3/27/24, 6:31 PM Ethernet Cables Explained | Eaton

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Ethernet Cables Explained

Choosing the right Ethernet cable category for your network
In 1973, Xerox PARC researcher Bob Metcalfe invented a high-speed networking system called
Ethernet to allow computer workstations, servers and printers to share data and resources. Today,
Ethernet connects hundreds of millions of devices in homes and businesses. In this article, we
explain the Ethernet cable types that form the basis of many wired networks.

Buying Ethernet Cable for your Network

If you are buying Ethernet cable for the first time, focus on these four features and you'll make a good decision. Other factors
are worth considering in certain circumstances so if in doubt, read on.

1 Speed (Data Rate): the speed of a cable refers to the amount of data it can transmit per second. 100 Mbps means the cable
can transmit 100 million bits of data a second. In a commercial network, speed is usually dictated by the equipment you are
connecting (for example, a network switch with Gigabit Ethernet ports). In the home, choose a cable that can support the speed
of your Internet connection, plus some room for speed upgrades in the future. A cable's Category designation (e.g. Cat5e, Cat6,
etc.) is an easy way to identify the speed of a cable. See Table 1: Category Cable Summary for more information.

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2 Shielding: some Ethernet cables are shielded to protect the cable's conductors from electromagnetic interference (EMI)
caused by power lines, large machinery and flourescent lighting. Shielding also prevents parallel conductors inside the cable
jacket from interacting with one another. See Ethernet Cable Shielding for more information.

3 Cable Length: The maximum length of an Ethernet cable is about 295 feet (90 meters). Good quality cables with shielding
and thicker conductors can reach further but some trial and error will be required. Keep in mind that cable runs are rarely
straight so plan on extra cable for some twists and turns. See Ethernet Cable Length for more information.

4 Installation Location: cable jackets are rated for fire safety. If you plan on running cable through walls or between floors,
choose rise-rated (CMR) or plenum-rated (CMP) cable. See Jacket Ratings for more information.

Why Buy from Eaton?

We know you have many brands to choose from. On the surface, they may all seem alike. It's what you don't see that
makes the difference. With Eaton, you get solid engineering, proven reliability and exceptional customer service. All
our products undergo rigorous quality control before they are offered for sale, and independent testing agencies verify
our products meet or exceed the latest safety and performance standards. Our commitment to quality allows us to
back our products with industry-leading warranties and responsive customer service. It's the Eaton difference.

Ethernet Cable Categories

The "Cat" in Cat5e, Cat6, etc. is short for "Category." Network cables are divided into categories based mainly on bandwidth
(measured in MHz), maximum data rate (measured in megabits per second) and shielding.

Cat1 For a time, this unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable was the most common form of wiring for voice telephone
systems in homes and offices. It consisted of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other and was
designed for analog voice communications.

Cat2 Category 2 cabling was capable of voice and data communications and was primarily used during the 1980s for
IBM Token Ring networks. It supported a data transmission rate of 4 Mbps.

Cat3 Introduced in the early 1990s, Category 3 cabling had four twisted pairs and was the first to support 10BaseT
Ethernet networks as well as digital voice communications. It is still found in older buildings but its 10 Mbps data
rate is considered too slow for modern networking.

Bandwidth vs. Data Rate

Bandwidth or frequency is a property of a cable and measures the rate at which a signal will cycle each second. 1 MHz
is equal to 1 million cycles per second. Cat5 can handle up to 100 million signals a second (or 100 MHz). The cable
category with the highest bandwidth is currently Cat8 with 2 billion (2 GHz) signals per second, 20 times as many as
Cat5.

Data Rate and Bandwidth are related terms but they are not the same. Higher frequencies carry more 1s and 0s,
allowing more bits of data to be transmitted per second. Cat5 cables have a one-to-one relationship between
bandwidth and data rate: 100 MHz cable can transmit 100 Mb per second. Higher Category cables such as Cat8 encode
the data so more bits can be transmitted in the same amount of time.

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Frequency (and therefore data rate) can be increased by increasing the gauge of the conductor wires, adding more
twists to the conductors, or adding shielding to each pair of conductors.

Cat4 Like Cat3, Category 4 cable is typically found in older buildings where the cost of complete replacement is
prohibitive. It had a data rate of 16 Mbps and was primarily used for IBM Token Ring networks.

