How To Think

Thinking Skills
Focusing On HOW Not WHAT To Think

How to think effectively is especially relevant, at the time of writing, as the world slowly
emerges from post Covid-19 lockdown and starts to come to terms with the societal,
economic and financial consequences.

We are currently living in an age of unreason where:

 Experts are denigrated and ignorance, bias and prejudice is celebrated;

 Woke thinking takes precedence over reasoned debate;
 Virtue signally takes precedence over private philanthropy;
 Intelligent discussion and agreement to disagree and respect for other shades of opinion
are denied in the current cancel culture;
 Public debate is hijacked and taken over by group think and mob rule.

All of which provides another very powerful rationale and motivation for learning how to
think effectively.

In this article [and the associated articles that follow] we are going to look at a number of
ways of improving your cognitive capabilities and provide you with a range of practical tools
and resources to do this successfully.

We are going to start the process of understanding and learning how to think effectively
with several key reference points:

1. Focusing On How To Think Not What To Think

2. Critical Thinking Skills
3. The Strategic Mindset
4. Metacognition
5. Mental Models

How To Think: [1] Focusing On How To Think Not What To

Think
In recent research into the neurology of creative brains, the lead author of the study [Roger
E.Beaty] said:

“People who are more creative can simultaneously engage brain networks that don’t
typically work together.”

The evidence suggested 3 sub-networks:

1. The default mode network involved in memory and mental simulation.

2. The salience network which detects important information.
3. The executive control network which plays key roles in creative thought.

“It’s the synchrony between these systems that seems to be important for creativity...”
 Neuroscientist and Neuropsychiatrist Nancy Andreasen scanned the brains of 13 of the
current most famous creative people across various domains and summarised key patterns
in the minds of these creative geniuses:

# They have patience and persistence and allow the time

Creative work takes time, often a lot of time, and that requires patience and persistence.

"Isaac Newton's formulation of the concept of gravity took more than 20 years and included
multiple components: preparation, incubation, inspiration — a version of the eureka
experience — and production...”

[Nancy Andreasen]

# They are largely self-taught

Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, or Mark Zuckerberg were all self-learners preferring to figure things
out for themselves.

“Because their thinking is different, my subjects often express the idea that standard ways
of learning and teaching are not always helpful and may even be distracting, and that they
prefer to learn on their own...”

# They are good at making juxtapositions between dissimilar

subjects
Many creative geniuses make connections between things that are unrelated to their main
research. They can force relationships where there is none. They make connections where
ordinary minds see opposites.

Leonardo da Vinci forced a relationship between the sound of a bell and a stone hitting
water, which enabled him to make the connection that sound travels in waves.

“Creativity is just connecting things. When you ask creative people how they did something,
they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really do it, they just saw something...” [Steve
Jobs]

When presented with a problem, creative people will ask :

 “How many different ways can I look at it?

 “How can I rethink the way I see it?”
 “How many different ways can I solve it?”
 They tend to come up with many different responses, some of which are unconventional and
possibly unique.

# They are open-minded

Every problem — no matter how apparently simple it may be — comes with a long list of
assumptions.

These assumptions must be tested especially the most obvious and the "sacred cows".

They ask "Why!?"

# They are so good, we can’t ignore them

Cal Newport says:

“Until you become good, you don’t have leverage.”

Truly creative people are always seeking improvement:

 Thomas Edison held 1,093 patents

 Bach wrote a cantata every week
 Picasso made 50,000 works of art in his life.
 Mozart composed over 600 pieces in his lifetime.
 Charles Schulzmade made 17,897 Charlie Brown strips before he died.
 Aside from his paper on relativity, Einstein published 248 other papers.

“On average, creative geniuses aren’t qualitatively better in their fields than their peers,
they simply produce a greater volume of work which gives them more variation and a
higher chance of originality...”

[Prof. Dean Simonton]

In summary, patience, persistence life long learning and approaching things differently are
the keys to high-level creative thinking.

For a fascinating insight into the thought processes of Bill Gates I do recommend the Netflix
3 film series for which this is the trailer:
 How To Think: [2] Critical Thinking Skills

What Is Critical Thinking?

“Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully
conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered
from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as
a guide to belief and action.” [The Foundation for Critical Thinking]

Critical thinking is just deliberately and systematically processing information so that

you can make better decisions and generally understand things better.

Ways to critically think about information include:

 Conceptualizing
 Analyzing
 Synthesizing
 Evaluating
 That information can come from sources such as:

 Observation
 Experience
 Reflection
 Reasoning
 Communication

And all this is meant to guide:

 Beliefs
 Action

These notes are an extract from an excellent article by Ramson Patterson: 7 Ways to
Improve Your Critical Thinking Skills

The Five Whys Technique is used to help determine the root cause of a problem by asking
the question “Why” five times.

How To Think: [3] The Strategic Mindset

The strategic mindset is focused on the most efficient thinking

process to achieve a result.
We are all familiar with that well-known quote from Thomas Edison, with reference to his
3,000 failures before he successfully invented the lightbulb, when he said that:

“Genius is one percent inspiration, and ninety-nine percent perspiration”.

However, usual interpretation of that story suggests dogged persistence and determination
was the key to his eventual success. However there was far more to it than just that.
Edison didn’t just randomly move from one failed design to another.

He was constantly adapting and refining his ideas:

“I would construct a theory and work on its lines until I found it was untenable... then it
would be discarded at once and another theory evolved.”
 At each step of the process, he was making intelligent decisions that learnt from the failures
and built on the small successes.

A recent study, at the National University of Singapore suggests we might all benefit from
the strategic mindset.

While others diligently follow the same convoluted path, people with
the strategic mindset are constantly looking for a more efficient
route forwards.
“It helps them figure out how to direct their efforts more effectively,” says Patricia Chen
who ran the study and the research shows that the strategic mindset may just spell the
difference between success or failure.

How To Think: [4] Metacognition

Thinking about thinking: knowing how to apply the most

appropriate cognitive processes to the task in hand.

Our brains process and organize information in a variety of ways. The core cognitive
processes used for learning were first defined by Albert Upton [a professor at Whittier
College] and later refined with David Hyerle. They include:

 Defining: Listing the facts, details and key information you know about a topic or term.
 Describing: Identifying the essential characteristics of something using adjectives.
 Comparing and Contrasting: Analyzing how two things are similar or different from one
another.
 Classifying: Organizing information into groups or sets and listing the details, members
or characteristics of each set.
 Whole-to-Part Relationships: Defining the parts and subparts of a system.
 Sequencing: Outlining the steps in a process or the sequence of events in a narrative.
 Cause and Effect: Analyzing the root causes and impacts of an event.
 Analogies and Relationships: Showing how things relate to one another using an
analogy or relating factor.

By deliberately activating and combining these 8 cognitive processes, and knowing which
ones to apply for different tasks, we understand and interpret the world around us.

These thinking processes are built into our brains; we use them all the time and
automatically. But we don’t always use them efficiently.

Effective thinkers have good metacognition, they know how to access these different modes
of thinking deliberately and apply them to different kinds of tasks.

How To Think: [5] Mental Models

A mental model is a high level representation, or overview, of how

something works.

Since it is impossible to keep all of the details of all of the information that you absorb in
your brain, you use models to simplify the complex into understandable and organisable
chunks.
Mental models shape how you reason and how you understand, and they also shape the
connections and opportunities that you see, and also why you consider some things more
relevant than others.

Charlie Munger on Mental Models

Latticework of Mental Models

How To Prioritise Learning Mental Models

Charlie Munger: Adding Mental Tools to Your Toolbox