Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1-Module 1
The Concepts of Politics and Governance
 COPYRIGHT 2020

Section 9 of the Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copy shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall
be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

The original version of this material has been developed in the Schools Division of Surigao
del Norte through the Learning Resource Management and Development Section of the Curriculum
Implementation Division. This material can be reproduced for educational purposes; modified for the
purpose of translation into another language; and creating of an edited version and enhancement of
work are permitted, provided all original work of the author and illustrator must be acknowledged and
the copyright must be attributed. No work may be derived from any part of this material for commercial
purposes and profit.
This material has been approved and published for online distribution through the Learning
Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS) Portal (http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph) and
Division Network Academy (https://netacadsdn.com).

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Maribeth L. Dimla

Editors: Larry G. Morandante, Alicia Mainit, Salome A. Presilda
Reviewers: Charis A. Otagan, Christyl P. Anota,
Dante M. Orozco, Concordio G. Cubelo
Illustrators: Danilo L. Galve, Stephen B. Gorgonio
Layout Artists: Ivan Paul V. Damalerio, Alberto S. Elcullada, Jr.,
Catherine Marzan, Anthony Glen Masuhay
Management Team: Ma. Teresa M. Real
Laila F. Danaque
Dominico P. Larong, Jr.
Gemma C. Pullos
Manuel L. Limjoco, Jr.

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Office Address: Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Tel. No.: (086) 826-8216
E-mail Address: [email protected]

i
 Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1-Module 1
The Concepts of Politics and Governance

ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to Philippine Politics and Governance Self-Learning Module on The
Concepts of Politics and Governance!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will

help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to Philippine Politics and Governance Self-Learning Module on The
Concepts of Politics and Governance!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

ii
This module has the following parts:

Activity : This part will lead you to explore, discover, and

understand new concepts and skills about the new
lesson.

Analysis : This section will enable you to process and deepen your
understanding based on the given activity through guide
questions.

Abstraction : This is the brief discussion of keypoints and key

concepts, and clarification of misconceptions. It involves
principles and processes and their relationships.

Application : This portion will enable you to transfer your new

knowledge or skill into real life situations, concerns and
new perspectives.

iii
 CONTENTS OF THE MODULE
Page
Content Standard 1
Performance Standard 1
Learning Competency 1
Learning Objectives 1

DAILY LEARNING TASKS:

Day Learning Task

1 Introduction 1-7
Pre-Test
Review of the Prerequisite Knowledge
Presentation of the Module
Activity
2 Analysis 8
3 Abstraction 9-11
4 Application 12-13
Reflection
5 Learn More 13-19
Post-Test
Glossary
Answer Key
References 20
 LESSON: The Concepts of Politics
and Governance
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of politics and political science,
governance, political ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners shall be able to clearly identify a specific political phenomenon
and how it can be studied.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
• Explain the concept, relationship, and importance of politics, governance and
government.(HUMSS_PG12-Ia-1)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Define and understand politics and governance;
2. Develop a critical way of thinking in interpreting politics and governance;
and
3. Recognize the value and evaluate the importance of politics in their
everyday dealings.

INTRODUCTION

In every aspect of man’s life, there’s always conflict and disagreement. In

addition, they disagree about the distribution of powers and resources as well as
how to resolve such disagreement.
This module will enrich your idea of the concepts of politics and governance.
Moreover, it dwells on how politics are often can be understood and applied.

1
PRE-TEST

Directions. Read carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call by the people’s ideas about right and wrong?
A. Belief
B. Ideology
C. Manners
D. Values

2. Which of the following is a people’s assessment of reality and what they hold
is true?
A. Belief
B. Ideology
C. Manners
D. Values

3. What is the study of “who gets what, when, and how”?

A. Governance
B. Politics
C. The Science of Politics
D. All of the above

4. Which of the following practices deception and manipulation?

A. Decisions
B. Governance
C. People
D. Politics

5. Which of the following defined as the systematic study of political

governmental institutions and processes?
A. Governance
B. Political science
C. Politics
D. All of them

6. Which of the following is a process of decision-making by which decisions are

implemented?
A. Governance
B. Political science
C. Politics
D. All of the above

2
7. What is the similarity between politics and governance?
A. They are both exercises of power.
B. They both deal with decision-making.
C. They consist of people acting politically.
D. They are concerned with the association of human beings into ‘body
politic’.

