PRINCETON COLLEGE

GRADE 9

BASIC SCIENCE

SECOND TERM CLASS NOTE

2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

Mr. Ekeh Williams C.

 LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION:
UNIFIED SCHEMES OF WORK FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL.

WEEK TOPIC SUB-TOPICS

I. Meaning of Family Traits
II. Genetics
III. Heredity

1 FAMILY TRAITS IV. Examples of Family Traits

V. Variation.
VI. Meaning of Dominant and Recessive Traits
VII. Importance of Family Traits.
I. The menstrual cycle.
II. Fertilization.
2–3 RADIOACTIVITY III. Conception.
IV. foetal development.
I. Electrical energy
II. electricity
III. Flow of electrons
IV. Components of an Electric Circuit and
ELECTROSTATICS AND
4
ELECTRIC CURRENTS their Functions
V. Circuit series and parallel
VI. Fuses and circuit breakers
VII. Electrical power.
I. meaning of renewable and non-renewable
energy
II. Examples of renewable and non-
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND NON-
5
RENEWABLE ENERGY renewable energy
III. The differences between renewable and
non-renewable energy.

I. meaning of momentum
6 MOMENTUM
II. Law of conservation of linear momentum
 III. Difference between elastic and inelastic
collision

MID TERM BREAK AND TEST & OPEN DAY

7
TEST/OPEN DAY

i. Drug
ii. Modes of drug abuse
iii. drug misuse and drug addiction
iv. the sources of drugs and commonly
8 DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
abused substances.
v. Effects of drug abuse
vi. Prevention of drug abuse
vii. Drug control agencies.
i. Atomic structure, and atomic number.
ii. Valency
iii. Bonding
CHEMICAL BONDING
9 – 10
iv. Covalent Bond
v. Ionic Bond
vi. Chemical formulae.
i. principle of moments
ii. pressure
MOMENTS, PRESSURE AND iii. pressures in gases and liquids
11
DENSITY
iv. Density
v. The densities of solids, liquids and gases.

12 REVISION AND EXAMINATION -

BASIC SCIENCE Week 1

Topic: REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

Sub Topics: • Meaning of Family Traits
• Genetics
• Heredity
• Examples of Family Traits
• Variation.
• Meaning of Dominant and Recessive Traits
• Importance of Family Traits.
Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the You should be able to:
i. Understand the Meaning of Genetics, Heredity, and Variation.
ii. Explain the meaning Dominant and Recessive Traits.
Key Words: Family, Gene, Variation, Traits.
Instructional
a picture showing family members with different colour and attributes.
materials:
Reference materials: New General Basic Science for junior secondary school (1st Edition, 2015)

Content:
FAMILY TRAITS

Genetics: is defined as the study of heredity and variation in living things. The study of heredity,
or how the characteristics of living things are transmitted from one generation to the next. Every
living thing contains the genetic material that makes up DNA molecules. This material is passed
on when organisms reproduce. The basic unit of heredity is the gene.
Genetics is the process of a parent passing certain genes to their children. A person’s appearance
— height, hair color, skin color, and eye color — is determined by genes. Other characteristics
affected by heredity are:
 • Likelihood of getting certain diseases
• Mental abilities
• Natural talents
An abnormal trait (anomaly) that is passed down through families (inherited) may:
• Have no effect on your health or well-being — for example, the trait might just cause a
white patch of hair or an earlobe that is longer than normal
• Have only a minor effect — for example, color blindness
• Have a major effect on your quality or length of life

Heredity (Inheritance): is defined as the transmission of

characters from parents to offspring via genes. It is
responsible for the similarity and small differences
between parents and offspring. Heredity is the sum of the
qualities and potentialities genetically derived from one’s
ancestors. It is also defined as the transmission of traits
from ancestor to descendant through the molecular
mechanism lying primarily in the DNA or RNA of the
genes. Heredity is the passing of phenotypic traits from
parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. This is
the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

Variation: is defined as the differences which exist between parents and offspring as well as
among the offspring. Variation, is any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups
of organisms of any species caused either by genetic differences (genotypic variation) or by the
effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials (phenotypic variation).
Therefore, family traits are those inherited characters, which show variations among members
of a family. The features that you use to recognize the parents of each child are called Family
Traits. These traits are transmittable characters which are passed from parents to offspring from
one generation to another. Some characters that are genetically transferred from parents to
offspring include
1. shape of face, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth and ears
2. colour of skin, hair and eyes
3. height of the body
4. method of walking
5. quantity of hair, eyebrow and eyelashes and some genetic disease conditions such as
albinism, sickle cells anaemia, colour blindness, etc.

