Introduction to Geology

Why do study Geo

we
understand natural processes
a a disasters Ex earthquakes volcano
4 a resources Ex coal soil H2O minerals
for constructions
Earth science
y
Geology Study of solid earth rocks
process involved and any celestial bodies
anything in
Catastrophism All land space
forms earth formed as a result of
on

major catastrophic events

Later on they discovered that it's wrong
organizedsame mechanism
Uniformitarianism
y the present is the key
to the past and will continue to operate
hef
Y the right theory
Relative dating Absolute dating
or
age or age
most used in Not used cause
it
geology gives the exact
Law of superposition age of something

T
 undisturbed
of
soil minerals

w
11 youngest
layers im
IMI g
oldest
rocks exump.eeDoctor
and student j.d
the Dr isolderthan the student

Earth spheres 8
H2O vapor
Atmosphere gas 03 ozone

Hydrosphere liquid liquid the water

it covers 71 of surface
Fe's I p b f ol G MI W de ft
6400km
Geosphere solid ei qz
blog lp 601 is F H
E fl
Humans
Biosphere ima o s plants
f EffiamcInsia

TheEarthmoo When all the spheres

work together
o Is I So If i go if's lb O
put a
car system 31 o SI ich Ij
og p

what is a mineral
solid
 O
forms naturally if its done by humans it's
not a mineral
inorganic
has a defined chemical formula
example Ei 02 silica
Eilica
one Faoxygen

has an organized crystalline structure

an example BUILDING A WALL

l H m I I I
Them
N gN
EEEe k Tmn minerals
E stronger weaker Is I
E'if I b I I a
69 if I crystal si'T
Bf
Q U is He Is H S

te carbon weak the reason is

Diamonds carbon strong that the
crystalline structure
which of the following is a mineral
A water X 4 false cause it is
liquid
B ice 11 All requirements match
c coal a false cause it's organic

Atom Element Crystal mineral Rock Earth

What is a rock
Any naturally occurring solid
O y y o u
g
Mass that contains a mineral or mineral
likemateria EI coal cause it's organic

coal is a Rock
coal is NOT a mineral

In General two types of rocks

Pure rocks one mineral EI Calcite
Aggregate rocks more than one mineral
mineral is so om of Ex Granite
From element to crystal we need
chemicalbond chemical bonds
element element crystal crystal
MINERALS
If bonds are strong strong crystal mineral
If bonds are weak weak crystal mineral

Crystation making crystals

crystals a natural solid with an ordered
repetitive atomic structure
HOW crystallization happens
cooling of magma
precipitation halite NaCl mineral a
 O p p al o l Na f
secretion by organisms corals Ca
Ca minerals limestone w
if limestone 6

polymorphs 2 minerals that have the same

many shapes chemical formula but different
EI carbon physical properties
L Dhiamonds
graphite

Physical properties of minerals

optical
crystal shape 1 habbit
strength
Density specific gravity
other properties

AA optical e
Coto shouldn't Rely
we on it
cause it may confuse us when

identifying a mineral
eak s I wi od of w b
I I od II If l s
21 IT I
p I
example i if a mineral has a black skin
But after performing the streak test it
has a yellow color THE REAL COLOR
 ow co L R DL OR
OF THE MINERAL IS YELLOW
Luster
metallic acts as a mirror
sub metallic shiny but DOESNOT
act as a mirror
Greasy
pearly
Dull
Lights
transparent 100 sea
through
translucent sunglasses
opaque
BCI abbi8
DD D 3 It 4 O 5
Shade 2
d de Ex
EFF Bladed
6squares i square
circle
box sin 51,5 this d pizzacutter
Bladed soo

needle
hab f Bladed

we get the
a prismatic
thin long pencil
III
habbit from
the shapes 3 Banded S 05mi
 I a Ww1

y
4 Botryoidal HII
80888
it is
an
Densityandspecific gravitys
Density e masse 9km3
volume
instead of using 9 we'll be
using the specific gravity of each
mineral
oooo
By comparing it to the
specific gravity of water

DCI strengths Moh's scale of Hardness

Scale 1 10
d d
weakest I do strongest
II tale 3,4 7 Ex diamonds
nails EI si 02

ECI Otherpr
operlies
 smell sulfur
taste Halite nach
reaction with acid Hel carbonate

magnetism magnetite

cleavages of ebsd
to
fractures rigid edges