8. What does transparency mean in good governance?

A. serve and care
B. effective policy making
C. enforcement is done in a manner that follows rules and regulations
D. both men and women must have a representative in every
governmental process

9. Why does good governance need to ensure transparency?

A. for them to be honest
B. being answerable for actions
C. to show people their consistency as good government
D. to meet the needs of society while making the best use of the resource

10. What is the crucial requirement for good governance?

A. Accountability
B. Participation
C. Responsiveness
D. Transparency

11. What is the key requirement of good governance?

A. Accountability
B. Participation
C. Responsiveness
D. Transparency

12. Why does good governance entail respect for law and human rights?
A. for the exercise of its power on the people
B. to show people that they care and they are protected
C. it is primarily concerned with the association of people
D. they must have the consent of the governed to achieve peace and
unity.

3
 13. Why does good governance need participation?
A. for the fairness
B. to give freedom to people to make a decision
C. because it is a crucial requirement for good governance
D. to make sure that the people are involved with every decision they
make and to reduce misunderstanding

14. Does governance need to entail competence?

A. No, they just have to be legit.
B. Yes, just to be effective in every way.
C. No, it does not need to entail competence.
D. It may or may not. They only need to implement.

15. Is the accountability of good governance a crucial requirement?

A. No, being transparent is enough.
B. No, the crucial requirement is participation.
C. Yes, good governance must be accountable to the public to ensure
transparency.
D. Yes, it is also a crucial requirement but the most crucial requirement is
effectiveness and efficiency.

Good job! You made it! For you to be more equipped, this module will cater
your perspective to learn new ideas about the concepts of politics and governance.
And don’t worry because learning is fun!

4
REVIEW OF THE PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

During your Junior High School days, you have learned about the different
empires headed by a specific person who gets power, authority and leadership.

Before going through to our new lesson, let us check your background
knowledge on politics and governance that would relate to our new topic by
unlocking the following words through arranging and matching. I know you can do
this!

Activity 1. Matching Type. In column A arrange the jumbled letters to form a word
and write your answer on the space provided in column B then match it to the given
description in column C. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B Column C

1. MENVERTNOG 1. _____________ A. This could be viewed as social

activity.
2. _____________
2. NACEVERNOG B. This means that the decision was
3. _____________ taken, and enforcement was done in a
manner that follows rules and
3. READEL 4. _____________ regulations.

5. _____________ C. A person that holds power,

4. TICSILOP authority, and leadership.

D. The body of persons that

5. PARENTRANSCY constitutes the governing authority of
a political unit or organization.

E. The process of decision-making

and the process by which decisions
are implemented.

5
PRESENTATION OF THE MODULE

In this lesson, you’ll find out about the salient features of politics and
governance to deepen your understanding of the concepts of Philippine politics and
governance.

To ignite your interest, answer the following activity. Go!

ACTIVITY

Activity 2. Polvenn Diagram. Within the diagram below, list down what you’ve
learned about Politics and Governance. On the overlapping parts, write your
understanding on how both topics are interrelated. Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

POLITICS GOVERNANCE

6
KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Studying politics and governance is great. In fact, this may keep you updated
on how these social activities being implemented. Thus, Ranney, 1995 defined
Science of Politics as the systematic study of political and governmental institution
and processes.

Activity 3. Draw Me (Cut Me Out): Draw or cut out (from an old magazine) a
political cartoon of what good governance would be. You’ll be guided by a rubric. Do
this activity on a separate sheet.
1. Make it unique.
2. Creativity and humor help.
3. Use familiar figures dramatically.

Rubrics:
Mastery Average Accomplished
Components Score
10-9 8-7 6-0
The drawing The drawing The drawing did not
represents a clear represents a show knowledge and
Reflection and understanding of somewhat clear reflection of what
Knowledge what good understanding of good governance is
governance is what good
governance is

The drawing is The drawing is The drawing did not

unique and eye- somewhat unique show any uniqueness
Presentation catching and it’s not eye- and it’s not eye-
catching catching

The drawing is The drawing is The drawing did not

Creativity/ creative and somewhat creative show any creativity
Humorous humorous and it’s not and humor
humorous

Uses familiar figures Uses familiar figures Did not use any
Cartoon - dramatically but not dramatic familiar figures
Figure

Total (40 pts.)

KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Good governance assures that corruption is minimized; the views of minorities

are taken into under consideration which the voices of the foremost vulnerable in
society are heard in decision-making. It’s also aware of the current and future needs
of society.

7
ANALYSIS

From the picture shown below, analyze what good governance would look like.

http://pinoypulse.com/2018/09/09/good-governance-key-to-ease-poverty/

Activity 4. True or False. Tick (√) the appropriate column of the statement. Write
your answer on a separate sheet.