Dominant and Recessive Traits

Dominant Traits: These are trait that keeps appearing in each successive generation.
Recessive Traits: These are trait present in a living organism, yet they do not appear physically
because of the dominant trait in the offspring, but may suddenly appear in successive generation.
For example, a dominant tall man (AA) who married a recessive short woman (aa) may not
produce any short child or children. But the children having the recessive traits or genes may
produce short child or children by the second generation.
 Comparison between Dominant and Recessive Traits

Dominant Traits Recessive Traits

1. Traits are manifested outwardly Traits are not manifested outwardly

2. Traits are controlled by dominant Traits are controlled by the recessive genes
genes

Importance of Family Traits

a) Intelligence: Intelligent parents usually give birth to intelligent children. This trait (character)
seems to be continuous in most family generations.
b) Diseases: The study of family traits has helped in the understanding of some genetic diseases
like albinism, sickle cell anaemia, colour blindness, etc. Prospective spouses are counseled to
check their genetic make-up before entering into marriage to avoid transmitting genetic diseases.
c) Resemblance: Family trait also helps to identify a member of a particular family.
d) Family Genealogy: One can easily trace a person’s ancestor (lineage) and predict his present
and future characteristics through the family traits.

Evaluation:
1. Define the following:
a. Family Traits
b. Genetics
c. Heredity
2. Give 3 examples of Family Traits
3. What is Variation?
4. Explain the meaning of Dominant and Recessive Traits
5. Give the Importance of Family Traits.

Assignment:
• Evaluation for this week is located on eduffice CBT.
BASIC SCIENCE Week 2&3

Topic: Radioactivity
Sub Topics: • Right and Wrong Application of Science.
• Implications of bad scientific practices.
• Adverse Effects on the Country.
Learning objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the You should be able to:
i. Explain the meaning of Radioactivity.
ii. Mention the types of radiation.
iii. State radioactive Properties of alpha, beta and gamma particles.
iv. State the uses of radioactivity.

Key Words: Particles Radiation Isotopes

Instructional materials: Images of the Alpha, beta, and gamma particles and their uses in today’s world.
Reference materials: New General Basic Science for junior secondary school (1st Edition, 2015)

CONTENT:
RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactivity is the disposition of certain elements to send out rays on their own. This makes the nuclei
break down. It also refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability.
Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two stronger forces in nature, it should
not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of
radiation.
The most common types of radiation are called alpha, beta and gamma radiation, but there are several
other varieties of radioactive decay. The atom has a nucleus around which electrons evolve. The nucleus
contains protons and neutrons. A proton has a positive electric charge while the neutron is neutral i.e. it
has no charge. The electron has a given negative electric charge. When a radioactive element sends out
rays, the structure of its atom changes, in some cases the number of electrons revolving round the
nucleus reduces.

There are naturally occurring radioactive elements and artificial ones. Natural radioactive elements
include radium, uranium, plutonium, thorium etc. Artificial radioactive elements are made by using
neutrons and protons to bombard the normal atoms of sulphur, iodine and cobalt include sulphur-35,
iodine-131 and cobalt-60. They are artificial isotopes and so are called radio-isotopes since they are
radioactive elements. Both natural and artificial radioactive elements disintegrate by giving out alpha,
beta and gamma rays.
Types of Radiation and Properties
Alpha Emission –[α]radioactive or radio isotopes emits an alpha particle which is represented [He].
The mass number of the radioactivity isotope is reduced by 4 and the atomic number also reduced by 2.
Properties of Alpha Emission
1. it is positively charge.
2. it has penetrating power and can be stopped by sheet of paper.
3. it can be deflected by towards the negatively plate in an electrostatic field since they are positively
4. it has high ionizing power.
5. it has helium particles.