Cat5 Introduced in 1995, Category 5 cable has a data rate of up to 100 Mbps. It is used for standard 10BaseT and
100BaseT (Fast Ethernet) networks, and can distribute data, video and telephone signals at distances up to 100
meters (328 ft.). Cat5e is not an official designation but is used by manufacturers to describe an enhanced Cat5
cable that is capable of speeds up to 1 Gbps. Its higher data rate is achieved by increasing the number of twists,
making it more resistant to crosstalk. Cat5e is recommended for new sub-Gigabit network installations.

Cat6 In comparison to Cat5e, Cat6 cable provides greater bandwidth and data transfer rates up to 1 Gbps over 100 m,
the same as Cat5e. However, at shorter distances of up to 37 m (121 ft.), Cat6 is able to achieve 10 Gbps speeds
thanks to its improved shielding and higher bandwidth. Cat6 includes a physical separator called a "spline"
between the four pairs to reduce crosstalk and foil shielding to reduce electromagnetic interference. Cat6 cabling
is backward compatible with the Cat5/5e standard. Introduced in 2009, Cat6a is an "augmented" Category 6
cable with a bandwidth of up to 500MHz.

Cat7 The Cat7 specification is a proprietary standard developed by a consortium of companies and is not endorsed by
IEEE or TIA/EIA. While substantially similar to the performance characteristics of Cat6a, Cat7 cables features
proprietary GG45 connectors and robust shielding. Cat7a (Category 7 Augmented) is a further refinement of Cat7,
capable of 40 Gigabit speeds over 50 meters and 100 Gbps up to 15 meters. The proprietary nature of the Cat7 and
Cat7a standards and lack of support from IEEE and EIA has resulted in a relatively small installed based for
Cat7/Cat7a.

Cat8 With a bandwidth of up to 2 GHz (2000 MHz) over 30 meters and a data rate of up to 40Gbs, Cat8 cable is ideal for
switch-to-switch communications in a 25GBase T or 40GBase T network. Its conductors are wrapped in foil to
virtually eliminate crosstalk and enable higher data rates. The result is a heavier gauge cable that is quite rigid
and can be difficult to install in tight spaces. It still uses RJ45 connectors and is backwards compatible with
previous standards.

Category Max. Data Rate Bandwidth Max. Distance Usage

Category 1 1 Mbps 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem lines

Category 2 4 Mbps 4 MHz LocalTalk & Telephone

Category 3 10 Mbps 16 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) 10BaseT Ethernet

Category 4 16 Mbps 20 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) Token Ring

Category 5 100 Mbps 100 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) 100BaseT Ethernet

Category 5e 1 Gbps 100 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) 100BaseT Ethernet, residential homes

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Category Max. Data Rate Bandwidth Max. Distance Usage

Category 6 1 Gbps 250 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) Gigabit Ethernet, commercial buildings
10Gb at 37 m (121 ft.)

Category 6a 10 Gbps 500 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) Gigabit Ethernet in data centers and commercial
buildings

Category 7 10 Gbps 600 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) 10 Gbps Core Infrastructure

Category 7a 10 Gbps 1000 MHz 100 m (328 ft.) 10 Gbps Core Infrastructure
40Gb at 50 m (164 ft.)

Category 8 25 Gbps (Cat8.1) 2000 MHz 30 m (98 ft.) 25 Gbps/40 Gbps Core Infrastructure
40 Gbps (Cat8.2)

What type of Ethernet cable should I buy for my home network?

Even with a speedy WiFi6 router, your connection to the Internet is usually the bandwidth bottleneck. Currently, the fastest
Internet plans available from the major carriers offer download speeds of 1 gigabit per second (1,000 Mbps). If you already
have the fastest Internet access available from your provider, use Cat6a cable. This will give you some headroom for future
speed increases. For Internet download speeds up to a gigabit, Cat5e is a good choice. You'll save a little money over Cat6a
and the thinner cable will be easier to install.

Ethernet Cable Length

The further a signal has to travel along a cable, the more it will degrade (a process known as attenuation) until it reaches the
point where it can no longer be detected, or is too distorted to be interpreted by the receiving device. Attenuation can also be
caused by noise due to electrical currents and radio frequencies. Cables with shielding to minimize noise will work reliably
over greater distances.

The maximum length of a Cat5e or Cat6 Ethernet cable is about 295 ft. (90 m), plus up to 16 ft. (5 m) of patch cable on either
end, for a total of 328 feet or 100 meters. Beyond this, the signal begins to degrade, reducing the speed and reliability of the
connection. Good quality cable can support runs in excess of 100 meters but data transmission speed may be reduced.
Higher data rates can also be achieved over shorter distances.

