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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From top, left to right: Time Magazine cover featuring a ChatGPT conversation; mechanical dove image
created in Midjourney; AlphaFold 2 performance, experiments, and architecture.
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The AI boom,[1][2] or AI spring,[3][4] is the ongoing period of rapid progress in the field
of artificial intelligence. Prominent examples include generative AI and protein folding
prediction, led by laboratories including Google DeepMind and OpenAI.
The AI boom is expected to have a profound cultural, philosophical,[5] religious,
[6]
economic,[7] and social impact,[8] as questions such as AI alignment,[9] qualia,[5] and the
development of artificial general intelligence[9] became widely prominent topics of
popular discussion.[10]
History[edit]
In 2012, a University of Toronto research team used artificial neural networks and deep
learning techniques to lower the error rate below 25% for the first time during
the ImageNet challenge for object recognition in computer vision. The event catalyzed
the AI boom later that decade, when many alumni of the ImageNet challenge became
leaders in the tech industry.[11][12] The generative AI race began in earnest in 2016 or 2017
following the founding of OpenAI and earlier advances made in graphical processing
units, the amount and quality of training data, generative adversarial networks, diffusion
models and transformer architectures.[13][14] In 2018, the Artificial Intelligence Index, an
initiative from Stanford University, reported a global explosion of commercial and
research efforts in AI. Europe published the largest number of papers in the field that
year, followed by China and North America.[15] Technologies such as AlphaFold led to
more accurate predictions of protein folding and improved the process of drug
development.[16] Economists and lawmakers began to discuss the potential impact of AI
more frequently.[17][18] By 2022, large language models saw increased usage in chatbot
applications; text-to-image-models could generate images that appeared to be human-
made;[19] and speech synthesis software was able to replicate human speech efficiently.
[20]
According to metrics from 2017 to 2021, the United States outranks the rest of the world
in terms of venture capital funding, the number of startups, and patents granted in AI.[21]
[22]
Scientists who have immigrated to the U.S. play an outsize role in the country's
development of AI technology.[23][24] Many of them were educated in China, prompting
debates about national security concerns amid worsening relations between the two
countries.[25]
Experts have framed AI development as a competition for economic and geopolitical
advantage between the United States and China.[26] In 2021 an analyst for the Council
on Foreign Relations outlined ways that the U.S. could maintain its position amid
progress made by China.[27][28] In 2023 an analyst at the Center for Strategic and
International Studies advocated for the U.S. to use its dominance in AI technology to
drive its foreign policy instead of relying on trade agreements.[21]
Advances[edit]
See also: Deepfake and Progress in artificial intelligence
Biomedical[edit]
There have been proposals to use AI to advance radical forms of human life extension.
[29]
The AlphaFold 2 score of more than 90 in CASP's global distance test (GDT) is
considered a significant achievement in computational biology[30] and great progress
towards a decades-old grand challenge of biology.[31] Nobel Prize winner and structural
biologist Venki Ramakrishnan called the result "a stunning advance on the protein
folding problem",[30] adding that "It has occurred decades before many people in the field
would have predicted."[32][33]
The ability to predict protein structures accurately based on the constituent amino acid
sequence is expected to accelerate drug discovery and enable a better understanding
of diseases.[31][34][35] It went on to note that the AI algorithm could "predict the shape of
proteins to within the width of an atom."[35]
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This page was last edited on 11 March 2024, at 00:04 (UTC).
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