Statement True False

1. In all aspects of man’s life, there is always conflict and
disagreement.
2. Politics is the study of “who gets what, when, and how”.
3. Political Science is defined as the systematic study of political
and governmental institutions and processes.
4. The concept of politics is as old as human civilization.
5. Focusing on legitimacy means the government should have
the consent of the governed.
6. Good governance entails respect for law and human rights.
7. Fair governance is defined as focusing on legitimacy,
accountability, competence, and respect for law and human
rights.
8. Transparency means that information is not freely available
and indirectly accessible to those who will be affected by such
decisions and enforcement.
9. Participation is an essential cornerstone of good governance.

10. A crucial requirement of good governance is responsiveness.

Yes! You did it! So, are you ready to our next journey? But before that, digest
these questions: What do you know about politics and governance? Do you think

8
studying these concepts would help us to enrich our idea on politics and
governance? Why or why not?

Are you ready? Let’s go! Let’s digest them.

ABSTRACTION

The Meaning of Politics

Politics is the study of “who gets what, when and how” as Harold Laswell
stated. Hence, politics is an exercise of power, the science of state, the making of
collective decisions, the allocation of scarce resources and a practice of deception
and manipulation.

Moreover, politics is consists of people acting politically by organizing political

interest groups and trying to induce governments to act in ways which is able to
promote their interests over those opponents.

The Science of Politics

1. It’s the essential knowledge and understanding of the state and the principles
and ideals which underlie its organization and activities.
2. It’s primarily concerned with the association of individuals into ‘body politic’ or
during a political community.
3. It deals with those relations among men and groups which are subject to
manage by the state with the relations of men and groups to the state itself
and also the relations of the state to other state.

Stages within the Study of Political Science

1. Religious Stage – the state, its leaders and laws were considered as divine or
divinely inspired.
2. Metaphysical Stage – the state was considered as an individual’s institution,
and it is, therefore, absolute (cannot be changed)
3. Modern Stage – the state was deemed capable of being improved by rulers
and subjects and its certain principles and laws.

Characteristics of Politics (Shievely, 2013)

1. Politics always involves the making of collective decisions for a group of

people;

9
 2. Those decisions are made by some members of the group in which they are
exercising power over other members of the group.

The Meaning of Governance

The concept of governance is as old as human’s civilization. In which,

governance is that the process of decision-making by which decisions are
implemented and will be viewed within the following context:

• Corporate Governance;
• International Governance;
• National Governance; and
• Local Governance

Good governance entails and defined as to:

• Focusing on legitimacy – the state should have the consent of the
governed;
• Accountability – ensuring transparency, being responsible for any actions
and media freedom;
• Competence – effective policymaking, implementation, and well-service
assistance
• Respect for law and human rights.

Features of Good Governance

1. Participation – the key cornerstone in adapting good governance. Having a

participation in every governmental process could be essential to run good
governance.
2. Rule of Law - manifested through impartiality of fair legal framework just like
the promotion of a full protection of human rights and dignity especially those
members of minority.
3. Transparency – the transparent decisions were taken and enforcement was
implemented in a manner that follows rules and regulations.
4. Responsiveness – requires that institutions and processes try to serve all
stakeholders within an allotted timeframe.
5. Consensus Oriented – requires mediation of the various interests in society to
attain a broad consensus in society for the most effective interest that may
serve to the community and on how this can be achieved.
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency – produce results that meet the standard needs
of society by using the resources in a very purposeful manner and right way of
disposal, its sustainability and the protection of the environment as well.
7. Accountability – a key point for excellent governance not only in governmental
units but also in the private sectors and all other civil society.

10
Activity 5. Newspaper Clip Art.

In this activity, compile newspaper/magazine clippings showing proofs or

manifestations of good governance. Give a short explanation in a 5-6 sentence
paragraph. You’ll be guided by a rubric. Do this activity in a short-size bond paper.

Rubrics:
KEY
5 4 3 2 1
POINTS
The clipping The clipping Clipping Clipping Clipping
showed proof showed proof manifested a showed a does not
Newspaper /
and of good good governance show proof
Magazine
manifests a governance governance of a good
Clipping
good governance
governance
Stated a 5-6 Stated a 4 Stated a 3 Stated a 2 Stated a 1
sentence sentence sentence sentence sentence
paragraph, paragraph. paragraph, paragraph, paragraph,
gathered gathered more gathered more gathered gathered
Appropriate- more relevant facts, relevant facts, more more
ness and relevant showed critical showed critical relevant relevant
accurateness facts, thinking and thinking and facts, facts,
of the showed manifested a manifested a showed showed
explanation critical good good critical critical
thinking and governance governance thinking and thinking and
manifested a manifested a manifested a
good good good
governance governance governance

Pictures:

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.

