The Cardiovascular

System

The major structures of the cardiovascular system, the heart and blood vessels,
playa vital role in human physiology. The major function of the cardiovascular
system is transportation. Using blood as the transport vehicle, the system
carries nutrients, gases, wastes, antibodies, ,electrolytes, and many other sub­
stances to and from body cells. Its propulsive force is the contracting heart.

The anatomy and location of the heart and blood vessels and the important
understandings of cardiovascular physiology (for example, cardiac cycle,
ECG, and regulation of blood pressure) are the major topics of this chapter.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART

1. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the
answer blanks.

1. The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the

~. Its apex rests on the ~ and its base is at the level
2. of the ~ rib. The coronary arteries that nourish the
myocardium arise from the~. The coronary sinus empties
3. into the Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the
~ are receiving chambers, whereas the ~ are
4. discharging chambers. The membrane that lines the heart and
also forms the valve flaps is called the ~. The outermost
5. layer of the heart is called the ~. The fluid that fills the
pericardial sac acts to decrease (0) during heart activity.
6. The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a special­
ized type of muscle tissue called (1) .
7.

8.

9.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11.

177
178 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring work~k
2. The heart is called a double pump becau11e it serves two circulations.
Trace the flow of blood through both the~Ulmonary and systemic circula­
tions by writing the missing terms in the alnswer blanks. Then, color
regions transporting 02-poor blood blue J.lnd regions transporting 02-rich
blood red on Figure 11-1. Finally, identify! ~he various regions of the
circulation shown in Figure 11-1 by labelil}g them using the key choices.

1. From th~ ~
iright atrium through the tricuspid valve to the
through ~he ~ valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right
2. and left ~ to the capillary beds of the ~ to the ~,
to the ~ of the heart through the ~ valve, to the
3. ~ th~?ugh the ~ semilunar valve, to the (10) ,to the
systemic ~rteries, to the ~ of the body tissues, to the
__________________ 4. systemic reins, to the (12) and (13) ,which enter the right
atrium of Ithe heart.
5. I'

6.

7.

8.

9.
______________ 10.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11.

___________ 12.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13.

Key Choices

A. Vessels serving head

and upper limbs

B. Vessels serving body trunk

and lower limbs

C. Vessels serving the viscera

D. Pulmonary circulation

E. Pulmonary "pump"

F. Systemic "pump"

Figure 11-1
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 179

3. Figure 11-2 is an anterior view of the heart. Identify each numbered structure
and write its name in the corresponding numbered space below the figure.
Then, select different colors for each structure provided with a color-coding
circle, and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures
on the figure.

Figure 11-2

0 I. 0 6. 0 II.

0 2. 0 7. 12.

0 3. 0 8. 13.

0 4. 9. 14.

5. 10. 0 15.
180 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring WorkboJk
I
4. Figure 11-3 is a schematic drawing of the tnicroscopic structure of cardiac
muscle. Using different colors, color the cqding circles of the structures listed
below and the corresponding structures onI the figure.

o Nuclei (with nucleoli) o MusJle fibers

I
o Intercalated discs o Stria~ions

Figure 11-3
I

5. The events of one complete heartbeat are rkferred to as the cardiac cycle.
Complete the following statements that des bribe these events. Insert your
answers in the answer blanks. I
I

1. The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as and

the period: of ventricular relaxation is called The
2. monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac
cycle are ! (3) . The first heart sound is a result of closure of
3. the ~ valves; closure of the ~ valves causes the sec­
ond heart pound. The heart chambers that have just been
4. filled whe* you hear the first heart sound are the and
the chambers that have just emptied are the Immedi­
5. ately after, fhe second heart sound, the ~ are filling with
blood, an<ll the are empty. Abnormal heart sounds, or
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .6. (10) ,us ally indicate valve problems.

7. 9.

8. _ _ _ _ _+-_ _ _ _ 10.
;1

:1
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 181

6. Figure 11-4 is a diagram of the frontal section of the heart. Follow the
instructions below to complete this exercise.