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Ethernet Cable Shielding

Cable shielding is a layer of material that is wrapped around the wires inside a cable to reduce interference and improve
signal quality. The shielding helps to prevent external electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference
(RFI) from affecting the data transmission over the cable.

Shielded Ethernet cables can employ two types of shielding:

Conductor Shielding protects each twisted pair using aluminum foil or braided wire strands

Cable Shielding wraps all twisted pairs in aluminum foil or braided wire strands

Cable Shielding Types

ISO/IEC 11801 Designation Industry Abbreviation Conductor Shielding Cable Shielding

U/UTP UTP or TPP None None

F/UTP FTP or STP Foil None

S/UTP STP Braiding None

SF/UTP SFTP or STP Braiding & Foil None

U/FTP STP None Foil

F/FTP FFTP Foil Foil

S/FTP SFTP Braiding Foil

SF/FTP SFTP or SSTP Braiding & Foil Foil

S/STP SSTP Braiding Braiding

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP) Outer Foil Shield/Unshielded Twisted Pair (F/UTP)

Outer Braided Shield/Unshielded Twisted Pair (S/UTP) Outer Braided Shield/Foiled Twisted Pair (S/FTP)

Outer Braided Shield/Braided Shield Twisted Pair (S/STP)

Ethernet Patch Cords and Connector Styles

Termination
Ethernet cables made from four twisted pairs are terminated using an 8-pin RJ45 connector. Older telephone cable based on
two twisted pairs typically use RJ11 connectors.

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The terms 8p8c (Eight Position, Eight Contact) and RJ45 are often used interchangeably but 8p8c actually refers to a category
of connectors of which RJ45 is one. The modern RJ45 Ethernet connector is the most common example of an 8p8c connector.

GG45 (GigaGate 45) or ARJ45 (Augmented RJ45) is a connector originally developed by French cable company Nexans for use
with Cat7 cable. GG45 connectors have 12 pins in total, 8 providing backwards compatibility with Cat6, and an additional 4
pins providing support for frequencies of up to 600MHz.

M12 coded connectors are found on Ethernet cords designed for

industrial applications. These cables are often exposed to vibration,
extreme temperatures and moisture. The threaded connectors are
designed to provide a waterproof and secure connection.

Why is an Ethernet cable connector called RJ45?

"RJ" stands for Registered Jack and refers to a standardized physical network interface. The "45" simply refers to the number
of the interface in the standard specification.

Connector Styles
Molded connectors are permanently attached to a cable using a
manufacturing process called over-molding. The connector and cable
are covered with a thermoplastic or silicon material to form one solid
piece called a boot, making the cable more durable and able to
withstanding a high number of insertion cycles.

Snagless connectors have a modified boot that protects the

connector's lock from being accidentally snapped off. Snagless cables
are typically used in situations where the cable is frequently
connected and disconnected, such as a laptop-to-wall network
connection.

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Cable Styles
Slim and Ultra-Slim Cables
Slim and Ultra-Slim cables have a diameter that's typically 30-50%
less than that of a standard Cat6 cable. Manufactured from small
gauge copper wire, the four-pair stranded cable increases airflow in
crowded equipment racks, which helps keep components cool and
functioning properly. The slim design also makes the cable lighter and
easier to install in high-density racks, cable trays and ductwork.

Flat Cables
Although not a common choice, flat cables have some unique
characteristics that make them beneficial in certain applications. Flat
cables have good heat dissipation and more evenly distribute physical
loads on the cable. They also bend only through the wide faces
whereas a conventional round cable bends in all directions.

A flat cable is a good choice if you need to carry an Ethernet patch

cable around in your laptop bag. It is strong, light and will not tangle
easily. Its flat shape makes it ideal for cable runs under carpet and
behind baseboard.

Solid Core Cables

Network cables are available in stranded and solid wire formats. As
the name suggests, a solid core cable uses one solid copper wire for
each conductor, so a 4-pair cable will have a total of 8 solid copper
wires. Solid conductor cable is easy to punch down, making it ideal for
structured wiring applications.

In situations where a cable is repeatedly flexed or connected and

disconnected, choose a stranded cable. For horizontal cable runs not
subject to repeated movement, or for Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) and
outdoor applications, use solid core cable.

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Armored Cable
The outer jacket of an armored cable is made from thermoplastic
polyurethane (TPU), a type of polyurethane known for its strength,
flexibility (even in low temperatures) and cut/abrasion resistance.
Armored cable is recommended for outdoor applications and any
location where the cable could potentially be crushed or cut.

