EFFECTIVE READING COMPREHENSION

STRATEGIES FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN THE

DISTRICT OF CONCEPCION : AN ACADEMIC SURVEY

Northern Iloilo State University -Concepcion Campus

Concepcion, Iloilo
2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background of the Study 1

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 2

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis 4

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Limitations of the Study 6

Definition of Terms 7

Review of Related Literature/Review of Related Studies 8

Research Method 9

Respondents of the Study 10

Data Gathering Instrument 11

Data Gathering Procedure 12

Data Analysis Procedure 13

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 14

Summary ( For Graduate Students ) 15

Conclusion ( For Graduate Students ) 16

Implication ( For Graduate Students ) 16

Recommendations ( For Graduate Students ) 16

References 16

Appendices ( For Graduate Students ) 16

Curriculum Vitae ( For Graduate Students ) 16

Summary ( For Undergraduate Students) 17

Conclusions ( For Undergraduate Students ) 17

Recommendations 18

References 18

Appendices 18

Fast Facts 19

Format for Preliminaries 20

Thesis and Dissertation Proposal Evaluation Sheet 35

Sample Thesis 40
 CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework which include the
Paradigm of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis ( If needed )
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definitions of Terms

Background of the Study

This part of the study gives an overview of the what the research is all about. It

presents the situational analysis of the topic, provides ideas on global, national, regional

and local situations. Reactions, other people’s idea, controversies, or even negative

results about the chosen topic will be discussed fully having scientific reasons why the

study will be undertaken. Citations are needed in this part of the study.

In this section the “WHY” aspect should be considered so to establish the need

for the study.

Indentation should always be five spaces. The first letter of the first word should

be typed on the sixth space. 2 spaces after period.

 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The thematic organization or approach of all theories must be presented in this

section. The theoretical framework must have a logical and systematic presentation of

the theories that would support the topic/ problem of the study. Theories which are only

relevant to the study must be utilized.

Concepts must also be presented. In this portion the independent, intervening or

moderator and dependent variables are discussed. The paradigm is also presented.

Statement of the Problem

A one paragraph using a declarative sentence will present the main problem of

the study. The specific problems will follow and are numbered in interrogative

sentences.

Hypothesis

Not all researches require the hypothesis. For researches that need hypothesis

they are presented one after the other. Only an inferential question needs a hypothesis.

Null hypothesis is recommended to be used.

 Significance of the Study

This portion of the research paper discusses persons, institutions, groups, races

that would be benefited in the study. Discussions on the reason on how they would

benefit will be presented. They will be arranged according to the degree of importance.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The purpose and the main problem of the study are discussed in this section

which would briefly discuss how the coverage and the limitations of the study and how it

will be attained. Discussion of the respondents, where the study will be conducted, the

instrument, and statistical tools are mentioned.

Definition of Terms

In this part of the research paper, important terms used in the study especially in

the problem are defined conceptually and operationally. All conceptual definitions will

include the source and year of publication and should be in statement form. The

operational definition would explain how the term will be used in the study. All words

defined in this section are arranged in alphabetical order.

 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature /Review of Related Studies

This chapter discusses the literatures that directly support the problem of the

study. Make sure that the literatures are all linked to the problem of the study and must

be paraphrased, having a maximum of five titles ( researchers must make their own

titles).

The literatures are presented in paragraph form with sources for every

paragraph. All quoted literatures are presented with open and close quotation marks

and with the page number of the quoted line or paragraph.

Review of related studies is linked to the problem which will be used to verify the

results or findings of the study. Only the problem and the results of the study are

presented in this section. Sources of the study are cited and the year of publication, five

( 5 ) years back. In case of in availability of sources ten (10 ) years back is accepted.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Method
Respondents of the Study
Locale of the Study
Data Gathering Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analyses Procedure

Research Method

In this section, you will state and explain the research method used and why it

was chosen. It must be specifically stated if it is descriptive, experimental or historical.

Mention also the approach/es used in the study. For example, if it is descriptive, state

whether the study is adopted survey, correlational, case study, evaluative, comparative,

content analysis or normative- survey. The narrative description should state what the

research is all about.

Respondents of the Study

In this section, present the respondents of the study, the sample population, if

sampling is determined. Mention the sampling technique used. Discuss the

respondents’ profile according to how it is being presented in the distribution of

respondents. You also will have to include the sampling technique of how the
respondents were being chosen. Present the formula used in determining the sample

size.

