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The document discusses IS-95, the first digital cellular technology that used code-division multiple access (CDMA). It was developed by Qualcomm and adopted as a standard in 1995. IS-95 is a 2G standard that uses CDMA to send voice, data, and signaling between mobile phones and cell sites using PN codes. It competed with other 2G standards in North America.

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16 views

PMOP3

The document discusses IS-95, the first digital cellular technology that used code-division multiple access (CDMA). It was developed by Qualcomm and adopted as a standard in 1995. IS-95 is a 2G standard that uses CDMA to send voice, data, and signaling between mobile phones and cell sites using PN codes. It competed with other 2G standards in North America.

Uploaded by

jafasoh293
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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nterim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the first digital cellular technology that used code-division multiple access (CDMA).

It was developed
by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The
proprietary name for IS-95 is cdmaOne.

It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data
(such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites. CDMA transmits streams of bits (PN codes). CDMA permits several
radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike time-division multiple access (TDMA), a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all
the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller
numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards,[citation needed] or the oldest cellular
standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136), a TDMA-based standard, as well as with the TDMA-based GSM. It was
supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard.

Protocol revisions[edit]
cdmaOne's technical history is reflective of both its birth as a Qualcomm internal project, and the world of then-unproven competing digital cellular
standards under which it was developed. The term IS-95 generically applies to the earlier set of protocol revisions, namely P_REV's one through five.

P_REV=1 was developed under an ANSI standards process with documentation reference J-STD-008. J-STD-008, published in 1995, was only
defined for the then-new North American PCS band (Band Class 1, 1900 MHz). The term IS-95 properly refers to P_REV=1, developed under
the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) standards process, for the North American cellular band (Band Class 0, 800 MHz) under roughly
the same time frame. IS-95 offered interoperation (including handoff) with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have
most technical details in common. The immature style and structure of both documents are highly reflective of the "standardizing" of Qualcomm's
internal project.

P_REV=2 is termed Interim Standard 95A (IS-95A). IS-95A was developed for Band Class 0 only, as in incremental improvement over IS-95 in the TIA
standards process.

P_REV=3 is termed Technical Services Bulletin 74 (TSB-74). TSB-74 was the next incremental improvement over IS-95A in the TIA standards
process.

P_REV=4 is termed Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase I, and P_REV=5 is termed Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase II. The IS-95B standards
track provided for a merging of the TIA and ANSI standards tracks under the TIA, and was the first document that provided for interoperation of IS-95
mobile handsets in both band classes (dual-band operation). P_REV=4 was by far the most popular variant of IS-95, with P_REV=5 only seeing
minimal uptake in South Korea.

P_REV=6 and beyond fall under the CDMA2000 umbrella. Besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 documents are much more mature in terms of
layout and content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to IS-95.

Protocol details[edit]

cdmaOne network structure


The IS-95 standards describe an air interface,[1] a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95 is widely described as a three-
layer stack, where L1 corresponds to the physical (PHY) layer, L2 refers to the Media Access Control (MAC) and Link-Access Control (LAC) sublayers,
and L3 to the call-processing state machine.

Physical layer[edit]
IS-95 defines the transmission of signals in both the forward (network-to-mobile) and reverse (mobile-to-network) directions.

In the forward direction, radio signals are transmitted by base stations (BTS's). Every BTS is synchronized with a GPS receiver so transmissions are
tightly controlled in time. All forward transmissions are QPSK with a chip rate of 1,228,800 per second. Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of

length 64 and a pseudo-random noise code (PN code) of length 215, yielding a PN roll-over period of ms.

For the reverse direction, radio signals are transmitted by the mobile. Reverse link transmissions are OQPSK in order to operate in the optimal range of
the mobile's power amplifier. Like the forward link, the chip rate is 1,228,800 per second and signals are spread with Walsh codes and the pseudo-
random noise code, which is also known as a Short Code.
Forward broadcast channels[edit]

Every BTS dedicates a significant amount of output power to a pilot channel, which is an unmodulated PN sequence (in other words, spread with
Walsh code 0). Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN offset

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