First, draw arrows to indicate the direction of blood flow through the heart.
Draw the pathway of the oxygen-rich blood with red arrows, and trace
the pathway of oxygen-poor blood with blue arrows.

Second, identify each of the elements of the intrinsic conduction system

(numbers 1-5 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the
blanks left of the figure. Then, indicate with green arrows the pathway
that impulses take through this system.

Third, correctly identify each of the heart valves (numbers 6-9 on the
figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure,
and draw in and identify by name the cordlike structures that anchor the
flaps of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

Fourth, use the numbers from the figure to identify the structures described
below. Place the numbers in the lettered answer blanks.

A. B. Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed

c. D. Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

E. AV valve with three flaps

F. AV valve with two flaps

G. The pacemaker of the intrinsic Figure 11-4

conduction system

H. The point in the intrinsic

conduction system where
the impulse is temporarily
delayed
Superior
vena cava - - - +...
1.
--..,-:-:;;;;;-......---;;-- Left atri um
2.
a.~~~~--~~~---6

3. 2
4.
3
5.
9
6.
4
7.
5
8. Inferior
vena cava
9.
 II
182 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring workbolk

7. Match the terms provided in Column B wib the statements given in Column
A. Place the correct term or letter respons in the answer blanks.

Column A l Column B
I

1. A recording I f the electrical activity of A. Angina pectoris

the heart
B. Bradycardia
2. The period I ring which the atria are
depolarizing C. Electrocardiogram

3. The period Jring which the ventricles

are repolarizing
D. Fibrillation

~~ring ve~tricles
E. Heart block
4. The period which the
are dep~lariZl' ng, which precedes their F. P wave
contractIon I
G. QRS wave
5. An abnormallY slow heartbeat, that is,
below 60 be I ts per minute H. Twave

6. A condition' which the heart is I. Tachycardia

uncoordinatit and useless as a pump

7. An abnormal~:.,; rapid heartbeat, that is,

over 100 bear per minute

8. Damage to tIiF
AV node, totally or
, partially releJ~ing the ventricles from
the control o~ the sinoatrial (SA) node

9. Chest pain, r suIting from ischemia of

the myocardi m

l
8. A portion of an electrocardiogram is show~ in Figure 11-5. On the figure
identify the QRS complex, the P wave, and!the T wave. Then, using a red
pencil, bracket a portion of the recording 11Fluivalent to the length of one car­
diac cycle. Using a blue pencil, bracket a rtion of the recording in which
the ventricles would be in diastole.
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 183

9. Complete the following statements relating to cardiac output by writing

the missing terms in the answer blanks.

1. In the relationship CO = HR X SV, CO stands for ~ HR

stands for and SV stands for ~. For the normal
2. resting heart, the value of HR is ~ and the value of SV is
~. The normal average adult cardiac output, therefore, is
3. ~. The time for the entire blood supply to pass through
the body is once each
4.
According to Starling's law of the heart, the critical factor that
5. determines force of heartbeat, or ~ is the degree of
~ of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts. Conse­
6. quently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing
the amount of (10) returned to the heart.
7.

8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9. _-..-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10.

10. Check (./) all factors that lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing
either heart rate or stroke volume.

1. Epinephrine 6. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

2. Thyroxine 7. Activation of the vagus nerves

3. Hemorrhage 8. Low blood pressure

4. Fear 9. High blood pressure

5. Exercise 10. Fever

11. For each of the following statements that is true, write T in the answer blank.
For any false statements, correct the underlined term by writing the correct
term in the answer blank.

1. The resting heart rate is fastest in adult life.

2. Because the heart of the highlY,trained athlete hypertrophies,

its stroke volume decreases.

3. If the right side of the heart fails, pulmonary congestion occurs.

4. In peripheral congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers become

edematous.