11
APPLICATION

Quiz. Identification. Read the statement carefully. Identify the term being
described. Write your answer on a separate sheet.

__________ 1. It’s the key requirement of good governance.

__________ 2. This implies that the information is freely available and directly
accessible to those who are affected by such decisions and their
enforcement.
__________ 3. It is a key cornerstone of good governance.
__________ 4. The state was considered as a human institution and therefore
cannot be changed.
__________ 5. The state was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and
subjects in accordance to certain principles and laws.
__________ 6. Defined as the systematic study of political and governmental
institutions and processes.
__________ 7. Leaders and laws were considered as divine or divinely inspired.
__________ 8. The state should have the consent of the governed.
__________ 9. Requires mediation of the various and most effective interests in
order to attain a broad consensus in society that may serve to the
community and on how this can be achieved.
_________ 10. Produce results that meet the standard needs of society by using the
resources in a very purposeful manner and right way of disposal, its
sustainability and the protection of the environment as well.

Good job! I told you, you can do this! Now, for you to understand more about
politics and governance, let us do the next activity.

REFLECTION

Answer the following questions. Do this in your notebook.

1. What did you observe about how to have good governance?
2. Why it is important to learn about politics?
3. What important characteristics of good governance should be developed?
4. How did you feel while doing the activities?

12
Dear Diary,

I observed that good governance is ___________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________. It is important to
learn politics because _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

Government should develop __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________. While doing the activities, I felt
_____________________________________________.

Sincerely yours,

______________________

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary learning module! You have

just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the same in the
succeeding modules.

LEARN MORE!

Enrichment Activity. Identify one government institution and answer the following
questions and write your answer in a separate sheet.

1. Is there a governance structure in place?

2. If so, what is it? Does it work regarding what we’ve been discussing?
How does it work? How can it be improved?
3. If not, what do you think might be needed?

Since learning is considered a continuous process, you may browse and read
Wyatt, M. 2005. A Handbook of NGO Governance on www.ngoboards.org – check
under ‘Resources’ for more learning adventures on this topic.

13
POST-TEST

Directions. Read carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following defined as the systematic study of political

governmental institutions and processes?
A. Governance
B. Political science
C. Politics
D. All of the above

2. Which of the following is a process of decision-making by which decisions are

implemented?
A. Governance
B. Political science
C. Politics
D. All of them

3. What is the crucial requirement for good governance?

A. Accountability
B. Participation
C. Responsiveness
D. Transparency

4. What is the key requirement of good governance?

A. Accountability
B. Participation
C. Responsiveness
D. Transparency

5. What do you call by the people’s ideas about right and wrong?
A. Belief
B. Ideology
C. Manners
D. Values

6. Which of the following is a people’s assessment of reality and what they hold
is true?
A. Belief
B. Ideology
C. Manners
D. Values

14
7. What is the study of “who gets what, when, and how”?
A. Governance
B. Politics
C. The Science of Politics
D. All of the above

8. Why does good governance entail respect for law and human rights?
A. for the exercise of its power on the people
B. to show people that they care and they are protected
C. it is primarily concerned with the association of people
D. they must have the consent of the governed to achieve peace and
unity. Also, they are defined as the process of decision making which
involves people that is being implemented of the decisions

9. What does transparency mean in good governance?

A. serve and care
B. effective policymaking
C. enforcement is done in a manner that follows rules and regulations
D. both men and women must have a representative in every
governmental process

10. Why does good governance need to ensure transparency?

A. for them to be honest
B. being answerable for actions
C. to show people their consistency as good government
D. to meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources

11. What is the similarity between politics and governance?

A. They are both exercises of power.
B. They both deal with decision-making.
C. They consist of people acting politically.
D. They are concerned with the association of human beings into ‘body
politic’.

12. Which of the following practices deception and manipulation?

A. Decisions
B. Governance
C. People
D. Politics

15
 13. Why does good governance need participation?
A. for the fairness
B. to give freedom to people to make a decision
C. because it is a crucial requirement for good governance
D. to make sure that the people are involved with every decision they
make and to reduce misunderstanding

14. Does governance need to entail competence?

A. No, they just have to be legit.
B. Yes, just to be effective in every way.
C. No, it does not need to entail competence.
D. It may or may not. They only need to implement.

15. Is the accountability of good governance a crucial requirement?

A. No, being transparent is enough.
B. No, the crucial requirement is participation.
C. Yes, good governance must be accountable to the public to ensure
transparency.
D. Yes, it is also a crucial requirement but the most crucial requirement is
effectiveness and efficiency.

