A PROJECT REPORT ON

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL PALM KERNEL
SHELL AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND
BINDING MATERIAL WITH LIME STONE SLAG
A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award
of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
submitted by

A. CHANDU 21NT5A0102
K. RAMESH 21NT5A0132
M.MAHESWARARAO 21NT5A0138
A. GEETHANJALI 21NT5A0101
T. SATYANARAYANA 21NT5A0163

Under the esteemed guidance Of

Mr. CH.SAI KIRAN, M. Tech (Ph. D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISAKHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
(Approved By AICTE and affiliated to JNTUGV, Vizianagaram, A.P)
88thDIVISION, NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530027
BATCH (2020-2024)

I
 VISAKHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved By AICTE and affiliated to JNTUGV, Vizianagaram, A.P)
88thDIVISION, NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530027

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project report entitled " AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
ONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL PALM KERNEL
SHELL AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND BINDING
MATERIAL WITH LIME STONE SLAG". submitted by A. CHANDU (21NT5A0102), K.
RAMESH (21NT5A0132) M. MAHESWARARAO (21NT5A0138), A. GEETHANJALI
(21NT5A0101), T. SATYA NARAYANA (21NT5A0163), In partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of degree of "BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in "CIVIL
ENGINEERING" from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada is an authentic
work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPERTMENT

Mr. CH. SAIKIRAN, M. Tech (Ph. D) Mr. ARUN KUMAR, M. Tech (Ph.D.)

(Assistant professor) (Associate Professor)

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

II
 DECLARATION

We here by declare that project work entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

ONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL PALM KERNEL
SHELL AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND BINDING
MATERIAL WITH LIME STONE SLAG”. Under the guidance of Mr. CH.SAI KIRAN,
M.Tech (Ph.D) (Assistant professor). Is Bonafide work carried out by us and the result embodied
in this project have not been reproduced/ copied from any other source. The result embodied in
this project report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any
other degree.

BY:

A. CHANDU 21NT5A0102

K. RAMESH 21NT5A0132

M.MAHESWARARAO 21NT5A0138

A. GEETHANJALI 21NT5A0101

T. SATYANARAYANA 21NT5A0163

III
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISAKHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT EVALUTION

This project entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ONMECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL PALM KERNEL SHELL AS
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND BINDING MATERIAL
WITH LIME STONE SLAG” submitted by A. CHANDU (21NT5A0102), K. RAMESH
(21NT5A0132) M. MAHESWARARAO (21NT5A0138), A. GEETHANJALI (21NT5A0101),
T. SATYA NARAYANA (21NT5A0163), of 2020 to 2024 batch. In partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering at Visakha
Institute of Engineering and Technology has been approved.

Examiners:

…………………………………………

Mr. CH. SAI KIRAN, M. Tech (Ph.D) PROJECT GUIDE

(Assistant Professor)

………………………………………… HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. ARUN KUMAR, M. Tech (Ph. D)

(Associate Professor)

………………………………………… EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Mr.CH. SAI KIRAN, M.Tech
(Ph.D), Assistant Professor. In the Civil Engineering for their valuable suggestions and timely
advice given to us at every stage in the project that enable us to carry out the project work
successfully.

We express our sincere thanks to MR. ARUN KUMAR, M. Tech (Ph. D), Head of Civil
Engineering Department, Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Narava for his
constant encouragement and guidance to bring this project successfully within the prescribed time.

We are grateful to express our thanks to Dr. G. VIDYA PRADEEP VARMA, Ph.D. Principal of
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology for providing facilities for the successful
completion of the project.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Sri G. SATYANARAYANA, Chairman,

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, for encouraging and providing sufficient
facilities for the completion of our project in successful manner.

We also convey our gratitude to all faculty members of Civil Engineering department who helped
directly and indirectly for the completion of this project successfully.

We sincerely thank my classmates and friends for their kind help and cooperation during my
course of study.

Finally, we thank our Parents for their possible assistance during course of project.

V
 ABSTRACT

Concrete is the most used construction material in the world and the second most
consumed substance in the world after water. Concrete flexibility and increase in population have
resulted in the high use of the material for the construction of shelters, infrastructures, and
workplaces among other, thereby contributing to the high cost of the material. There is a worry in
the construction industry about the depletion of natural resources from which concrete is produced
soon. This high demand for concrete has also increased the price of the material making it almost
impossible for low-income earners to own houses and leaving many homeless. Also, increased in
population has increased agricultural activities across the globe in order to tackle the problem of
food insecurity amongst which include palm farming. The negative effect of these increased
agricultural activities is the high environmental pollution as wastes from these activities are openly
burned in many instances as a mean of disposal, releasing a significant amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the atmosphere. These concerns have prompted research towards waste materials that
could be used as alternatives to those conventional materials for concrete production while at the
same time minimizing the high environmental pollution. Through these efforts, it was discovered
that Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS), the by-product of palm farming, can partially replace coarse
aggregate to produce structural concrete. Similarly, it was discovered that LIME STONE SLAG,
is the main source of the material lime, can be used as an Ordinary Portland to replace portion of
the cement in concrete production. However, limited information was found on the combine effect
of OPKS and lime stone slag as partial replacements for coarse aggregate and Ordinary Portland
cement respectively on normal concrete. It was the aim of this research to investigate the effect of
OPKS and LIME STONE SLAG on normal weight concrete (NWC) as partial replacements for
coarse aggregate and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) respectively. Effects were determined in
terms of concrete workability, density, water absorption, compressive strength, Flexural strength,
Tensile strength and Modulus of elasticity of Four mixes were designed in which OPKS was varied
at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,40% and 50% and lime stone slag at 5%,10%,15% and 20% in a mix ratio
of 1:1.05:2.38 for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate respectively with a constant free
water to cement ratio of 0.40. Batching was by volume and Specimens were cured for 7-, 14- and
28-days Keywords: Oil Palm Kernel Shell, Lime stone slag, Compressive strength, Flexural
strength, Tensile strength, Modulus of elasticity.

