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Split Tally Stick

TALLY STICKS STEPPED RECKONER
In 1673, Leibniz built the first true four-
Tally sticks served as records or receipts for
function calculator. His unique, drum-
financial transactions such as the payment of shaped gears formed the basis of many
taxes, debts and fines. From the 12th century successful calculator designs for the next
Single Tally Stick
onward tally sticks were officially employed by 275 years, an unbroken record for a
single underlying calculator mechanism.
the Exchequer of England to collect the King’s
Leibniz built several versions of the
taxes. Stepped Reckoner over about 45 years.
Only one survives today.

HARVARD MARK 1 abacus

The Harvard Mark 1, also known as the Abacus, an ancient counting tool,
IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled has been used for centuries across
Calculator (ASCC), was an early various cultures.
electromechanical computer designed by • used for counting and performing
Howard Aiken and built by IBM in 1944 at mathematical operations such as addition,
their Endicott labs in New York. subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Although not the first working computer,
• traditionally made with frame that holds
the machine was the first to automate
wires or rods on which movable beads are
the execution of complex calculations,
placed.
making it a significant step forward for
computing. • beads stand for digits and they are moved
as calculations are performed.

benefits of brief history

abacus - Enhances mental calculation skills Mesopotamians invented the first version of an abacus, sometime
- Improves concentration and focus between 2700 BC and 2300 BC. However, the world recognizes Tim
- Teaches number sense and place value Cranmer as an inventor because he invented the abacus for visually
impaired people in 1960. the farthest column on the right would be
Abacus is a Latin word that has its origins in the Greek
the "ones" place (1-9), the second farthest the "tens" place (10-99),
words Abax or Abakon, which means “table” or “tablet”. It
the third farthest the hundreds (100-999), and so on. To count a
may also possibly originate from the Semitic word Abq,
which means “sand”. digit, push one bead to the "up" position.

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how does
Jacquard loom it work?
- The mechanism involved the use of thousands of punch
cards laced together. Each row of punched holes
The Jacquard loom is a weaving machine corresponded to a row of a textile pattern.
that revolutionized the textile industry by - The loom used a system of punched cards to control the

Where did it
allowing for the creation of complex raising and lowering of individual warp threads
The Jacquard mechanism, invented by
patterns automatically.
Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard and
come from?
first demonstrated in 1801, simplified the
way in which complex textiles such as Jacquard looms are recorded as being used
damask were woven. in the Scottish textile industry from the
1820s.

impact: The three Patterns

of Jacquard Loom:
• The Jacquard loom had a profound
impact on the textile industry, making it
possible to produce more affordable
and stylish fabrics.
• It also had a significant influence on
1. Matelassé Pattern
the development of computers, as the
punched card system used by the loom 2. Brocade Patterns
This particular loom was used by two weavers is considered an early precursor to 3. Damask Patterns
from Stonehouse in Lanarkshire, brothers modern computer programming.
Robert and James Hamilton.

brocade
Matelassé Pattern Pattern

Fauget University Fauget University

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damask Eniac
Patterns ENIAC or Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer

ENIAC was the first

programmable, electronic,
general-purpose digital computer,
Fauget University
completed in 1945 and was built
during World War II by the United
States.

NAPIER'S BONE
As a product of World War II, ENIAC - is a calculation tool invented by John Napier for
was designed and built for the United
States Army to calculate artillery firing performing multiplication, division, and square root
tables.
operations more easily. It consists of numbered rods
It had been the primary all-purpose that simplify these operations into basic addition or
electronic computer that is intended
by William Mauchly and John Eckert in subtraction by arranging the rods and reading off the
1942.
results.

•Born: February 1, 1550, Merchiston Tower,

In 1617, shortly before his death, Napier developed a
Edinburgh, United Kingdom manual calculating device known as “Napier’s bones”.
•Died: April 4, 1617 (age 67 years), These were not actual bones, but rather a set of rods
inscribed with numbers that could be used to perform
Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, United multiplication and division.
Kingdom
Children: Archibald Napier, 1st Lord Napier,
Margaret Napier, Robert Napier,
Wife:Elizabeth Stirling (m. 1572-1579),
Agnes Chisholm Each rod is a strip, usually made of bone or ivory, with
a series of squares with numbers inscribed on it. Using
Education: St Salvator's College, University the multiplication tables embedded in the rods,
of St Andrew multiplication can be reduced to addition operations
and division to subtractions. More advanced use of the
Parents: Archibald Napier, Janet Bothwell rods can even extract square roots.
John napier

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NOW, LET’S TRY DOING SOME CALCULATIONS USING NAPIER’S BONES!