5. The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a

balance between cardiac output and venous return.
 !I
184 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbodk

12. Circle the term that does not belong in eal of the following groupings.

1. Puhnonary trunk Vena cava II Right side of heart Left side of heart

2. QRS wave T wave P w~ve Electrical activity of the ventricles

3. AV valves closed AV valves opene~'I Ventricular systole Semilunar valves open

4. Papillary muscles Aortic semilun~ valve Tricuspid valve Chordae tendineae

I

5. Tricuspid valve Mitral valve I Bicuspid valve Left AV valve

I
6. Ischemia Infarct Scar issue repair Heart block

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:i BLOOD VESSELS

13. Complete the following statements conCe~ing blood vessels.
1. The cent~11 cavity of a blood vessel is called the ~. Reduc­
tion of th~ diameter of this cavity is called ~, and enlarge­
2. m,ent of tne vessel diameter is called ~. Blood is carried to
the heart I~y ~ and away from the heart by ~. Capillary
3. beds are supplied by ~ and drained by ~.

4.

5.

6.

7.

14. ~riefly ~xplain in the space provided why Ualves are present in veins but not
In artenes. II

II

II
ll
15. Name two events occurring within the bod that aid in venous return. Place
your responses in the blanks that follow. !

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and ---'.If-------------­

16. First, select different colors for each of the j;~ree

blood vessel tunics listed in
the key choices and illustrated in Figure 11 on p. 185. Color the color-coding
circles and the corresponding structures in e three diagrams. In the blanks
beneath the illustrations correctly identify e~ch vessel type. In the additional
spaces provided, list the structural details that allowed you to make the identifi­
cations. Then, using the key choices, iden1 the blood vessel tunics

111
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 185

described in each of the following descriptions. Insert the term or letter

of the key choice in the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. 0 Tunica intima B. 0 Tunica media C. 0 Tunica externa

1. Single thin layer of endothelium

2. Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin

3. Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow

4. The only tunic of capillaries

5. Also called the adventitia

6. The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation

7. Supporting, protective coat

Figure 11-6

A B C

17. Figures 11-7 and 11-8 on pp. 186 and 187 illustrate the location of the most
important arteries and veins of the body. The veins are shown in Figure 11-7.
Color the veins blue and then identify each vein provided with a leader line on
the figure. The arteries are shown in Figure 11-8. Color them red and then
identify those indicated by leader lines on the figure. NOTE: If desired, the ves­
sels identified may be colored differently to aid you in their later identification.
186 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring WOfkboik
I

Fi9 ure!!11-7 Veins

Iii .
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 187

Figure 11-8 Arteries

 1\

188 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring workboijk

18. Using key choices, identify the veins desc 'bed as follows. Place the
correct term or letter response in the ans r blanks.

Key Choices
A. Anterior tibial G. Common iliac I M. Hepatic portal S. Radial

B. Azygos H. Femoral N. Inferior mesenteric T. Renal

C. Basilic I. Gastric O. Inferior vena cava U. Subclavian

D. Brachiocephalic ]. Gonadal P. Internal iliac V. Superior mesenteric

E. Cardiac K. Great saphenou Q. Internal jugular W. Superior vena cava

F. Cephalic 1. Hepatic I
R. Posterior tibial X. Ulnar

1. --------~r-------- 2. Deep veins, draining the forearm

3. Vein that rec(ves blood from the arm via the axillary vein

4. Veins that d~in venous blood from the myocardium of the

heart into the. coronary sinus

5. Vein that dra' s the kidney

6. Vein that dral' s the dural sinuses of the brain

I
7. Two veins that join to become the superior vena cava

8. 9. Veins that drain the leg and foot

____________ 10. Large vein tJ.. l t carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive
organs to thd Iliver for processing

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11. Superficial v<t~n that drains the lateral aspect of the arm

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. Vein that draf~s the ovaries or testes

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13. Vein that draihs the thorax, empties into the superior vena cava

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14. Largest vein ~e10W the thorax .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15. Vein that draihs the liver

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. ------+1---- 17. __________________ 18.