After the discussion, present the distribution of respondents via table. The table

includes the variables, the number of respondents and percentage. The table is open.

Data Gathering Instrument

Discuss the narrative description of the data gathering instrument. It is focused

on the kind of items in the instrument, how the items will be answered and how the

instrument was constructed. You also must be specific on the basis/ bases of the items

of the instrument, be it a questionnaire, observation guide, interview schedule or test. It

is in this section that the validation and reliability testing are discussed. Include in the

discussion the reliability result/s.

If the instrument is adopted, permission must be sought from the author to

secure and ensure its reliability and validity levels. Citation of the author must be

included.

Data Gathering Procedure

A step by step discussion of how the data was gathered must be presented. It

should include the specifics of the procedures of the entire research process.

Data Analysis Procedure

 All statistical tools for quantitative research have to be presented including how

these were used.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Findings of the study are discussed in narrative form before the tabular

presentation of the data. As much as possible, avoid reading of tables, instead,

analyses and interpretation of data shall focus on implications, reasons and meanings.

Make sure the discussions have to go beyond what the data is all about.

The implications and meanings of the data must consider the “ why” aspect of the

findings. Reasons for the explanation are to provide meanings to the findings. For

example, if there is significant difference on the level of performance of young students

in skills, present the reasons. The explanation has to be anchored on a general

statement that the old students perform better in skills, but it is not so in the findings of

this study.

There must have to be a confirmation of the research hypotheses whether the

researchers accepted or rejected the null hypotheses and state the corresponding

implications.

Corroboration of findings is necessary to confirm and support the findings of the

present study. Results of past studies have to be cited properly. If ever there are
contradictions within the results of the present study and the past researches, an

explanation must be presented.

The presentation of the data must be on a per problem basis.

Correct grammar and logical organizations are observed. Active constructions

are preferred.

After the discussion the table must be presented.

See attached tables.

Suggested Tables for Chapter IV of the Undergraduate Thesis

Distribution of Respondents

f %
A. Entire Group
B. Sex
Male
Female
C. Mental Ability
High
Average
Low
D. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low
Descriptive Data Analysis

Parametric Test

N SD M Description
A. Entire Group
B. Sex
Male
Female
C. Mental Ability
High
Average
Low
D. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low

Non - Parametric Test

N SD M Description
A. Entire Group
B. Sex
Male
Female
C. Mental Ability
High
Average
 Low
D. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low

Inferential Data Analysis

Parametric Test

Table for independent / Dependent Sample t-test

M SD 95% C.I. df t p r
( L, U )
A. Entire Group
B. Sex
Male
Female
C. Mental Ability
High
Average
Low
D. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low
*p < 0.05, significant at 0.05 level ( two – tailed )
**p < 0.01, significant at 0.01 level ( two – tailed )
***p < 0.001, significant at 0.001 level ( two – tailed )

Table for One-way Between- Groups Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA )

M SD df F p r Post - hoc
( BG, WG ) Tukey HSD
A. Entire Group *
B. Sex
Male 1<2
Female
C. Mental Ability **
 High 1<2
Average 1>3
Low
D. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low
*p < 0.05, significant at 0.05 level ( two – tailed )
**p < 0.01, significant at 0.01 level ( two – tailed )

Table for Pearson’s product – moment correlation coefficient

N 1 2 3
r p r p r p
1. Var 1 - - - -
2. Var 2 - -
3. Var 3

Inferential Data Analysis

Non – Parametric Test

Table for Mann- Whitney U Test / Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

N Md U z p r
A. Entire Group *
B. Sex
Male
Female
C. Mental Ability **
High
Average
Low
D. Socio Economic Status ***
High
Average
Low
*p < 0.05, significant at 0. 05 level (two-tailed).
**p < 0. 01, significant at 0. 01 level (two-tailed).
***p < 0. 001, significant at 0. 001 level (two- tailed).

Table for Kruskal-Wallis H Test

N Md df X2 p r Post - hoc
M-W U Test
A. Sex *
Male 1<2
Female
B. Mental Ability **
High 1>2
Average 1>3
Low
C. Socio Economic Status
High
Average
Low
*p < 0.05, significant at 0. 05 level (two-tailed).
**p < 0. 01, significant at 0. 01 level (two-tailed).

