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Math Chapter 5

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13 views

Math Chapter 5

Y

Uploaded by

yas22e5019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Even and Odd Functions They are special types of functions Even Functions A function is “even” wher f(x) = f(—x) for all x In other words there is symmetry about the y-axis (Ike a reflection): This is the curve f(x) = x241 ~ They got called "even" functions because the functions x2, x4, x9, x8, etc behave lice that, but there z are other functions that behave like that too, such as cos(x): Cosine function: F(x) = cos(x) It is an even function But an even exponent does not always make an even function, for example (x+1)2 is not an even function. & Odd Functions ‘A function is “odd” when: —F(x) = f(—x) for all x Note the minus in front of f: ~£(x). And we get origin symmetry equal distance This is the curve f(x) = x3-x They got called "odd" because the functions x, x3, x5, x7, etc behave like that, but there are other functions that behave like that, too, such as sin(x) ay Sine function: F(x) = sin(x) Itis an odd function But an odd exponent does not always make an odd function, for example x3+1 is not an odd function. Neither Odd nor Even Don't be misled by the names "odd" and “even” have to be even or odd. . they are just names .., and a function does not In fect most functions are neither odd nor even. For example, just adding 1 to the curve above gets this: NOT equal This is the curve f(x) = x3—x+1 It is not an odd function, and it is not an even function cither. Ttis neither odd nor even! Even or Oddi Example: is f(x) = x/(x2—1) Even or Odd or neither? Let's see what happens when we substitute —x- Put in" f(=x) = (—)/(-x)2-1) simplify: = -x/(x2-1) = -f(x) So f(—x) = —f(x) and hence it is an Odd Function Cc Chapter Five Fourier Series Periodic Function A function f(x) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T’ if for all t, f(t+T7)= f(t), where T is a positive constant. The least value of T > 0 is called the period of f(t) Example > The function sin(x) has period 277, since sin(x +27) = sin(x) > The period of sin(nx) or cos(nx), where 71 is a positive integer, is 27 /n Example 3 O f= Period =10 fe) {3 -5 Period =2n —— Period ——+ , a. 7 + * 0 O f(xafl Q d, sin(na,t) = = where the Fourier coefficients a, and b, are ra 4, = J FOcos(ne,tat n=0.12.... tn n=0,1,2.... with @, = and Example Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function . 0 -S b= -1 —n odd Gint — n odd ‘The corresponding Fourier series is SQ) =d, +a, cos(na,x) +>, sin(na,x) 3 6(.. (z 1. (3a 1 10) =3.+9{sin{ E+ 2sin( SE) Jain) a Notes: > sin(nz)=0, — sinQnx)=0 ea 8 0 n even > sin) +1 n=159,. (1,9) 0) Hl n=3,71L.. +1 on even (0,-1) > cos(nm)= -1n odd > cos(2nz)=1 0 n odd > on™) = +1 n=4812,... -1 n=26,10.... v v ra ra Jsinke,t)dt= feos(katdr=0 if k= -in -in Proof mi L ria JsinGea,t)dt = -—eos(kat)|.-, i ko, ; 1 =—-—(cos(k) —cos(-kz))= 0 kay ™ 1 re ; I cos(koytt = Foster = viol 222) sil #2252) ko, T 2 T 2 =— Gintkz)-sin(-kx)) =0 ka, rm ra 0 men Jeos(ma,t)cos(na,t)dt = fsin(ma,t)sin(na,t)dt -in in T/2 m=n where m and 7 assume any of the values 1,2, Proof Using the trigonometry cos(A) cos(B) = Foost —B)+ Foosta +B) then Ifm#n mm 172 12 Jeos(ma,t)cos(na,t)dt = 5 Jeos((m— Monts Jeos((m+ m)a,t)=0 fa 4a a Also, by using sin(A)sin(B) = Feost4 -B)- Aeost +B) then Iemén me fsinQne,1)sin(ne,t)dt = fa If m=n, we have re 2 -os(ma,t)cos(n@,t)dt =t (1+cos(2na,t))dt “vee 3 fates Jeos(2ne,t)dt = th +a mm [sin@ne,Nsin(ne, ‘at => jo- cos(2na,t))dt a tn ra 3 Ja 17 [cornny Hat = aes Qs 2\2°2 ra Note that if m=n=0 then fcos(ma,t)cos(nagt)at = in 7a and J sin(ma,t)sin(na,t)dt = 0 a m JsinQna,1 cos(na,tdt = 0 Proof Using the trigonometry sin(A)cos(B) = sinc -B) +5sin(d +B) Ifm#n q v i rR Jsin(mo,t)cos(no,i)dt =~ [sin((m—n)oyt)dt +4 ‘fsin((m +n)o,t)dt=0 ta If m=n, we have 7a JsinGna,t) cos(n@,t)at = -3 ‘Jsin@noyt)dr=0 a ana Example Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function -k -# b, sin(ne,x) oF 4 140)="[sin(s)+dsin(s)+sin(S5)+ . -) a 3 5 ‘The partial sums are =k sinay, 8, = sings) +n a 3 wa nr (a) The given function /tz) (Periodic rectangular wave) (b) The first three partial sums of the corresponding Fourier series 10 Example Find the Fourier series of the periodic function fax O a= T Since the function is even then b, = 0 22 27K = ) = “dx = (x)de = 7 J ms : Jain x) 4 cost” = 24-0)=2 z z x 4m 4re a J f(x) cos(na, xd = — J sin(x) cos(2nx)dx Tr 0 a mm =2 Jsin(a- amxyaes 2 Jsin(+ 2n)x)de a > 15 cos((1+ 20 1422 den a 1 1 ex{a-2m5) eof a+am 1-2n 1+2n 1-2n 142n o2142n+1-2n_ Ale =A a I-44? = fej=2 4 (Joosanys Lemans. ) a2 Example Expand f(x)=x,0 je -(ooC2)-ob42 -4 — in even 7 =—cos(nr) = nt 4 on odd nt Then f(x)= E eosenmysin( 22 “| 4[. (2) 1. 72) 1 (=) ==} sin 2 |< sin 2 )+—sinf “2 |... ‘|: 2) 2 (2/3 (2 (b) To get a cosine series the function must be an even function. So, we extend the given function to have an even function. This is called the even extension of f(x) 12) nN aN \ “ 7 ON ZN XN 4™~ ‘ Nov \ Ns + TOIT Tt T=4 > a= a 2 Since now the funetion is even then B, = 0 hae [reoae= 3 =F] =i. a,= Tr (x)eos(ne,x)dr = 4] veo = fx > a 2 off 2022) -of 4eo(e™2)f 0 n even = (costna)-1)= z 8 on odd nr then f(a)=d, +, (coser)~1)sin{ =) Pa 8 fx 1 3ax) 1 Sax S(x)= 1-5 (sn a Jeb (2S oi } ga 7 +] Complex Notation for Fourier Series ‘The Fourier series for f(t) can be written in complex notation as f= xs, en where TR E= “7 Jr@er™at Tita Example Write an expression for the function f(x) in terms of the complex exponential Fourier series. Solution T=2 > o=—===7 G 17 mes gy = Lf in ote techy Lf (te pie de=5[ fee ar=5](e a3 We dx =hitem e-em )a fen) 2 na” odd 0 n even 2 (greg lene lee yg gis Lyte 3 3 wo

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