Three veins t at form!empty into the hepatic portal vein

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19. Longest supe icial vein of the body; found in the leg

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20. Vein that is f, rmed by the union of the external and internal
iliac veins \

Deep vein of! ~he thigh

 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 189

19. Figure 11-9 is a diagram of the hepatic portal circulation. Select different
colors for the structures listed below and use them to color the color-coding
circles and corresponding structures on the illustration.

o Inferior mesenteric vein o Splenic vein o Hepatic portal vein

o Superior mesenteric vein o Gastric vein

..• _-----; -.­

~:;;.~~- ...----..~------ Stomach

~---Spleen

Gallbladder -~--r.'''''''''

Hepatic _~,.......,;;...,.,..;...._ _ _~~~~... "~~~;---ii-~~---T-- Pancreas

portal
vein

----i--iT-ii~::::----;~--i----- Small
intestine
Ascending ----To-....,........;
colon
e__;.---- Descending
colon

Rectum -------i-__.

Figure 11-9
190 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring workb~ !

20. Using key choices, identify the arteries described as follows. Place the
correct term or letter response in the spaces provided.

Key Choices II

A. Anterior tibial H. Coronary O. Intercostals V. Renal

B. Aorta I. Deep femoral P. Internal carotid W. Subclavian

C. Brachial J. Dorsalis pedis Q. Internal iliac X. Superior mesenteric

D. Brachiocephalic K. External carotii R. Peroneal Y. Vertebral

E. Celiac trunk 1. Femoral S. Phrenic Z. Ulnar

F. Common carotid M. Hepatic T. Posterior tibial

G. Common iliac N. Inferior mesent l ric U. Radial

1. I 2. Two arteries fonned by the division

of the brachid>cephalic artery

3. First artery t I ~t branches off the ascending aorta; selVes the heart
4. _ _ _ _--++--_ _ _ _ 5. Two paired arteries, serving the brain

6. Largest artery Iof the body

7. Arterial network on the dorsum of the foot

8. Artery that sJles the posterior thigh

9. Artery that sJ~Plies the diaphragm

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. Artery that strts to fonn the radial and ulnar arteries

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11. Artery genera~y auscultated to determine blood pressure in the ann

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. Artery that supplies the last half of the large intestine

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13. Artery that J~es the pelvis

14. External macltecomes this artery on entering the thigh

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15. Major artery il rving the arm

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. Artery that Sl.1pplies most of the small intestine

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--'-_17. The terminal ranches of the dorsal, or descending, aorta

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18. Arterial trunk that has three major branches, which serve the
liver, spleen, nd stomach

I
19. Major artery, eIVing the tissues external to the skull
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 191

20. ___________________ 21. ___________________ 22.

Three arteries, serving the leg inferior to the knee

___________________ 23. Artery generally used to feel ,the pulse at the wrist

21. Figure 11-10 illustrates the arterial circulation of the brain. Select different
colors for the following structures and use them to color the coding circles
and corresponding structures in the diagram.

o Basilar artery o Communicating branches

o Anterior cerebral arteries o Middle cerebral arteries

o Posterior cerebral arteries

Frontal lobe
of cerebral
hemisphere

Pituitary gland
Internal
carotid
artery

Pons ---;--------------~~~4

Vertebral artery -----~___;..;-;;-~~---.;;.;::___::~--T4

~~r--- Cerebellum

Figure 11-10
192 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring workbo~k
22. Figure 11-11 illustrates the special fetal s~ctures
listed below. Select different
colors for each and use them to color codOngcircles and corresponding struc­
tures in the diagram. I

o Foramen ovale 0 Ductus f eriosus 0 Ductus venosus

o Umbilical arteries 0 Umbilic~. cord 0 Umbilical vein

Superior
vena
cava

Inferior
Liver ------------------------:;.....-~: vena
~-+-+---------+--------cava
Hepatic --------------------....;...---;......++-++--:;~1
portal vein Aorta

Umbilicus -------,"-----------==-.:"'~----++----~~I
Common
iliac
~----------~......-- artery