What is a Crossover Cable?

There are two wiring standards used by RJ45 connectors, referred to as T568A and T568B. The difference is the pin
assignment for the green and orange pairs. T568A pin-outs are the most commonly used but either will work so long as both
ends of the cable are similarly wired. The U.S. Government requires the use of the T568A standard for networks installed
under a federal contract.

PIN SIGNAL T568A T568B

1 TX+ White/Green White/Orange

2 TX- Green Orange

3 RX+ White/Orange White/Green

4 TRD2+ Blue Blue

5 TRD2- White/Blue White/Blue

6 RX- Orange Green

7 TRS3+ White/Brown White/Brown

8 TRS3- Brown Brown

Wiring 8-Position RJ45 Modular Plugs: T568A and T568B Wiring Patterns

Cables with T568A wiring on one end and T568B on the other are known as "crossover" cables. You can identify a crossover
cable by comparing the order of wires on each end. If the wires are the same on each end (regardless of which pin
configuration is used), it is a "straight-through" cable. If they are different, it is a crossover cable.

Nowadays, most Ethernet switches and routers have a feature called auto-MDIX, which can detect which type of port or cable
(crossover or straight-through) is connected and swap the transmit and receive pins accordingly, removing the need for
crossover wiring.

Gauge
One of the factors limiting the length and data rate of Ethernet cable is the size of its conductors. Electrical current
encounters greater resistance when transmitted over thinner wire. The larger the conductor, the easier it is for the electrons
to pass through it resulting in lower resistance, lower signal loss and greater transmission distance.

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The diameter or gauge of a cable's conductor is referred to using American Wire Gauge (AWG) standard sizes. For example, a
24 AWG solid conductor is 0.0201 inches in diameter. A 28 AWG conductor is 0.0126 inches in diameter, almost half the size.
That's right, the smaller the AWG gauge, the bigger the conductor diameter.

Cable Type Typical Gauge Diameter (inches) Diameter (mm)

Cat8 22 AWG 0.0253 0.6438

Cat6/Cat6a 23 AWG 0.0226 0.5733

Cat5e 24 AWG 0.0201 0.5106

Slim Cat6 28 AWG 0.0126 0.3211

Ultra Slim Cat6 32 AWG 0.0080 0.2019

Conductor gauge affects a cable's performance but is typically not the most important factor. Shielding and twist rate have
more impact on signal strength and quality.

Twist Rates
Ever wondered why an Ethernet cable uses twisted pairs of conductor wires? Early telephone lines were susceptible to
interference from electrical wires that often shared the same utility poles. Engineers discovered that by swapping the
position of the telephone wires every few poles (i.e. the left line became the right and the right became the left), they could
reduce distortion. This technique of wire transposition was the first use of twisting, albeit with a very loose twist rate of
about six turns per mile.

In 1881, Scotsman and AT&T co-founder Alexander Graham Bell used the same technique to create the first twisted pair. By
the turn of the 20th century, twisted pair cable was widely used for transmission of signals on voice telephone lines.

Today, twisting conductor pairs is a common way to minimize signal interference and crosstalk, and increase cable
performance. The twist rate or "pitch" is usually measured as the number of twists per inch or centimeter.

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Twist Rate is not specified in the IEEE or TIA category cable standards and is left to the manufacturer to decide. Cat5e
typically has a twist rate of 4-5 twists per inch whereas Cat6 cables have a twist rate of 5 or more twists per inch. To further
reduce crosstalk, not all conductor pairs in a cable will have the same twist rate.

Jacket Ratings
Jackets protect the cable's conductors from physical damage, moisture and ultraviolet light. When installing cable in walls,
ceilings and under floors, it is important to use cables that meet the local code requirements (usually based on the NFPA's
National Electric Code). The three basic ratings for both cable types are general purpose, riser and plenum-rated.

Jacket Rating Description Applications Acceptable Substitute

CM/CMG Communications, General Purpose Patch cables. CMR, CMP

In-room cable runs.
Not for use in risers and
plenum.

Riser (CMR) Communications, Riser In-wall installation CMP

A riser is a vertical space, typically inside walls and May be required due to
between floors insurance or contractual
clauses

Plenum (CMP) Communications, Plenum Air ducts and plenums above

Plenum is space above and below floors typically and below floors.
occupied by heating and air conditioning ductwork May be required due to
insurance or contractual
clauses.

Outdoor (CMX) Outdoor Exterior installation.