VI
 CONTENTS

SI.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 ACKNOWLWDGEMENT V
2 LIST OF FIGURES VI
3 LIST OF GRAPHS IX
4 LIST OF TABLES X
5 ABSTRACT VI
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1 to 6
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 MATERIALS USED 2-5
1.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATE
1.2.2 OIL PALM KERNEL SHELL
1.2.3 FINE AGGREGATE
1.2.4 CEMENT
1.2.5 LIMESTONE SLAG
1.3 NEED OF THE WORK 5-6
1.3.1 SUSTAINABILITY
1.3.2 REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
1.3.3 LIGHTWEIGHT PROPERTIES
1.3.4 ENHANCED BINDING
1.3.5 REDUCED CARBON EMISSIONS
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE WORK 6
CHAPTER-2 LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW 7-12
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION 13
3.2 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 14
3.2.1 RAW MATERIALS
3.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE
3.3 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE 15-16
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
3.3.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES
3.4 FINE AGGREGATE
3.5 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE 16-17

VII
 3.5.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATES
3.6 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
3.6.1 CEMENT
3.7 TESTING OF CEMENT 18-19
3.7.1 CONSISTENCY
3.7.2 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME
3.8 OIL PALM KERNAL SHELLS 19-20
3.9 LIME STONE SLAG 20-21
CHAPTER-4 MIXED DESIGN
4.1 INTRODUCTION 22-26
4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
4.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
4.4 DESIGN OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE
CHAPTER-5 EXPEPERIMENTAL WORK
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 OBJECTIVE OF TESTING 27
5.3 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE 27-29
5.3.1 AGGREGATES
5.3.2 BATCHING
5.3.3 MIXING
5.3.4 CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES AND CYLINDERS
5.3.5 CURING
5.4 STRENGTH PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE 29-30
5.4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
5.4.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
5.5 SUMMARY
CHAPTER-6 OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION 31-43
6.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 CONCLUSIONS 44-45
CHAPTER-8 REFERANCE
8.1 REFERANCE 46-47

VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
TITLE
NO PAGE NO
1.1 COARSE AGGREGATE 2

1.2 OIL PALM KERNAL SHELLS 3

1.3 FINE AGGREGATE 4

1.4 CEMENT 4

1.5 LIME STONE SLAG 4

3.1 COARSE AGGREGATE 15

3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATES 15

3.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS 16

3.4 FINE SGGREGSTES 17

3.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATES 19

3.6 OIL PALM KERNAL SHELLS 20

3.7 LIME STONE SLAG

5.1 MIXING OF CONCRETE 28

5.2 CASTING OF CUBES AND CYLINDERS 28

IX
 LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH NO TITLE PAGE NO
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.1
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS. 32
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.2
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 33
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.3
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS 34
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.4
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.5
SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS 36
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.6
SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 37
PALM SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7
6.7
DAYS SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE 38
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.8
SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 39
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.9
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 40
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30 GRADE PALM
6.10
SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 41
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30GRADE PALM
6.11
SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 42
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30GRADE PALM
6.12
SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 43

X
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
NO TITLE NO
3.1 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES 16
3.2 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES 17
3.3 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 19
4.1 QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE MIX 26
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.1 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS. 31
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.2 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 32
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.3 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS 33
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.4 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 34
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.5 SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 7 DAYS 35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS of M30 M30 GRADE
PALM SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14
6.6 DAYS
36
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.7 SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 37
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.8 SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 14 DAYS 38
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF M30 GRADE PALM
6.9 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 39
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30 GRADE PALM
6.10 SHELLS CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 40
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30GRADE PALM
6.11 SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 41
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OFM30GRADE PALM
6.12 SHELLS + LIME STONE CONCRETE MIX AT THE AGE OF 28 DAYS 42

XI
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is the most used construction material in the world and the second most consumed
substance in the world after water. Concrete flexibility and increase in population have resulted in
the high use of the material for the construction of shelters, infrastructures, and workplaces among
other, thereby contributing to the high cost of the material. There is a worry in the construction
industry about the depletion of natural resources from which concrete is produced soon.

