of your hurricane-resistant windows are nearing their
end-of-life, you can replace them before next hurricane season.

An FCA also highlights where your highest value or most critical buildings are located. If
you know you have a facility in an area with greater risk of weather disasters, you can
prioritize that facility in your mitigation efforts.

Phase 2: Preparedness

Meaning: To take actions ahead of time to be ready for an emergency

The preparedness phase also occurs before a disaster takes place. Here, an organization
attempts to understand how a disaster might affect overall productivity and the bottom
line. The organization will also provide appropriate education while putting preparedness
measures into place.

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Examples of preparedness include hosting training, education, drills, tabletop exercises,

and full-scale exercises on disaster preparedness. This ensures that stakeholders know what
to do in the event of an emergency. Updating egress plans also falls under preparedness.

Organizations may also assemble a team to create a business continuity plan and list of
resources needed to recover from a disaster.

How Does an FCA Help in Disaster Preparedness?

An FCA stores key information about your assets and building envelope that will come in
handy if you need to order replacements. You can easily look up the manufacturer, model or
serial number, and other details about a specific asset.

In addition, an FCA contains photos and descriptions of the current condition of every part
of your facilities. This is extremely important if you need to make an insurance claim. These
“before” photos of what your building looks like pre-disaster can prove to your insurance
adjuster that yes, your roof was in pristine condition before a tornado tore it off and yes,
you expect insurance to pay for a completely new roof.

For these reasons, it’s important that your FCA is always current. An outdated FCA is an
inaccurate FCA and it won’t be as helpful to you. Today’s living FCAs are conducted using
specific building assessment software that enables facilities teams to keep them up-to-date
over time.

Phase 3: Response

Meaning: To protect people and property in the wake of an emergency, disaster, or crisis

The response phase occurs in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Organizations must
focus their attention on addressing immediate threats to people, property, and business.
Occupant safety and wellbeing largely depends on your preparedness levels before disaster
strikes. The most notable example of the response phase is ensuring that people are out of
harm’s way. The organization can then move on to assess damage, implement disaster
response plans, triage cleanup efforts, and start resource distribution as necessary.

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Businesses will also need to navigate building closures, preliminary damage assessments,
and hampered communication with stakeholders (like staff, vendors, and suppliers) due to
shutdowns. As the response period progresses, focus will typically shift from immediate
emergency issues to conducting repairs, restoring utilities, re-establishing operations, and
cleaning up. The organization will also need to begin planning the reconstruction of
damaged infrastructure.

How Does an FCA Help in Disaster Response?

Your living FCA is the bible when it comes to what assets make up your facilities. As such,
it’s a great tool to use as you assess the damage after a disaster. It helps ensure you don’t
miss potentially impacted assets as you move through the facility. It’s also the perfect place
to note which assets are partially damaged, not damaged, or a total loss.

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Once you’ve assessed the damage, your FCA makes it easy to see the overall damage across
your facilities and then prioritize and assign repair work.

In addition, because an FCA includes the estimated costs of repairing or replacing each
asset, you can more immediately calculate the financial impact of the disaster.

Phase 4: Recovery

Meaning: To rebuild after a disaster to return operations back to normal

The recovery phase takes place after a disaster. This phase is the restoration of an
organization following any impacts from a disaster. By this time, the organization has
achieved at least some degree of physical, environmental, economic and social stability.

The recovery phase of a disaster can last anywhere from six months to a year (or even
longer depending on the severity of the incident).

An example of recovery is creating strategic protocols and action plans to address the most
serious impacts of a disaster. The protocols should give clear steps to follow for various
disaster events and cover multiple scenarios.

For example, a flood protocol could include:

The organization’s internal plan to mitigate the effects of water (fan deployment, etc.)

The preferred water remediation service and their contact information

If that vendor is unavailable, secondary and tertiary services to contact

In this phase, the organization works to obtain new resources, rebuild or create
partnerships, and implement effective recovery strategies. The organization also takes steps
to reduce financial burdens, rebuild damaged structures, and reduce vulnerability to future
disasters.

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NAME: ___________________________________________ COURSE & YEAR LEVEL:
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LESSON 1

Learning ACTIVITIES

Direction: Read and understand the given questions carefully, write your answer on the space
provided.

1. Describe the doctrine and the phases of crisis management.

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LESSON 2

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Direction: Read and understand the given questions carefully, write your answer on the space
provided.

1. Describe the doctrine and the phases of crisis management.

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