LDPE (low-density polyethylene) Buried or exposed to moisture
or UV light.
Cable runs up to 50-ft.

Special Applications
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
PoE allows both power and data to be delivered over a single, solid core category cable. This makes it ideal for networking IP
devices like security cameras, access control readers, wireless access points (WAPs), sensors and lighting that require DC
power and a data network connection. PoE gives you the flexibility to install devices where you need them without having to
worry about access to AC power.

Further Reading
A Brief Overview of Power over Ethernet (PoE)

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Limited Power (LP) Applications

UL has developed a Limited Power Certification for Power-over-
Ethernet (PoE) applications. The LP designation, first introduced in
2015, indicates that a cable has been tested under "reasonable worst
case installation scenarios" and is capable of carrying the stated
current without exceeding the temperature rating of the cable. The LP
designation is particularly important in PoE++ applications where
power exceeds 60 watts.

N224-01K-BL-LP5

Outdoor Cable
Exterior-grade CMX Ethernet cable is waterproof and resistant to drying and cracking after long-term exposure to the sun. It
can also be buried in the ground without a conduit. Also consider cable and hooded connectors with an IP68 rating.

Plenum Spaces and Risers

Plenum is the space above or below a room that provides a way for air to return to a building's HVAC system. A riser is a
vertical shaft between floors for electrical wiring, water pipes, and voice or data cabling. In the event of a fire, it's critical that
cabling in these areas does not promote the spread of smoke and toxic fumes.

When selecting cable to run through plenum or risers, look for products with a jacket rating of CMP (plenum) or CMR (riser).
These cables have a higher degree of fire resistance and emit fewer toxic fumes compared to general purpose CM or CMG
rated cables. In the US, the NFPA's National Electrical Code (NEC) guidelines requires CMP or CMR cabling for plenum or risers
and compliance may be a contractual or legal requirement. Because CMP cables have a higher fire resistance, you can use
CMP in risers but you cannot use CMR cable in plenum spaces.

Anti-Bacterial Cables
The jacket on these cables is constructed using an antibacterial material that is 99.9% effective in inhibiting Escherichia coli
(E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (staph). This added protection makes these cables an ideal solution for high-touch
applications and in environments where bacterial infection is of particular concern, such as medical facilities, schools,
process manufacturing and restaurants/kitchens.

Choosing Ethernet Cables

What is the difference between Cat5 and Cat6?
Cat6 and Cat6a cables are more expensive than Cat5e so it's important to know what you're getting for your money. For cable
runs up to 50-ft, Cat6 is capable of 10 Gbps vs. 1 Gbps for Cat5e. For longer runs, Cat5e and Cat6 should give similar
performance.

Should I upgrade from Cat5e to Cat6?

Upgrading to Cat6 makes sense if the equipment on either end is capable of 10 Gbps. For example, core network connections
between switches, routers or bridges would benefit from the higher bandwidth.

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Are Cat8 cables worth the extra money?

Cat8 is designed for switch-to-switch communications in 25G and 40G networks. Residential and commercial projects
outside the data center would be better using Cat6a cable. Not only is it less expensive, it's also easier and faster to install.

Can you mix Cat5 and Cat6 cable in a network?

There's no problem in mixing Cat5e and Cat6 cable in the same network so long as you don't create a bottleneck. Use Cat6 in
the parts of your network where fast data transfer is important, such as between a switch and a router.

Are all Cat6 cables the same?

All good quality cables that have been tested and certified by the manufacturer for a certain bandwidth and data rate are
essentially the same. Shielded Cat6 and Cat6a cable will give you better performance than unshielded, particularly when
cables must be run in close proximity to power lines or large electrical equipment.

Do cheap cables work just as well?

In a word, no. Category cables are made of solid or stranded copper but some companies sell cheap versions made with
Copper Clad Aluminum (CCA), an aluminum conductor that is coated with copper. These cables are cheaper to manufacture
but result in a weaker cable that does not perform as well.

Products Mentioned in this Article

CAT5E CAT6 CAT6A CAT8

BULK CABLE

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Why Buy from Eaton?

We know you have many brands to choose from. On the surface, they may all seem alike. It's what you don't see that
makes the difference. With Eaton, you get solid engineering, proven reliability and exceptional customer service. All
our products undergo rigorous quality control before they are offered for sale, and independent testing agencies verify
our products meet or exceed the latest safety and performance standards. Our commitment to quality allows us to
back our products with industry-leading warranties and responsive customer service. It's the Eaton difference.

Have Questions?

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