Beta Emission –[β] when a radioactive isotope element emission beta particle, the atomic number is
increased by 1. This does not affect the mass number. Beta particle is represented by i.e. A proton with
the loss of an electron with escape of Beta particles.
Properties of beta emission.
1. The particle is negatively charged.
2. It has a relatively small mass.
3. They are deflected to the positive plate in an electrostatic field.
4. It has more penetrating power than alpha particle.
5. It has lower ionizing power than alpha particle.

Gamma Emission – (γ) gamma ray is represented by [γ] it is often emitted along alpha and beta
particles.
Properties of Gamma Emission
1. gamma rays are electron magnetic waves similar to visible light
2.it has least ionizing power
3. it has most penetrating power than alpha & beta
4. it causes fluorescence in sodium iodine and zinc sulphate.
5. it is un affected by electrostatic field.
Click the following links for more;
Properties of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation
Briefly on radioactive particles
History of Radioactivity
 PENETRATION OF MATTER
Though the most massive and most energetic of radioactive emissions, the alpha particle is the shortest
in range because of its strong interaction with matter. The electromagnetic gamma ray is extremely
penetrating, even penetrating considerable thicknesses of concrete. The electron of beta radioactivity
strongly interacts with matter and has a short range.

USES OF RADIOACTIVITY
1. Treatment of Cancer – Cancer of the skin or an organ such
as the breast is treated with gamma rays. Once every month
or at intervals prescribed by the doctor, the part of the body
affected by the cancer is exposed to gamma rays for a short
time. This treatment is called Radiotherapy and it is
continued till the affected part is healed.

2. Sterilisation of Fruit and Drinks – In the past, germs in bottled drinks and canned foods were
killed by a process called pasteurisation. The bottled drink or food was warmed to a temperature
that killed the germs. In some cases, chemicals were added to the canned food or drinks such as
orange juice.
3. Sterilisation of syringes and medical equipment
was done in the past with boiling water. It is
believed that application of heat to the water in
these instruments to 100-degree Celsius will kill
germs and bacteria. It is now easier to use gamma
rays to kill bacteria in syringes and medical
equipment.
 4. Carbon dating is a method used to find the age of very old objects. The radiation given out in a
given time interval is proportionate to the whole radiation that has been given out in the time
past. This is because reduction in radiation is proportional to the age of the object.

Dangers of Radioactivity
1. Though alpha particles may not be able to penetrate into the body as they are stopped by the
skin’s outer layer, they are dangerous and injurious to organs
2. The beta particles can penetrate the body where they damage and destroy cell tissue.
3. Gamma rays are even more dangerous inside the body, they penetrate deeper into the body than
the other two rays. They destroy the cells of bodies exposed to them. They also upset the natural
chemical reactions of the body and this may cause death or at best injure the parts exposed to
them.

Evaluation:
1. What is radioactively?
2. List the types of radiation particles and their properties
3. Mention four radioactive minerals / elements.

Assessment
• Evaluation for this week is located on eduffice LMS.
BASIC SCIENCE Week 4

Topic: ELECTROSTATICS AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS

Sub Topics: • Electrical energy
• Electricity
• Flow of electrons
• Components of an Electric Circuit and their Functions
• Circuit series and parallel
• Fuses and circuit breakers
• Electrical power.
Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the You should be able to:
i. Describe electric energy and electricity
ii. Indicate the direction of electron flow in a circuit
iii. Set up series of parallel circuits
iv. State the functions of fuses and circuit breakers in a house circuit
v. Read the electric meter used for billing
Key Words: Particles Radiation Isotopes
Instructional materials: Images of the Alpha, beta, and gamma particles and their uses in today’s world.
Reference materials: New General Basic Science for junior secondary school (1st Edition, 2015)
CONTENT:
ELECTROSTATICS AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Electrical energy
Electrical energy is a form of energy gotten from electricity. Electricity is one of the basic forms of energy
widely dependent and used in the world today for a wide range everyday appliances. It is used in homes,
schools, factories, churches, mosques, markets and so on.
Electrical energy is the work done when a quantity of charged particles moves between two points of
potential difference. It is measured in joules.

