UM0019

Bahasa Inggris

TOEFL
 Overview
• Introducing the continued Problems of
Structure
 Objectives
• Students are able to identify the problems of
structure
Problems with Prepositions
Prepositions are words or phrases that clarify relationships. Prepositions are usually
followed by nouns and pronouns. Sometimes the nouns are -ing form nouns.
Prepositions are also used in idioms.
42. Addition- Besides
Remember that besides means in addition to. Beside means near

Avoid using beside instead of besides to mean in addition.

Beside Marge, three couples are invited.
Besides Marge, three couples are invited.
Beside Domino's, four other pizza places deliver.
Besides Domino's, four other pizza places deliver.
To lead a well-balanced life, you need to have other interests beside studying.
To lead a well balanced life, you need to have other interests besides studying.
Beside taxi service, there isn't any public transportation in town.
Besides taxi service, there isn't any public transportation in town.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
___a mayor, many city governments employ a city manager.
(A) Beside
(B) Besides
(C) And
(D) Also
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
To receive a degree from an American university, one must take many courses beside
those in one's major field.
43. Cause – Because of and Because
Remember that because of is a prepositional phrase. It introduces a noun or a noun
phrase. Because is a conjunction. It introduces a clause with a subject and a verb.

Avoid using because of before a subject and verb. Avoid using because before a noun
which is not followed by a verb.
INCORRECT: Classes will be canceled tomorrow because a national holiday.
CORRECT Classes will be canceled tomorrow because it is a national holiday.
or
Classes will be canceled tomorrow because of a national holiday.
INCORRECT: John's family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship.
CORRECT: John's family is very happy because he has been awarded a scholarship.
or
John's family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship.
INCORRECT: She didn't buy it because of the price was too high.
CORRECT: She didn't buy it because the price was too high.
or
She didn't buy it because of the price.
INCORRECT: It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.
CORRECT: It was difficult to see the road clearly because it was raining.
or
It was difficult to see the road clearly because of the rain.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
___in the cultivation of a forest, trees need more careful planning than any other
crop does.
(A) Because the time and area involved
(B) For the time and area involving
(C) Because of the time and area involved
(D) As a cause of the time and area involved
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial cities
needed a network to link them with sources of supply.
Problems with Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words or phrases that clarify relationships between clauses.
"Conjoin" means "to join together."
44. Correlative Conjunctions-lnclusives not only. . . but also
Remember that not only. . . but also are correlative conjunctions. They are used
together to include two parallel structures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).

Avoid using only not instead of not only. Avoid using but instead of but also.
Avoid using the incorrect pattern:
INCORRECT: The program provides only not theoretical classes but also practical training.
CORRECT: The program provides not only theoretical classes but also practical reading.
INCORRECT: The new models are not only less expensive but more efficient also.
CORRECT: The new models are not less expensive but also more efficient.
INCORRECTT: he objective is not to identify the problem but also to solve it.
CORRECT: The objective is not only to identify the problem but also to solve it.
INCORRECT: Not her parents but her brothers and sisters also live in Wisconsin.
CORRECT: Not only her parents but also her brothers and sisters live in Wisconsin.
INCORRECT: TO complete his physical education credits, John took not only swimming
also golf.
CORRECT: TO complete his physical education credits, John took not only swimming but
also golf.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Amniocentesis can be used not only to diagnose fetal disorders___ the sex of the
unborn child with 95 percent accuracy.
(A) but determining
(B) but also determining
(C) but to determine
(D) but also to determine

Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

The deadbolt is the best lock for entry doors because it is not only inexpensive
but installation is easy.
Problems with other Conjunctions
45. Future Result- When
Remember that when introduces a clause of condition for future result.

Avoid using will instead of a present verb after when.

INCORRECT: I will call you when I will return from my country.
CORRECT: I will call you when I return from my country.
INCORRECT: Marilyn plans to work in her family's store when she will get her M.B.A.
CORRECT: Marilyn plans to work in her family's store when she gets her M.B.A.
INCORRECT: He will probably buy some more computer software when he will get paid.
CORRECT: He will probably buy some more computer software when he gets paid.
INCORRECT: She will feel a lot better when she will stop smoking.
CORRECT: She will feel a lot better when she stops smoking.
INCORRECT: When Gary will go to State University, he will be a teaching assistant.
CORRECT: When Gary goes to State University, he will be a teaching assistant.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Bacterial spores germinate and sprout___ favorable conditions of temperature
and food supply.
(A) when encountering of
(B) when they encounter
(C) when they will encounter
(D) when the encounter of
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
In most states insurance agents must pass an examination to be licensed when
they will complete their training.
 46. Indirect Questions
Remember that question words can be used as conjunctions. Question words
introduce a clause of indirect question.
Question words include the following:
who why
What how
what time how long
When how many
where how much

