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APPM 211 Week 1, Lesson1-Part 2

This document discusses curvilinear motion, which occurs when a particle moves along a curved path. It defines key concepts related to curvilinear motion such as position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It also provides examples and solutions to problems analyzing curvilinear motion by calculating velocities and accelerations at given times using their rectangular components.

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ruanhattingh037
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41 views

APPM 211 Week 1, Lesson1-Part 2

This document discusses curvilinear motion, which occurs when a particle moves along a curved path. It defines key concepts related to curvilinear motion such as position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It also provides examples and solutions to problems analyzing curvilinear motion by calculating velocities and accelerations at given times using their rectangular components.

Uploaded by

ruanhattingh037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Curvilinear Motion (General and Rectangular

Components)

APPM 211

North-West University
[email protected]
Dr Djomengi’s e-mail: [email protected]

19 February 2021
Lesson Outcomes

I At the end of today’s lesson you should be able to analyze


curvilinear motion:
I Identify the position of the particle under consideration,
I Represent the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration

of the particle in terms of rectangular components.


I Thus, determine the displacement, the velocity and the

acceleration of the particle at any given time.


I Analyze curvilinear motion using rectangular coordinates
system
What is Curvilinear Motion?

I Curvilinear Motion occurs when a particle moves along a

curved path.

Unlike the rectilinear motion which is along a straight path,

a curvilinear motion simply does not follow a straight path.

The path for curvilinear motion can be two-dimensional or

three-dimensional.

I The current study is based on the rectangular coordinate

system, but we will learn about other coordinates system later.


Position and Displacement
The position vector of a particles measured from a fixed point O,

at any given time, see the figure below, is given by r = r(t),

which can be represented in cartesian vector form as

r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k,

where x(t), y (t) and z(t) are x, y and z components of the

position respectively. See the following figure:


p
At any instant the magnitude of r is given by r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.

The direction of r is given by the unit vector ur = r/r .


Velocity
After some time ∆t, the particle moves a distance ∆s to a

new position which is represented by r 0 and the changed

particle position can be represented by


∆r = r0 − r.
See the picture below

During the time ∆t, the average velocity of the particle is


∆r
vavg = .
∆t
The instantaneous velocity is determined from this equation by

letting ∆t → 0, and consequently the direction of ∆r approaches


∆r
the tangent to the curve. Hence, v = lim ( ∆t ) or
∆→0

dr
v= .
dt
Since dr is tangent to the curve, the direction of v is also tangent

to the curve, see the figure below


The first time derivative of r yields the velocity of the particle.
Thus,
dr dx dy dz
v= = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt dt
which yields the final result
dr
v= = vx i + vy j + vz k
dt
where vx = ẋ, vy = ẏ and vz = ż represents the velocity

components in the x, y and z directions respectively.

The velocity magnitude is given by


q
v = vx2 + vy2 + vz2 .
and the direction is given by uv = v/v .
Acceleration
If the particle has a velocity v at time t and a

velocity v0 = v + ∆v, at time t + ∆t, see figure below, then the

average acceleration of the particle during the time interval ∆t is


∆v
aavg = ,
∆t
where
∆v = v0 − v.
The instantaneous acceleration is obtained by letting ∆t → 0 in

the above equation, and consequently the limit ∆v will approaches

the tangent to the hodograph.

Hence, a = lim ( ∆v
∆t ) or
∆→0
dv
a= .
dt

A hodograph is a diagram that gives vectorial visual movement of

the particle.
By definition of the derivative, a acts tangent to the hodograph,

see the figure above, in general it is not tangent to the path

of motion, see the figure below


See the following figure:

Similarly the acceleration of the particle is obtained by taking the

first time derivative of the velocity vector (or the second time

derivative of displacement vector).


Thus, we have
dv
a= = v̇x i + v̇y j + v̇z k
dt
or
dv
a= = ẍi + ÿ j + z̈k
dt
the above equations can be rewritten as
dv
a= = ax i + ay j + az k
dt
where
ax = v˙x = ẍ, ay = v˙y = ÿ and az = v˙z = z̈ (1)
represents the acceleration components in the x, y and z directions

respectively.

The acceleration has a magnitude


q
a = ax2 + ay2 + az2 (2)

and the direction is given by ua = a/a.


Problem 15-111 New/ 15-112 Old
At any instant the horizontal position of the weather balloon in the
figure below is defined by x = 8t m, where t is in seconds. If the
equation of the path is y = x 2 /10, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity and the acceleration when t = 2 s.
Problem 12-69 new / 12-76 old

The velocity of a particle is given by v = 16t 2 i + 4t 3 j + (5t + 2)k

m/s, where t is in seconds. If the particle is at the origin when

t = 0, determine the magnitude of the particle’s acceleration when

t = 2 s.

Also, what is the x, y, z coordinate position of the particle at this

instant?
Solution for problem 12-69 new / 12-76 old
Problem 12-73 new / 12-86 old
When a rocket reaches an altitude of 40 m it begins to travel along
the parabolic path (y − 40)2 = 160x, where the coordinates are
measured in meters. If the component of velocity in the vertical
direction is constant at vy = 180 m/s, determine the magnitudes
of the rockets velocity and acceleration when it reaches an altitude
of 80 m.

Figure : Problem 73
Solution for problem 12-73 new / 12-86 old
Problem 12-76 new
A particle travels along the curve from A to B in 5 s.

It takes 8 s for it to go from B to C and then 10 s to go from C to

A.

Determine its average speed when it goes around the closed path.

Figure : Problem 76
Solution for problem 12-76 New
Problem 12-77 new / 12.81 old

The position of a crate sliding down a ramp is given by

x = 0.25t 3 m, y = 1.5t 2 m, z = (6 − 0.75t 5/2 ),

where t is in seconds.

Determine the magnitude of the crates velocity and acceleration

when t = 2s.
Solution for problem 12-26 New / 12-32 old
Dankie vir julle aandag

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