? The last digit is 8. The one before

is 1 + 4 = 5 preceded by 2 + 2 = 4
and, for the first digit, 1:

1. Set up: To multiply a number by 2. Multiplication: Then, you look at the squares
another number, you first arrange corresponding to the digit you’re multiplying by
the appropriate rods side by side. (in this case, 6). You add up the numbers in
For example, to multiply 243 by 6, each diagonal to get the digits of the result.
you would arrange the rods for 2,
4, and 3 next to each other.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES What is Difference Engine & Analytical Engine?

• Limited Functionality: Napier's bones are best suited DIFFERENCE ENGINE
• Speed: Napier's bones enable quick for multiplication and division and aren't suitable for
The word difference engine is derived from the Latin method of
calculations, especially for multiplication and more complex operations or calculations involving
divide difference. A difference engine is the type of automatic
division, thanks to their organized layout, which decimals, fractions, or other mathematical functions.
mechanical calculators that are designed or developed to calculate
simplifies adding or subtracting digits, saving • Lack of Flexibility: Designed for base-10 calculations, or tabulate the polynomial function. It can calculate in a way to
time. Napier's bones have a fixed set of numbers, restricting tabulate the polynomial functions by using the small sets of
• Accuracy: With a fixed arrangement, Napier's their use to specific numerical ranges and preventing coefficients.
adaptation to different number systems or bases.
bones ensure precise calculations, reducing the
likelihood of errors compared to manual •Learning Curve: While efficient once mastered,
methods. Napier's bones require initial learning and practice to A N A LY T I C A L E N G I N E
use effectively, involving understanding rod
•Portability: Being compact and lightweight, Analytical engine Is a fully controlled general-purpose
arrangement, alignment, and result interpretation.
Napier's bones are easy to carry, making them computer which includes automatic mechanical digital
•Availability: With the rise of electronic calculators and computer into it. Any of the calculation set is being
handy for on-the-go calculations during travels
software, finding physical sets of Napier's bones has become programmed with the help of punch cards.
or in military settings.
challenging, making them less accessible compared to digital
tools.

The Father of Computing History: HISTOR Y

CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871)

• Born on December 26, 1791, in London, United
Kingdom, and died on October 18, 1871 (age 79) in DIFFERENCE ENGINE
Marylebone, London, United Kingdom.
• Cause of his death was renal inadequacy, secondary • In 1822 Charles Babbage proposed automating mathematical
to cystitis.
table construction, leading to the idea of the Difference Engine.
• Son of Benjamin Babbage and Betsy Plumleigh
Teape • Babbage secured funding and established a workshop to build
• Famous as a mathematician, philosopher, the Difference Engine.
mechanical engineer, and computer scientist • The Difference Engine was a digital device, aiming for 20-30 digit
• Studied at Cambridge, married Georgina Whitmore results.
in 1814 • Despite iterations, none were completed. Babbage’s work laid
• Held the position of professor of mathematics at
Cambridge the foundation for modern computers .

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KEY EVENTS IN UNFOLDING OF

HISTORY DIFFERENCE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF ANALYTICAL ENGINE AND
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
Advantages of the Analytical Engine Advantages of Difference Engine
• In 1833 Charles Babbage conceived the most visionary creation was the
Analytical Engine, often considered the precursor to modern computers.
• Flexibility • Accuracy
• It featured several groundbreaking Concepts:
• Storage • Speed
⚬ General purpose
• Potential for Automation • Automation
⚬ Programmability
⚬ Memory
⚬ Algorithms Disadvantage of Analytical Engine Disadvantage of Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine was more complex than anything built before.
• Although never built, its design greatly impacted on modern computers. • Complexity • Limited Functionally
• Lack of funding • Complexity
• Technological Limitations • Lack of Funding

IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND

ANALYTICAL ENGINE
UNIVAC 1
AUTOMATION AND
UNIVAC 1, which stands for Universal
INNOVATION IN ECONOMIC INFLUENCE
TECHNOLOGY EFFICIENCY Automatic Computer 1, was one of
The automation and
Babbage’s designs
These machines demonstrated the earliest commercially produced
efficiency gains from these the potential for automating
encouraged innovation in
machines have had a complex mathematical
computers. UNIVAC played a
technology and
significant impact on the calculations, leading to significant role in the history of
engineering, leading to the
development of more
economy, driving growth increased efficiency and
computing and was notable for being
and changing the nature of accuracy compared to manual
advanced computing
work in many industries. methods. the first computer to be produced in
machines.
quantity for business and government
applications.