, ...------------+ Internal
iliac
artery

Figure 11-11 Fetal bladder

 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 19 3

23. Eight structures unique to the special circulations of the body are described
here. Identify each, using the key choices. Place the correct terms or letters in
the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. Anterior cerebral artery E. Ductus venosus H. Posterior cerebral artery

B. Basilar artery F. Foramen ovale 1. Umbilical artery

C. Circle of Willis G. Middle cerebral artery J. Umbilical vein

D. Ductus arteriosus

1. An anastomosis that allows communication between the

posterior and anterior blood supplies of the brain

2. The vessel carrying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to ,the

fetus from the placenta

3. The shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass the liver

4. Two pairs of arteries, arising from the internal carotid artery

5. The posterior cerebral arteries, serving the brain, arise from here

6. Fetal shunt between the aorta and pulmonary trunk that

allows the lungs to be bypassed by the blood

7. Opening in the interatrial septum that shunts fetal blood from

the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the fetal lungs

24. Briefly explain in the space provided why the lungs are largely bypassed by
the circulating blood in the fetus.

25. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.

1. ,High pressure Vein Artery Spurting blood

2. Carotid artery Cardiac vein Coronary sinus Coronary artery

3. Increased venous Respiratory pump Vasodilation Milking action of

return skeletal muscles

4. High blood pressure Hemorrhage Weak pulse Low cardiac output

5. Resistance Friction Vasodilation Vasoconstriction

 I'
I

194 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring workbo~k

26. The following section relates to understan[ngs concerning blood pressure
and pulse. Match the items given in ColuJin B with the appropriate descrip­
tions provided in Column A. Place the co~ect term or letter response in
the answer blanks.

Column A Column B

1. Expansion a~d recoil of an artery A. Over arteries

during heart ~ctiVity
B. Blood pressure
2. Pressure exe ed by the blood against
the blood ve sel walls C. Cardiac output

3. _ _ _ _ _
!

4. Factors
++1_ _ _ _ _
D. Constriction of
arterioles
related to bltod pressure
E. Diastolic blood
5. Event PrimaIi!1y responsible for pressure
peripheral rt:1· istance
F. Peripheral resistance
6. Blood pressj e during heart
contraction I G. Pressure points

7. Blood press }e during heart H. Pulse

relaxation j' I
1. Sounds of Korotkoff
8. Site where b bod pressure deter­ J. Systolic blood
minations art~'normally made pressure
9. Points at the ody surface where
K. Over veins
the pulse m be felt

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10.
the vessel is artially compressed

27. Complete the following statements about lPillary functions by placing ans­
wers from the key in the answer blanks. DIe terms or letters from the key.

Key Choices
A. Blood E. Fat soluble II H. Osmotic pressure

B. Capillary clefts F. Hydrostatic p~ssure 1. Vesicles

C. Diffusion G. Interstitial flJ d J. Water soluble

D. Fenestrations

1. All excha ges to and from the blood and tissue cells occur
through t e~. Generally speaking, substances tend to
2. move acc rding to their concentration gradients by the pro­
cess of I ). Substances that are ~ pass directly through
3. the plasm· membranes of the capillary endothelial cells; other
I'
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 195

4. substances pass by means of or via ~ or ~.

The most permeable capillaries are those exhibiting ~.
5. Capillaries that have ~ and tend to be leaky and
two forces acting at capillary beds cause fluid flows. The
6. pressure that forces fluid out of the capillaries is (0) and
the force that causes fluid to reenter the blood is ~ .
7. Hence fluid is forced into the (2) at the arteriole end
of the bed and into the (3) at the venule end of the
8. capillary bed.

9.
__________ 10.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13.

28. Indicate what effect the following factors have on blood pressure. Indicate
an increase in pressure by I and a decrease in pressure by D. Place the
correct letter response in the answer blanks.