Avoid using do, does, or did after the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject
after the question word.
I didn't understood what did he say.
I didn't understand what he said.
Do you know how much do they cost?
Do you know how much they cost?
I wonder when is her birthday.
I wonder when her birthday is.
Could you please tell me where is the post office?
Could you please tell me where the post office is?
Can they tell you what time does the movie start?
Can they tell you what time the movie starts?
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like Legionnaire's syndrome,
and doctors don't know___
(A) what is the cause
(B) the cause is what
(C) is what the cause
(D) what the cause is
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how far is
the plane from the touchdown point.
Problems with Adverbs and Adverbs-Related Structures
Adverbs and adverb phrases add information to sentences. They add information about
manner, that is, how something is done; frequency or how often; time and date or when;
and duration of time or how long.
47. Negative Emphasis
Remember that negatives include phrases like not one, not once, not until, never, never
again, only rarely, and very seldom. Negatives answer the question, how often? They are
used at the beginning of a statement to express emphasis. Auxiliaries must agree with
verbs and subjects.

Avoid using a subject before the auxiliary in this pattern.

INCORRECT: Never again they will stay in that hotel.
CORRECT: Never again will they stay in that hotel.
INCORRECT: Only rarely an accident has occurred.
CORRECT: Only rarely has an accident occurred.
INCORRECT: Very seldom a movie can hold my attention like this one.
CORRECT: Very seldom can a movie hold my attention like this one.
INCORRECT: Not one paper she has finished on time.
CORRECT: Not one paper has she finished on time.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Not until the Triassic Period___
(A) the first primitive mammals did develop
(B) did the first primitive mammals develop
(C) did develop the first primitive mammals
(D) the first primitive mammals develop
Part B: Chose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Only rarely wins the same major league baseball team the World Series two years in
a row.
 48. Duration-For and Since
Remember that for is used before a quantity of time. For expresses duration. For
answers the question, how long? Since is used before a specific time. Since
expresses duration too, but since answers the question, beginning when?
Remember that a quantity of time may be several days-a month, two years, etc. A
specific time may be Wednesday, July, 1960, etc. You will notice that the structure
HAVE and a participle is often used with adverbs of duration.

Avoid using for before specific times. Avoid using before after HAVE and a participle.
INCORRECT: Mary has been on a diet since three weeks.
CORRECT: Mary has been on a diet for three weeks.
INCORRECT: She has been living here before April.
CORRECT: She has been living here since April.
INCORRECT: We haven't seen him since almost a year.
CORRECT: We haven't seen him for almost a year.
INCORRECT: We have known each other before 1974.
CORRECT: We have known each other since 1974.
INCORRECT: He has studied English since five years.
CORRECT: He has studied English for five years.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Penguins, the most highly specialized of all aquatic birds, may live___ twenty
years.
(A) before
(B) since
(C) for
(D) from
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Because national statistics on crime have only been kept for 1930, it is not
possible to make judgments about crime during the early years of the nation.
49. Generalization --- As a Whole and Wholly
Remember that as a whole means generally. Wholly means completely. As a whole is
often used at the beginning of a sentence or a clause. Wholly is often used after the
auxiliary or main verb.

Avoid using wholly instead of as a whole at the beginning of a sentence or clause to

mean generally.
Avoid using as whole instead of as a whole.
INCORRECT: Wholly, we are in agreement.
CORRECT: As a whole, we are in agreement.
(generally)
The house and all of its contents was as a whole consumed by the fire.
The house and all of its contents was wholly consumed by the fire.
(completely)
The teams are not rated equally, but, wholly, they are evenly matched.
The teams are not rated equally, but, as a whole, they are evenly matched.
(generally)
Wholly, Dan's operation proved to be successful.
As a whole, Dan's operation proved to be successful.
(generally)
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
___the Gulf Stream is warmer than the ocean water surrounding it.
(A) Wholly
(B) Whole
(C) As a whole
(D) A whole as
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Although there are exceptions, as whole, the male of the bird species is more brilliantly
colored.
Problems with Sentences and Clauses
50. Sentences and Clauses
Remember that a main clause, also called an independent clause, can function as a
separate sentence. A subordinate clause, also called a dependent clause, must be
attached to a main clause. A dependent clause is often marked with the clause
marker that.

Avoid using the clause marker with dependent clauses as sentences. Avoid using the
clause marker that with a sentence that has no dependent clause following it.
Utensils and condiments that are found on the table by the door.
Utensils and condiments are found on the table by the door.
During final exam week, that the library when opening all night.
During final exam week, the library is open all night.
The weather that is very rainy this time of year.
The weather is very rainy this time of year.
All of the dorms that are located on East Campus.
All of the dorms are located on East Campus.
During our vacation, that we suspended the newspaper delivery.
During our vacation, we suspended the newspaper delivery.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
Of all the cities in Texas,___
(A) that San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(B) San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(C) probably San Antonio the most picturesque
(D) the most picturesque probably that San Antonio
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Thunder that is audible from distances as far away as ten miles.
 Lesson Overview
• The continued Problems of Structure
 Summary
• After completing this unit, students should be
able to identify the problems of the structure
Assignment