HISTORY: KEY EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVAC 1

Inventor
• JOHN ADAM PRESPER ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY
• IN THE LATE 1940S, THE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU sought a faster and more efficient
way to process census data.
Reasons for Invention
• ADDRESS THE NEED FOR AUTOMATED, HIGH-SPEED DATA PROCESSING. • IN 1950, J. PRESPER ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY, WHO HAD WORKED ON ENIAC,
• Assist in complex calculations for Business, Government and military FOUNDED THE ECKERT-MAUCHLY COMPUTER CORPORATION.
applications. • UNIVAC 1 WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIAL COMPUTER PRODUCED IN THE UNITED
STATES.

How UNIVAC works • IT WAS MASSIVE, WEIGHING AROUND 13 TONS, AND CONSUMED A
LARGE AMOUNT OF POWER.
• UTILIZES VACUUM TUBES FOR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS.
• Processes data through a combination of arithmetic and logical operations. • FEATURING MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE, HIGH-SPEED PROCESSING
CAPABILITIES, AND A GROUNDBREAKING ABILITY TO HANDLE BOTH
• Input is fed through punched cards or magnetic tape; output is obtained NUMERICAL AND TEXTUAL DATA.
through a similar process.
• IN 1952, UNIVAC 1 (UNIVERSAL COMPUTER 1) MADE HISTORY.
• UNIVAC COSTS AROUND $1 MILLION PER UNIT.

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ✦IMPORTANCE OF UNIVAC 1✦

COST HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND POPULARIZATION OF
PIONEERING TECHNOLOGY COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

VERSATILITY SIZE AND POWER

CONSUMPTION CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
INNOVATIVE DESIGN LEGACY
IMPACT ON COMPUTER SCIENCE
PREDICTION
LIMITED MEMORY AND PROCESSING
SPEED

PROGRAMMING CHALLENGES BEING ACCESSIBLE BEYOND BREAKTHROUGH IN DATA

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
ACADEMIC AND MILITARY CIRCLES PROCESSING

MAINTENANCE ISSUE

PASCALINE PASCALINE
• The first mechanical calculating machine. • Inventor: Blaise Pascal, a French
• Also known as the "arithmetic machine" or "pascal's mathematician, philosopher, and inventor,
calculator." created the Pascaline in the 17th century
• It was designed to perform addition and subtraction when he was just 19 years old,
through a series of gears and wheels, making it a
demonstrating his remarkable intellect and
significant advancement in computational technology
ingenuity at a young age.
during its time.

3 3

ANALYTICAL ENGINE ANALYTICAL ENGINE

A machine that is considered to be the concept for Inventor:
the first general mechanical computer. -first proposed by Charles Babbage in 1837
-Analytical Engine was not completed while
-The design featured an ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
Babbage was alive
and permitted basic programmatic flow control. It
was programmed using punch cards (inspired by the -1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's
Jacquard Loom). It also featured integrated memory. youngest son completed a portion of this
machine that performed basic calculations.
-this machine was designed to evaluate any
mathematical formula and to have even higher
powers of analysis than his original Difference
engine 4 4

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EDVAC
DIFFERENCE & ANALYTICAL
ENGINE Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC),
was one of the first electronic computers operating in binary.
Difference between Difference engine and
Analytical engine • It had a capacity of 1,000 44-bit words
and an average addition time of 864 microseconds .
Analytical Engines can solve any set of
• EDVAC was built by the Moore School of Electrical Engineering
calculations with the help of a processor,
in Pennsylvania and was inspired by John von Neumann’s
punch cards, and a bunch of codes.While
report on the EDVAC. The Von Neumann’s architecture involved
the difference engine is a mechanical keeping the program and data in the same memory, which in now
calculator that was designed to calculate known as separate memory.
polynomial functions.
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EDVAC

Inventor:
• It was designed by John von Neumann, a
Hungarian- American mathematician,
physicist, computer scientist and
polymath, along with a team of engineers
and the scientists at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey
in late 1940's.