1. Increased diameter of the arterioles

8. Physical exercise
2. Increased blood viscosity
9. Physical training
3. Increased cardiac output
10. Alcohol
4. Increased pulse rate
11. Hemorrhage
5. Anxiety, fear
12. Nicotine
6. Increased urine output
13. Arteriosclerosis
7. Sudden change in position from
reclining to standing

29. Respond to the following exercise by placing brief answers in the spaces
provided. Assume someone has been injured in an automobile accident and
is bleeding profusely. What pressure point could you compress to help stop
the bleeding from the following areas?

1. Thigh 4. Lower jaw

2. Forearm 5. Thumb

3. Calf
 ~
'I
I

196 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbodk

i
i

30. For each of the following statements that is true, insert T in the answer
blank. If any of the statements are false, cqrrect the underlined term by
inserting the correct word in the answer b~nk.

1. Renin, relea]11d by the kidneys, causes a in blood

pressure. 'i

2. The decreasing efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system

vasoconstrictbr functioning, due to aging, leads to a type of
hypotensionlcalled sympathetic hypotension.

3. Two body 0 ans in which vasoconstriction rarely occurs are

the heart an the kidneys.

4. A SPhygmoJ nometer is used to take the apical pulse.

II
5. The pulmonary circulation is a high-pressure circulation.

6. The fetal eqJivalent of (functional) lungs and liver is the placenta.

I
7. Cold has a Vi sodilatin effect.

8. Thrombo .. is called the silent killer.

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS II
OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
31. Complete the following statements by ins~bg your responses in the
answer blanks.

1. The cardiLvascular system forms early and the heart is acting

as a funcWonal pump by the ~ week of development.
2. The ductUs arteriosus and foramen ovale allow the blood to
bypass the nonfunctioning fetal Another fetal structure,
3. the (3) allows most of the blood to bypass the liver. The
fetus is s pplied with oxygen and nutrients via the ~
4. which ca ries blood from the ~ to the Metabolic
wastes a d carbon dioxide are removed from the fetus in
5. blood ca ied by the ~. These special bypass structures
that eXistllto bypass the fetal lungs and liver become ~
6. shortly aff~er birth. Congenital heart defects (some resulting
from the Ifailure of the bypass structures to close) account for
7. half of aIr infant ~ resulting from congenital defects.

8. I
is degenerative process that begins in youth but may
take its t 11 in later life by promoting a myocardial infarct or
9. stroke. G nerally women have less atherosclerosis than men
until afte1 ~, when estrogen production ends.
_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ 10.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11.
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 197

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. Regular (12) increases the efficiency of the cardiovascular

system and helps to slow the progress of (13) . A vascular
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13. problem that affects many in "standing professions" is (14) .
In this condition, the valves become incompetent, and the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14. veins become twisted and enlarged, particularly in the (1S)
and (16) .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16.

A Visualization Exercise
for the Cardiovascular System
All about you are huge white cords, hanging
limply from two flaps ofendothelial tissue. ..

32. Where necessary, complete the statements by inserting the missing wordCs)
in the answer blanks.

1. Your journey starts in the pulmonary vein and includes a trip

to part of the systemic circulation and a special circulation.
2. You ready your equipment and prepare to be miniaturized
and injected into your host.
3.
Almost immediately after injection, you find yourself swept
4. into a good-sized chamber, the~. However, you do not
stop in this chamber, but continue to plunge downward into
5. a larger chamber below. You land with a large splash and
examine your surroundings. All about you are huge white
cords, hanging limply from two flaps of endothelial tissue far
above you. You report that you are sitting in the chamber of the heart, seeing the flaps of
the ~ valve above you. The valve is open and its anchoring cords, the ~ are lax. Since
this valve is open, you conclude that the heart is in the phase of the cardiac cycle.
 · II
198 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbo~k

