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AI Boom

The AI boom refers to the ongoing period of rapid progress in artificial intelligence, led by companies like Google DeepMind and OpenAI. Major advances include generative AI, protein folding prediction from AlphaFold 2, and increasingly capable language models like GPT-3 and its successors. While AI has potential benefits, its rise has also prompted discussions around economic and geopolitical competition, as well as concerns regarding safety, bias, and misuse.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views

AI Boom

The AI boom refers to the ongoing period of rapid progress in artificial intelligence, led by companies like Google DeepMind and OpenAI. Major advances include generative AI, protein folding prediction from AlphaFold 2, and increasingly capable language models like GPT-3 and its successors. While AI has potential benefits, its rise has also prompted discussions around economic and geopolitical competition, as well as concerns regarding safety, bias, and misuse.

Uploaded by

jeff.kaharu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From top, left to right: Time Magazine cover featuring a ChatGPT conversation; mechanical dove image
created in Midjourney; AlphaFold 2 performance, experiments, and architecture.

Part of a series on

Artificial intelligence

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Major goals

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Approaches

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Applications

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Philosophy

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History

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Glossary

 v
 t
 e

The AI boom,[1][2] or AI spring,[3][4] is the ongoing period of rapid progress in the field
of artificial intelligence. Prominent examples include generative AI and protein folding
prediction, led by laboratories including Google DeepMind and OpenAI.
The AI boom is expected to have a profound cultural, philosophical,[5] religious,
[6]
economic,[7] and social impact,[8] as questions such as AI alignment,[9] qualia,[5] and the
development of artificial general intelligence[9] became widely prominent topics of
popular discussion.[10]
History[edit]
In 2012, a University of Toronto research team used artificial neural networks and deep
learning techniques to lower the error rate below 25% for the first time during
the ImageNet challenge for object recognition in computer vision. The event catalyzed
the AI boom later that decade, when many alumni of the ImageNet challenge became
leaders in the tech industry.[11][12] The generative AI race began in earnest in 2016 or 2017
following the founding of OpenAI and earlier advances made in graphical processing
units, the amount and quality of training data, generative adversarial networks, diffusion
models and transformer architectures.[13][14] In 2018, the Artificial Intelligence Index, an
initiative from Stanford University, reported a global explosion of commercial and
research efforts in AI. Europe published the largest number of papers in the field that
year, followed by China and North America.[15] Technologies such as AlphaFold led to
more accurate predictions of protein folding and improved the process of drug
development.[16] Economists and lawmakers began to discuss the potential impact of AI
more frequently.[17][18] By 2022, large language models saw increased usage in chatbot
applications; text-to-image-models could generate images that appeared to be human-
made;[19] and speech synthesis software was able to replicate human speech efficiently.
[20]
According to metrics from 2017 to 2021, the United States outranks the rest of the world
in terms of venture capital funding, the number of startups, and patents granted in AI.[21]
[22]
Scientists who have immigrated to the U.S. play an outsize role in the country's
development of AI technology.[23][24] Many of them were educated in China, prompting
debates about national security concerns amid worsening relations between the two
countries.[25]
Experts have framed AI development as a competition for economic and geopolitical
advantage between the United States and China.[26] In 2021 an analyst for the Council
on Foreign Relations outlined ways that the U.S. could maintain its position amid
progress made by China.[27][28] In 2023 an analyst at the Center for Strategic and
International Studies advocated for the U.S. to use its dominance in AI technology to
drive its foreign policy instead of relying on trade agreements.[21]
Advances[edit]
See also: Deepfake and Progress in artificial intelligence
Biomedical[edit]
There have been proposals to use AI to advance radical forms of human life extension.
[29]

The AlphaFold 2 score of more than 90 in CASP's global distance test (GDT) is
considered a significant achievement in computational biology[30] and great progress
towards a decades-old grand challenge of biology.[31] Nobel Prize winner and structural
biologist Venki Ramakrishnan called the result "a stunning advance on the protein
folding problem",[30] adding that "It has occurred decades before many people in the field
would have predicted."[32][33]
The ability to predict protein structures accurately based on the constituent amino acid
sequence is expected to accelerate drug discovery and enable a better understanding
of diseases.[31][34][35] It went on to note that the AI algorithm could "predict the shape of
proteins to within the width of an atom."[35]
Images and videos[edit]

