Chapter 2:

Introduction to
C++

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Objectives:
2.9 Floating-Point Data Types
2.10 The bool Data Type
2.11 Determining the Size of a Data Type
2.12 Variable Assignments and Initialization Scope
2.13 Arithmetic Operators
2.14 Comments
2.15 Named Constants
2.16 Programming Style

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 2.9
Floating-Point Data Types

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Floating-Point Data Types
• The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double

• They can hold real numbers such as:

12.45 -3.8

• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation

• All floating-point numbers are signed

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Floating-Point Data Types

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Floating-Point Literals
• Can be represented in
– Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
– E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
• Are double by default
• Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or
long double (0.0000625L)

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Floating-Point Data Types in
Program 2-16

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 2.10
The bool Data Type

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The bool Data Type
• Represents values that are true or
false
• bool variables are stored as small
integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true; allDone finished

1 0
bool finished = false;

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Boolean Variables in Program 2-17

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 2.11
Determining the Size of a Data
Type

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Determining the Size of a Data
Type
The sizeof operator gives the size of any
data type or variable:
double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) <<
"bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is
stored in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";

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 2.12
Variable Assignments and
Initialization

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Variable Assignments and
Initialization
• An assignment statement uses the =
operator to store a value in a variable.

item = 12;

• This statement assigns the value 12 to the

item variable.

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Assignment
• The variable receiving the value must
appear on the left side of the = operator.
• This will NOT work:

// ERROR!
12 = item;

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Variable Initialization
• To initialize a variable means to assign it a
value when it is defined:

int length = 12;

• Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;

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Variable Initialization in Program 2-
19

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 2.13
Scope

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Scope
• The scope of a variable: the part of the
program in which the variable can be
accessed
• A variable cannot be used before it is
defined

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Variable Out of Scope in Program
2-20

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 2.14
Arithmetic Operators

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Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations
• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary
operators:
– unary (1 operand) -5
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

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Binary Arithmetic Operators
SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF
ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

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Arithmetic Operators in Program 2-
21

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A Closer Look at the / Operator
• / (division) operator performs integer
division if both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
• If either operand is floating point, the result
is floating point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0

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A Closer Look at the % Operator
• % (modulus) operator computes the
remainder resulting from integer division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
• % requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error

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 2.15
Comments

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Comments
• Used to document parts of the program
• Intended for persons reading the source
code of the program:
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler

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Single-Line Comments
Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 12; // length in
inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

// calculate rectangle area

area = length * width;

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Multi-Line Comments
• Begin with /*, end with */
• Can span multiple lines:
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
• Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */

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 2.16
Named Constants

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Named Constants
• Named constant (constant variable):
variable whose content cannot be
changed during program execution
• Used for representing constant values with
descriptive names:
const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
const int NUM_STATES = 50;
• Often named in uppercase letters

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Named Constants in Program 2-28

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 2.17
Programming Style

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Programming Style
• The visual organization of the source code
• Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and
blank lines
• Does not affect the syntax of the program
• Affects the readability of the source code

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Programming Style
Common elements to improve readability:
• Braces { } aligned vertically
• Indentation of statements within a set of
braces
• Blank lines between declaration and other
statements
• Long statements wrapped over multiple
lines with aligned operators

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 2.18
Standard and Prestandard C++

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Standard and Prestandard C++
Older-style C++ programs:
– Use .h at end of header files:
– #include <iostream.h>
– Use #define preprocessor directive instead
of const definitions
– Do not use using namespace convention
– May not compile with a standard C++
compiler

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#define directive in Program 2-31

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