6.· GradUall~ you notice that the chamber walls seem to be clos­
ing in. You hear a thundering boom, and the whole chamber
7. vibrates ~s the valve slams shut above you. The cords, now n

rigid and Istrained, form a cage about you, and you feel
8. extreme ~xternal pressure. Obviously, the heart is in a full­
fledged ~. Then, high above on the right, the "roof"
II .
9. opens, -aJd you are forced through this ~ valve. A
fraction I a second later, you hear another tremendous boom
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. that sen. shock waves through the whole area. Out of the
corner otl your eye, you see that the valve below you is
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11. closed, a~d it looks rather like a pie cut into three wedges.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. As you a~C( swept along in this huge artery, the ~ you
pass sevJ al branch-off points, but continue to careen along,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13. straight d wn at a dizzying speed until you approach the
art~ry, feeding the small intestine. After entering this
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14. artery an~ passing through succeSSively smaller and smaller
subdivisigns of it, you finally reach the capillary bed of the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15. small int~~lstine. You watch with fascination as nutrient
moleculel move into the blood through the single layer of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. cJ Is forming the capillary wall. As you move to the
opposite Ehore of the capillary bed, you enter ~ venule and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17. begin to · ove superiorly once again. The venules draining
the small Iintestine combine to form the ~ vein, which in
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18. turn co~lbines with the (12) vein to form the hepatic portal
vein that i ~arrieS you into the liver. As you enter the liver, you
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19. are amaz~d at the activity there. Six-sided hepatic cells,
responsi~ie for storing glucose and making blood proteins,
are literaliy grabbing (13) out of the blood as it percolates
slowly p~t them. Protective cells are removing bacte­
ria from the slowly moving blood. Leaving the liver through
the (15) II vein, you almost immediately enter the huge (16) ,
whi~rns blood from the lower part of the body to the
(17) of the heart. From here, you move con~~~cutiVelY through the right chambers of the heart
into the . Soon that vessel splits and yoJ are carried into a artery, which carries you to
the capillary beds of the (20) and then back t the left side of the heart once again. After
traveling through the left side of the heart agaih, you leave your host when you are aspirated out
of the artery, which extends from the adha to the axillary artery of the armpit.
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 199

33. A man, en route to· the hospital emergency room by ambulance, is in

fibrillation. What is his cardiac output likely to be? He arrives at the
emergency entrance DOA (dead on arrival). His autopsy reveals a blockage
of the posterior interventricular artery. What is the cause of death?

34. Excessive vagal stimulation can be caused by severe depression. How

would this be reflected in a routine physical examination?

35. A patient has swollen ankles and signs of degenerating organ functions.
What is a likely diagnosis?

36. A routine scan of an elderly man reveals partial occlusion of the right
internal carotid artery, yet blood supply to his cerebrum is unimpaired.
What are two possible causes of the occlusion? What anastamosis is main­
taining blood supply to the brain and by what (probable) route(s)?

37. A patient with a bone marrow cancer is polycythemic. Will his blood
pressure be high or low? Why?

38. After a bout with bacterial endocarditis, scar tissue often stiffens the edges
of the heart valves. How would this be picked up in a routine examination?
200 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbodk

39. Len, an elderly man, is bedridden after a MiP fracture. He complains of pain
in his legs and thrombophlebitis is diagnd~ed. What is thrombophlebitis
and what life:-threatening complication call develop?

40. Mr. Langley is telling h.is friend about his fFcent visit to his doctor for a
checkup. During his story, he mentions t~rt the EeG revealed that he
had a defective mitral valve and a heart nt~rmur. Mr. Langley apparently
misunderstood some of what the doctor e: plained to him about the
diagnostic process. What has he misundet tood?

41. A less-than-respectable news tabloid ann nced that "Doctors show that
exercise shortens life. Life expectancy is ogrammed into a set number
of heartbeats; the faster your heart beats, the sooner you die." Even if this
"theory" were true, what is wrong with th~ conclusion concerning exercise?

42. Mrs. Thney says that when she stands up ft'er lying down in the afternoon
1.1'

that she gets very dizzy. Her husband grnFbles that "Its because she keeps
the danged house too warm." He's right On this particular case). Explain
how this might cause her dizziness. II