An image generated by Stable Diffusion based on the


text prompt "a photograph of an astronaut riding a horse"
Text-to-image models captured widespread public attention when OpenAI
announced DALL-E, a transformer system, in January 2021.[36] A successor capable of
generating complex and realistic images, DALL-E 2, was unveiled in April 2022.[37] An
alternative text-to-image model, Midjourney, was released in July 2022.[38] Another
alternative, open-source model Stable Diffusion, released in August 2022.[39]
Following other text-to-image models, language model-powered text-to-video platforms
such as OpenAI's Sora, DAMO,[40] Make-A-Video,[41] Imagen Video[42] and Phenaki[43] can
generate video from text as well as image prompts.[44]
Language[edit]
GPT-3 is a large language model that was released in 2020 by OpenAI and is capable
of generating high-quality human-like text.[45] The tool has been credited with spurring
and accelerating the A.I. boom following its release.[46][47][48] An upgraded version called
GPT-3.5 was used in ChatGPT, which later garnered attention for its detailed responses
and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge.[49] A new version
called GPT-4 was released on March 14, 2023, and was used in the Microsoft
Bing search engine.[50][51] Other language models have been released, such
as PaLM and Gemini by Google and LLaMA by Meta Platforms.
In January 2023, DeepL Write, an AI-based tool to improve monolingual texts, was
released.[52] In December 2023, Gemini, the latest model by Google, was unveiled,
claiming to beat previous state-of-the-art-model GPT-4 on most benchmarks.[53]
Music and voice[edit]
In 2016, Google DeepMind unveiled WaveNet, a deep learning network that produced
English, Mandarin, and piano music.[54] ElevenLabs allowed users to upload voice
samples and create audio that sounds similar to the samples. The company was
criticized[by whom?] after controversial[among whom?] statements were generated based on the vocal
styles of celebrities, public officials, and other famous individuals,[55] raising concerns[among
whom?]
that the technology could make deepfakes even more convincing.[56] An unofficial
song created using the voices of musicians Drake and The Weeknd raised questions[among
whom?]
about the ethics and legality of similar software.[57]
Impact[edit]
Cultural[edit]
During the AI boom, different factions emerged.[58]
Dominance by tech giants[edit]
The commercial AI scene is dominated by American Big Tech companies such
as Alphabet Inc., Amazon, Apple Inc., Meta Platforms, and Microsoft, whose
investments in this area have surpassed those from U.S.-based venture capitalists.[59][60]
[61]
Some of these players already own the vast majority of existing cloud
computing infrastructure, which could help entrench them further in the marketplace.[62]
Intellectual property[edit]
Tech companies have been sued by artists and software developers for using their work
to train AI models.[63]
Concerns[edit]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on
Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for
suggestions. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

AI can be used for a wide range of beneficial purposes, including in education,


[64]
healthcare,[65] and transportation. According to Sam Altman, AI "will be the most
tremendous leap forward in quality of life for people that we’ve had", an aspect that
"somehow gets lost from the discussion".[66] But as a dual-use technology, it can also be
misused[how?] by malicious actors. Numerous safety concerns[specify] have been expressed by
experts[who?].[67] AI is expected[by whom?] to improve the "accessibility, success rate, scale,
speed, stealth and potency of cyberattacks", potentially causing "significant geopolitical
turbulence" if it reinforces attack more than defense.[67][68] Concerns have been raised[among
whom?]
about the potential capability of future AI systems to engineer particularly lethal and
contagious pathogens.[69] The ability to generate convincing, personalized messages as
well as realistic images may facilitate large-scale misinformation, manipulation, and
propaganda.[70] Industry leaders[who?] have further warned that humanity might
irreversibly lose control over a sufficiently advanced artificial general intelligence.[71]
Rapid progress in artificial intelligence has also sparked[among whom?] discussions[among whom?] on
whether some future AI systems will be sentient or otherwise worthy of moral
consideration,[72] and whether they should be granted rights.[73]
Many experts[who?] have stated that the AI boom has started an arms race in which large
companies are competing against each other to have the most powerful AI model on the
market, with speed and profit prioritized over safety and user protection.[74] There have
been various reports[among whom?] about racist words being written by ChatGPT in 2022,
Microsoft's Tay in 2016, and discrimination done on the basis of facial recognition
models.[75] As AI becomes more sophisticated, it may eventually become cheaper and
more efficient than human workers, which could cause technological unemployment and
a transition period of economic turmoil.[76][17] Public reaction to the AI boom has been
mixed, with some parties[who?] hailing the new possibilities that AI creates,[77] its
sophistication and potential for benefiting humanity; while other parties[who?] denounced it
for threatening job security, and for giving 'uncanny' or flawed responses.[78][79][80][81]
The prevailing[among whom?] AI race mindset heightens the risks associated with the
development of artificial general intelligence.[74] While competition can foster innovation
and progress, an intense race to outperform rivals may encourage[among whom?] the
prioritization of short-term gains over long-term safety.[82]
Several incidents involving Deepfake Pornography were noted. In late January
2024, deepfake images of American Musician Taylor Swift proliferated. Several experts
have warned that it's faster and more accessible, due to the relative ease of using the
technology. [83] Canada introduced legislation at the Federal Level targeting AI-generated
photos, several provinces had already previously targeted this.[84] In the United States,
the DEFIANCE Act of 2024 was introduced.[85]
See also[edit]

 Technology portal

 AI winter, a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research


 AI era, the long-term transition to a post-labor society enabled by artificial
intelligence
 History of artificial intelligence
 History of artificial neural networks
 Hype cycle
 Progress in artificial intelligence
 Regulation of artificial intelligence
 Technological singularity
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