Congratulations! You did an excellent journey in this module. Indeed, learning

is fun! God bless!

GLOSSARY

The following terms employed in this module are defined as follows for you to be
guided:

Accountability the quality and standard or state of being accountable

Consensus general agreement; group solidarity

Effectiveness producing or capable of producing desiring result

Efficiency the ability to produce the desired result

Governance lawful management over the affairs of a political unit

Law the holistic of such customs, practices, or rules

Metaphysical Stage refers to evidence by impersonal abstract concepts

16
Modern Stage the state was deemed capable of being improved by
rulers and subjects in accordance to certain principles
and laws.

Participation the state of involvement or action of being actively

involved in something

Politics the science concerned with holding control over a

government

Political Science a systematic way in studying state and government

Religious Stage the state, its leaders, and laws were considered as
divine or divinely inspired.

Responsiveness the quality of reacting quickly and positively

Transparency the standard and quality of being easily seen through

17
ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test
1. D 6. A 11. B
2. A 7. B 12. D
3. B 8. C 13. D
4. D 9. B 14. B
5. B 10. A 15. C

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

Activity 1. Matching Type
1. Government D.
2. Governance E.
3. Leader C.
4. Politics A.
5. Transparency B.

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

Activity 2. Polvenn Diagram (Possible Answer)
Politics - Denotes a social activity
It is an art and science of the government
Refers to a group of people
Similarities - Decision-making
The exercise of power
Governance - This is where decisions are implemented
Refer to a process or system

Activity 3. Draw Me/Cut Me Out Analysis

(Sample Answer) Activity 4. True or False
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False – the concept of good governance
5. True
6. True
7. False – the good governance
8. False – freely available and directly
accessible
9. True
10. False – its accountability

18
Abstraction
(Sample Answer)

https://asiafoundation.org/publication/economic-reform-development-in-the-philippines/

Economic Reform and Development in the Philippines. This article shows good
governance in the Philippines. It shows the competence, effectiveness, and efficiency of the
government.

Application
Quiz. Identification

1. Accountability 6. Political Science

2. Transparency 7. Religious Stage
3. Participation 8. Focusing on Legitimacy
4. Metaphysical Stage 9. Consensus Oriented
5. Modern Stage 10. Effectiveness and Efficiency

REFLECTION
(Sample Answer)

I observed that the government here in the Philippines seeks to act in the interests of its
people through this system. It is important to learn politics because this educates us that every
individual has the opportunity to change the world. The government should develop on focusing on
the needs of its people and the economic balance. While doing the activities, I felt enlightened,
mesmerized, and educated.

LEARN MORE
Enrichment Activity (Sample Answer)

I learned that there is a governance structure in our school. They are called the Supreme
Student Government. And I can say that they are practicing the characteristics of good governance.
They do projects that the student body partake. Their projects are effective and efficient.

Post-Test

1. B 6. A 11. B
2. A 7. B 12. D
3. A 8. D 13. D
4. B 9. C 14. B
5. D. 10. B 15. C

19
REFERENCES

Agpalo, Remigio E. Political Science in the Political Science in the Philippines 1880-
1998. A history of the discipline for the centenary of the first Philippine
Republic. Philippine Social Science Review.Vol. 55, no. 1-4. Jan – Dec. 1998

Borabo, Milagros L., PhD and Borabo Heidi Grace L., PhD., 2015.Interactive and
Innovative Teaching Strategies- A Resource Book for 21st Century Teachers.
Volume 1 and 6. ISBN 971-685-790-0/795-5

Islam, S.S. and Abdul Rashid Moten. 2011. Introduction to Political Science. 4 thed.
Cengage Learning. Malaysia.

Pulma, Erlinda B. and Tabajen, Rhene C., 2016 Philippine Politics and Governance
1st ed. ISBN 978-621415-023-6/JFS Publishing Services, Unit 9005 General
Park Condominium 2, 168 D. Jorge St. Barangay 132 Pasay City, 1303
Philippines, www.jfspublishingservices.com

Ranney, A. 1995. Governing An Introduction to Political Science. Philippines.

Prentice-Hall International Editions.

Roskin, Michael G., Cord, RobertL., Nedeiros, James A., ones, Walter S., 2012.
Political Science: An Introduction 12th ed. Longman Pearson Education, Inc.
Glenview, II.

UNESCO/United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
What is good governance?

Wyatt, M. 2005. A Handbook of NGO Governance on www.ngoboards.org – check

under ‘Resources’.

Websites
http://pinoypulse.com/2018/09/09/good-governance-key-to-ease-poverty/
https://asiafoundation.org/publication/economic-reform-development-in-the-
philippines/

20
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

21