Table for Spearmen’s rank order correlation

N 1 2 3
rho p rho p rho p
4. Var 1 - - - -
5. Var 2 - -
6. Var 3
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
Implications (For Graduate students)

Summary

This section of the study presents the general objective, followed by research

method, statement of the problem, respondents, locale of the study, data gathering

instrument, data gathering procedure and data analysis procedure.

Discuss the major findings of the study undertaken. No discussion and

implications will be mentioned. The major findings shall be discussed on a one-on-one

basis with the research problem. In this case, the number of the major findings shall be

based on how many specific research problems are mentioned in chapter 1.

Conclusions

Base the discussion on the major findings. It is a generalization of all the results.

Do not repeat the major findings.

Implications
 This section will discuss about implications of the results of the study for both

theory and practice.

Recommendations

Present the sequence of recommendations based on the findings of the study.

Go back to your significance of the study and provide specific recommendations on the

“HOW” aspect and why such recommendations are needed (For grad school include

three (3) areas for further studies).

References

Follow APA (all sources are arranged in alphabetical order, for online sources

mention the date retrieved and the link).

Appendices

Order of appendices: a) letters b) questionnaires c) other documents like pictures,

lesson plans, materials, output of the reliability, summary of validity results.

TITLE, INVERTED PYRAMID, BOLD, ALL CAPS, IN SINGLE SPACE,

MAXIMUM OF 3 LINES

10ss

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the Teacher Education Department

10ss

In Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Secondary Education
(English)

10ss
 by
DS
Name of researchers having the name first arranged in alphabetical order using the
inverted pyramid
DS
Date
APPROVAL SHEET
DS
Title of the study, all caps, bold

2DS

An Undergraduate Thesis for the Degree

Bachelor Elementary Education
DS
by
DS
Names of researchers, arranged in alphabetical order with the first name first and
using inverted pyramid
3ss
NAME OF ADVISER, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Thesis Adviser

2DS
Approved by the Research Committee:

3ss
NAME OF PANEL CHAIRMAN, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Panel Chairman

3ss
NAME OF PANEL MEMBER, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Panel Member

3ss
NAME OF PANEL MEMBER, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Panel Member
 3ss
NAME OF THE DEPARTMENT, CHAIRMAN, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Chairman BSEd/BEED Department

3ss
NAME OF THE DEAN, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE
Dean, School of Education

APPROVAL SHEET

This graduate thesis entitled TITLE OF THE RESERCH ALL IN CAPS AND
PRINTED IN BOLD prepared and submitted by Name of the Researcher, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Name of course, has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATIONS.

NAME OF ADVISER, BOLD, ALL CAPS, TITLE

Adviser
- -----------------------------------------------------------

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

NAME OF THE PANEL CHAIRPERSON, ALL IN CAPS, BOLD, AND TITLE

Panel Chairperson

NAME OF THE PANEL MEMBER NAME OF THE PANEL MEMBER

Member Member

NAME OF THE PANEL MEMBER NAME OF THE PANEL MEMBER

Member Member

NAME OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

External Examiner

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree, Master of Arts in Education, March 2018.
 NAME OF THE DEAN, TITLE
Dean, School of Education

Names of the researchers in hanging indention with the family name first of the
researchers with their middle initial, in single space, title of the study, bold, ALL
publication, and date.

2DS

ABSTRACT
DS
The abstract is un- indented, in double space, upper lower case and not justified. The

content of the abstract will include the purpose or aim of the study, including the gap the

research method, the respondents, locale of the study, instrument/s used or statistical

tools used, the main findings, or results of the study with conclusion and

recommendation. The abstract will have a maximum of 250 words (content and function

words).

Keywords: Fundamentals: Guide:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DS

Introduction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Use the third person point of view.

Name of adviser, his participation in the study and statements of thanks for the help

extended to the researchers;

Name of panel chairman, his participation in the study and statement of thanks for

the help extended to the researchers;

Name of English editor, his participation in the study and statement of thanks for

the help extended to the researchers;

Name of statistician, his participation in the study and statement of thanks for the

help extended to the researchers;

Name of panel members, his participation in the study and statement of thanks for

the help extended to the researchers;

Name of department chairman, his participation in the study and statement of

thanks for the help extended to the researchers;