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Lecture Slide Week 3-5

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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIMI MOHD ZAMRI
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25 views

Lecture Slide Week 3-5

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIMI MOHD ZAMRI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Material balances for non-reactive systems

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Material balances for non-reactive systems
4.1 Process classification
4.2 Fundamental of mass balance
4.3 Material balance calculation : Flow chart
4.4 Material balance calculation: Scaling and basis
4.5 Degree of freedom
4.6 Procedure of mass balance calculation
4.7 Balance in multi-unit process
4.8 Balance involving tie component
4.9 Recycle and bypass

(Chapter 4 of the Text Book)

2
WEEK 3-5 : PART 1

4.1 Process classification


4.2 Fundamental of mass balance
4.3 Material balance calculation : Flow chart
4.4 Material balance calculation: Scaling and basis
4.5 Degree of freedom
4.6 Procedure of mass balance calculation

(Chapter 4 of the Text Book)

3
q Batch process – the feed is fed to a vessel at the
beginning of the process. Final product of the process are
removed @ collected after the process completed.
q Continuous process – the inputs and outputs streams
flow continuously throughout the duration of the process,
q Semi batch – any process that is neither batch nor
continuous.
q Steady state process – value of variables in the process
(T, P, V and flow rates) does not change with time.
q Unsteady state @ transient process – value of variables
in the process (T, P, V and flow rates) changes with time.

(Chapter 4 of the Text Book)


4
q General balance equation – refer page 71, eq. (4.2-1)
input + generation –output – consumption = accumulation
q Balances on continuous steady-state processes – ref. page 72, eq.
(4.2-2)
For reactive process, accumulation ~ 0
input + generation = output + consumption
For non-reactive process, generation and consumption ~ 0
Input = output , for mass @ mole
q Integral balance on batch processes – ref page 73, eq. 4.2-1
Initial input + generation = final output + consumption

Try Example 4.2-2 & 4.2.3

(Chapter 4 of the Text Book)


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m1: mass inlet (100 g/min) m2: mass outlet (g/min)
0.6 : x1 (g O2/g total)
x2 (g O2/g total)
(1-x1) (g N2/g total) (1-x2) (g N2/g total)

q Draw the inlet and outlet streams


q Write the values and units of all known stream variables at the
locations of the streams on the chart
q Write and label the unknown stream variables at the locations of the
streams on the chart accordingly. Unknown variables such as
x (g/g total) or (1-x) (g/g total)
y(mol/mol total) or (1-y) (mol/mol total)
n (mol/min) or m (g/min)

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Basis of calculation

n1: mol inlet (100 mol/min) n2: mol outlet (mol/min)

0.6 : y1 (mol O2/mol total) y2 (mol O2/mol total)


(1-y1) (mol N2/mol total) (1-y2) (mol N2/mol total)

Basis of calculation - is an amount (mass or mole) or flowrate (mass or molar)


of one stream or stream component in a process.
If steam amount or flowrate is unknown, assumption can be done.

Try Example 4.3-1

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q Multiply the masses of all streams by a common factor and the
process would remain balance.
q Scaling of flowchart – the procedure of changing the values of all
stream amounts or flow rates by a proportional amount while
leaving the stream compositions unchanged.
q Scaling up – when the final stream quantities are larger than the
original quantities.
q Scaling down - when the final stream quantities are smaller than the
original quantities.

Try example 4.3-2 & 4.3-4

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q Degree of freedom of the process, (ndof = nunknown – nindep eq)
q Ndof = 0, problem can be solved
q Ndof >0, under specified, many solutions (introduce known value/s)
q Ndof < 0, over specified, wasting time in solving the problem (remove
known value/s)

List of the unknown variables can be determined through complete


labelling of the process flow chart. (eg. mass flow rate, mass fraction
or mol flow rate , mol fraction)

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List of independent equations can be determined through:
• Material balances –the number of molecular species (independent)

3 components - 2 independent (x1, x2), 1 dependent (1-x1-x2) Note:


how to write
2 components - 1 independent (x1), 1 dependent (1-x1) independent unknown

• Energy balances – relationship of flowrate and temperature of


compound
• Process specifications – condensation, evaporation, separation

• Physical properties or law – specific gravity of compound

• Physical constraints – mole or mass fraction of compounds

• Stoichiometric relations – the stoichiometric equations of the reaction

Try example 4.3-4


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4.6 GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE-UNIT PROCESS
MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATION
q Choose a basis of calculation – an amount or flow rate of one of the
process stream
q Draw a flowchart and fill in all known variable values including the basis
of calculation and label the unknown stream variables on the chart.
q Express the material balance equation which include the unknown
q Convert units of mass to mole or mole to mass accordingly
q Perform DOF analysis
q Solve the problem
q Check your calculation

Try Example 4.3-5

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End of week 3-5: Part 1
WEEK 3-5 : PART 2

4.7 Balance in multi-unit process


4.8 Balance involving tie component
4.9 Recycle and bypass

(Chapter 4 of the Text Book)

13
FEED 2
A

E
C

UNIT 1 UNIT 2
FEED 1 PRODUCT 4
B D

PRODUCT 1 PRODUCT 2
PRODUCT 3

14
FEED 2
A

UNIT 1 UNIT 2
FEED 1 PRODUCT 4

PRODUCT 1 PRODUCT 2
PRODUCT 3

o Boundary A: overall

15
FEED 2
C

UNIT 1

FEED 1
B
E

UNIT 2
PRODUCT 4

D
o Boundary B: Mixing unit
o Boundary C: Unit 1
o Boundary D: Splitter unit PRODUCT 3
o Boundary E: Unit 2 16
o In solving multiple unit operation DOF analysis should be
done first for all boundaries. (must do)
o Start solving the problem by identifying boundary with
zero DOF

Try Example 4.4-1 & Example 4.4-2

17
Product stream

Bypass stream
* Similar *
composition
with different
flowrate

Unit 1 Unit 2
* *
Fresh feed Feed
stream stream

Recycle stream

In solving multiple unit operation DOF analysis should be done first. (must do)
Start solving the problem by identifying boundary with zero DOF 18
End of week 3-5: Part 2
Please try:
• Q3 Dec 2016
• Q3 July 2017
• Q3 June 2019

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