Jean Mariel C.

Ubalde

Task #5: Human Ecology & principles & theories of Educational Management

Topic: Stages Of Human Development

1. What are the eight (8) stages of human development?

The eight stages of human development, according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory,
are as follows:

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year): During this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust
their caregivers based on how their needs are met. Consistent, responsive caregiving
fosters a sense of trust, while neglect or inconsistency may lead to mistrust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1-3 years): Toddlers begin to assert
their independence and autonomy by exploring their environment and making choices.
Supportive caregivers who encourage autonomy help children develop confidence, while
criticism or overcontrol can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-6 years): Children in this stage start to take initiative in play,
learning, and social interactions. Encouragement from caregivers and opportunities for
exploration foster a sense of initiative, while excessive criticism or restriction may lead to
feelings of guilt and self-doubt.

Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-11 years): During this stage, children develop a
sense of competence and mastery through their achievements in school, sports, and
other activities. Positive feedback and encouragement from adults and peers support a
sense of industry, while feelings of inadequacy or failure can lead to inferiority.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years): Adolescents explore their identity,
values, and beliefs as they navigate the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Successful resolution of this stage involves forming a coherent sense of self and
integrating various roles and identities, while unresolved identity issues can result in
confusion and uncertainty.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 19-40 years): Young adults seek to form close,
meaningful relationships with others while balancing their own identity and independence.
Establishing intimate relationships and connections with others leads to feelings of
fulfillment, whereas isolation and fear of rejection can result in emotional loneliness.

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years): Adults in this stage focus on
contributing to society and future generations through work, family, and community
involvement. Finding meaning and purpose in one's activities fosters a sense of
generativity, while feelings of stagnation or self-absorption may arise if individuals feel
unproductive or unfulfilled.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65+ years): In later life, individuals reflect on
their life experiences and accomplishments, seeking to find a sense of satisfaction and
meaning. Those who achieve ego integrity feel a sense of acceptance and wisdom, while
those who struggle with regrets and unresolved issues may experience despair and
bitterness.

These stages represent the key challenges and developmental tasks that individuals face
throughout the lifespan, with successful resolution leading to healthy psychosocial
development and a sense of well-being.

2. How does physical environment affects humans in each stage of development?

Explain and discuss extensively.

The physical environment plays a crucial role in shaping human development across all
stages of life, from infancy to old age. Here's a breakdown of how the physical
environment impacts humans at each stage:

Prenatal Development: Even before birth, the physical environment influences

development. Factors such as maternal nutrition, exposure to toxins, stress levels, and
access to healthcare can all affect fetal development. For example, exposure to cigarette
smoke or pollutants can lead to developmental issues or health problems later in life.

Infancy: During infancy, the physical environment is paramount for healthy development.
Access to nutritious food, safe shelter, clean water, and proper healthcare are essential
for physical growth and cognitive development. Additionally, factors like caregiver
responsiveness, sensory stimulation, and the quality of early relationships profoundly
impact an infant's social and emotional development.

Early Childhood: The physical environment continues to play a significant role in early
childhood. Access to safe outdoor spaces for exploration and play supports physical
development and motor skills. Moreover, exposure to a rich sensory environment, such as
different textures, colors, and sounds, fosters cognitive development and creativity.
Adequate nutrition and healthcare remain critical during this stage for optimal growth and
development.

Middle Childhood: As children grow older, the physical environment expands beyond the
home to include schools, neighborhoods, and communities. The quality of schools,
availability of recreational facilities, and safety of the neighborhood can influence
academic achievement, social relationships, and overall well-being. Positive interactions
with peers and adults in the community contribute to the development of social skills and
resilience.
Adolescence: Adolescents are particularly sensitive to their physical environment as they
navigate issues of identity, autonomy, and peer relationships. Access to safe spaces for
socializing, recreational activities, and opportunities for positive peer interactions are
crucial for healthy development. Additionally, exposure to environmental stressors such
as poverty, violence, or discrimination can have long-lasting effects on mental health and
well-being.

Adulthood: In adulthood, individuals often have more control over their physical
environment, including where they live, work, and socialize. The quality of housing,
access to healthcare, employment opportunities, and environmental factors such as air
and water quality all impact physical health and overall quality of life. Moreover, social
support networks and community resources play a significant role in buffering against
stress and promoting resilience.

Old Age: In later life stages, the physical environment becomes increasingly important for
maintaining health and well-being. Accessible housing, transportation, and healthcare
services are essential for aging adults to remain independent and active in their
communities. Moreover, age-friendly environments that promote social engagement,
physical activity, and access to nature can enhance overall quality of life and mitigate the
effects of age-related declines.

In summary, the physical environment exerts a powerful influence on human development

at every stage of life, from prenatal development to old age. Providing supportive and
enriching environments that meet individuals' physical, emotional, and social needs is
essential for promoting optimal development and well-being across the lifespan.