Electrical energy is mathematically expressed as:

Work done = Q x V, where
• W = Work done
• Q = Quantity of charges
• V = Potential difference across the terminal
Work done = Quantity of charge X Potential difference

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
Electricity is a fundamental form of kinetic or potential energy created
by the free or controlled movement of charged particles such as
electrons, positrons, and ions.
Electricity is associated with electric charge which is a property of
certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons which are
the two basic particles that make up the atoms of all matter. To
understand the concept of electricity, we must understand how
electricity works.

FLOW OF ELECTRONS
An electric current is formed when electric moves through a conductor e.g. metallic wire
This can only happen if:
 a) There is electric pressure difference called potential difference,
between the two ends of a conductor. This electric pressure is like
the one that makes liquid flow through a pipe or hose. For example,
to bring petrol from a keg into a car, the keg is raised high to make
the mouth of the hose in the petrol to be higher than the other
mouth of the hose. This higher pressure pushes the petrol through
the hose into the car.
b) There must be an external source that supplies the electrical energy
needed by the electrons to keep moving e.g. battery or a generator.

CIRCUIT SERIES AND PARALLEL SERIES

Cells may be arranged in series or in parallel like resistors. At times, cells may be arranged in
oppositions.
i. Arrangement of cells in circuit series:
Cells may be arranged in such a way that the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative
terminal of the other cell.

ii. Arrangement of cells in parallel series:

Cells are arranged in such a way that the negative terminal of one cell is connected to the negative
terminal of another. Also positive terminal of another cell is connected to the positive terminal of
another.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS WITH SERIES CONNECTIONS

An electric circuit is the path provided for easy passage or flow of electric current from a cell or battery
to an appliance like lamp and back to the cell.
Electrical circuit cold either be closed or open. For example, when the circuit is closed, the lamp will
light.

• Closed circuit: In a closed circuit, the path is continuous and moves in only one direction. Here
a direct connection is made, with no appreciable resistance, inductance, or capacitance, between
the terminals of the source of electromotive force.
• Open circuit: This is a circuit in which the current path is not continuous. It is an incomplete
closed path through which an electric current is not able to flow.

Current flows in an electric circuit in accordance with several definite laws. The basic law of current flow
is Ohm's law, named for its discoverer, the German physicist Georg Ohm.
 Electric Circuit

OHM’S LAW
Ohm's law states that, the amount of current flowing in a circuit made up of pure resistances is directly
proportional to the electromotive force impressed on the circuit and inversely proportional to the total
resistance of the circuit.
The law is usually expressed by the formula I = V/R, where:
• I = current in amperes,
• V = the electromotive force in volts
• R = the resistance in ohms
Ohm's law applies to all electric circuits for both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), but
additional principles must be invoked for the analysis of complex circuits and for AC circuits also
involving inductances and capacitances.

COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

COMPONENT OF
FUNCTION
S/NO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
1 Lamp or Bulb They help to indicate the flow of electricity
2 Ammeter It is used to measure the amount of current flowing.
The unit of current is ammeter (A).
3 Voltmeter It is used to measure the potential resistance. The unit for
potential difference is the volt (V)
4 Switch it is used to put on or put off an electric current

FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Fuses and circuit breakers are safety devices placed in electrical appliances and along electrical wiring
to protect them from damage due to overheating when there is power surge that is beyond the maximum
required enters.

Fuse, safety device used to protect an electrical circuit from the effect of excessive current. Its essential
component is usually a strip of metal that will melt at a given temperature. A fuse is so designed that the
strip of metal can easily be placed in the electric circuit. If the current in the circuit exceeds a
predetermined value, the fusible metal will melt and thus break, or open, the circuit. Devices used to
detonate explosives are also called fuses
Evaluation:
1. What is radioactively?
2. List the types of radiation particles and their properties
3. Mention four radioactive minerals / elements.

Assessment
• Evaluation for this week is located on eduffice LMS.