An experimental investigation on concrete containing oil palm kernel shell as a replacement for
coarse aggregate and binding material with limestone is a research study that explores the potential
use of unconventional materials in concrete production. This investigation aims to assess the
feasibility and performance of utilizing oil palm kernel shells as a sustainable alternative to
traditional coarse aggregates, while also using limestone as a binding material. The research aims
to evaluate the mechanical properties, durability, and environmental implications of such concrete
compositions, which could have significant implications for the construction industry's
sustainability and resource utilization.

This high demand for concrete has also increased the price of the material making it almost
impossible for low-income earners to own houses and leaving many homeless. Also, increased in
population has increased agricultural activities across the globe in order to tackle the problem of
food insecurity amongst which include palm farming. The negative effect of these increased
agricultural activities is the high environmental pollution as wastes from these activities are openly
burned in many instances as a mean of disposal, releasing a significant amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the atmosphere. These concerns have prompted research towards waste materials that
could be used as alternatives to those conventional materials for concrete production while at the
same time minimizing the high environmental pollution.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of
Concrete by replacing coarse aggregate with oil palm kernel shell and cement with lime stone slag.
In this work, the concrete specimens are casted, cured and tested to know the strength
characteristics by performing destructive tests like compressive strength, split tensile test. In the
first attempt the coarse aggregate is replaced with oil palm kernel shells at various percentages
like 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. The specimens are casted and tested to know the strength
characteristics. In this work other attempt is also done by replacing coarse aggregate with oil palm

1
kernel shells with same percentages like first attempt and cement replaced with lime stone slag.
The specimens are casted and tested at the age of 7 days and 28 days. The obtained values are
compared with the standard values of the conventional mix.

1.2 MATERIALS USED

1.2.1 Coarse Aggregate:

The material whose particles are of size are retained on IS sieve of size 4.75mm is termed
as coarse aggregate and containing only so much finer material as is permitted for the various
types described in IS:383-1970 is considered as coarse aggregate. Aggregates are the major
ingredients of concrete. They constitute 70-80% of the total volume, provide a rigid skeleton
structure for concrete, and act as economical space fillers. Because at least three-quarters of the
volume of the concrete is occupied by aggregate, it is not surprising that its quality is of
considerable importance. The properties of aggregate greatly affect the durability and structural
performance of concrete.

Fig 1.1: Coarse aggregates.

Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert material dispersed throughout the cement
paste largely for economic reasons. It is possible, however, to take an opposite view and to look
on aggregate as a building material connected in to a cohesive whole by means of the cement
paste. in a manner similar to masonry construction. In fact, aggregate is not truly inert and its
physical, thermal and sometimes also chemical properties influence the performance of concrete.
Aggregate is cheaper than cement and it is, therefore, economical to put in to the mix as much of
the former and as little of the later possible. But economy is not only the reason for using
aggregate, it confers considerable technical advantages on concrete, which has a higher volume
stability and better durability than hydrated cement paste alone. Aggregates should be of uniform

2
quality with respect to shape and grading. The size of coarse aggregated depends upon the nature
of the work.

The coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation is 20mm and 10mm size, crushed
and angular in shape as the aggregates are free from dust before used in the concrete.

1.2.2 Oil Palm Kernel Shell:

Oil palm kernel shells are the hard, outer layer of the seed found within the fruit of the oil palm
tree.

Fig 1.2: Oil palm kernel shells

They are a renewable biomass resource and have gained significance as a sustainable alternative
to fossil fuels. Oil palm kernel shells are used as a source of bioenergy, particularly in biomass
power plants, where they are burned to generate electricity and heat. They are also utilized as a
component in the production of activated carbon, which finds applications in water purification
and air filtration.

1.2.3 Fine Aggregate:

The size of the fine aggregate is below 4.75mm. Fine aggregates can be natural or manufactured.
The grade must be throughout the work. The moisture content or absorption characteristics must
Pechiney monitored.

3
 Fig 1.3: Fine aggregate

The fine aggregate as shown in Figure used is natural sand obtained from the river Godavari
confining to grading zone-II of Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009. The results of various tests on fine
aggregate are given in Table 3.2. The fine aggregate shall consist of natural and or, subject to
approval, other Ine materials with similar characteristics, or combinations having hard, strong,
durable particles. The use of concrete is being constrained by urbanization, mg regulations,
increased cost and environmental concrete.

1.2.4 Cement:

typically made from a mixture of limestone, clay, and other materials, which are heated to high
temperatures in a kiln to produce a powder known as clinker.

Fig 1.4: Cement

When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that hardens and binds various materials together,
creating concrete. Cement is a cornerstone of the construction industry and is essential for building
structures like buildings, bridges, and roads. It exists in various types, including Portland cement,
which is the most common, and specialty blends with unique properties for specific applications.
4
1.2.5 Limestone Slag:

Limestone slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking process, created when impurities in raw
materials, such as limestone, are removed from molten iron. It plays a vital role in the steel
industry, improving the quality and purity of steel. Limestone slag is widely used in road
construction as an aggregate material, contributing to the durability of road surfaces. Additionally,
it can be used in the production of cement, as a filler in asphalt, and as a raw material in the
manufacturing of glass and cement.

1.3 NEED OF THE WORK

Certainly, in this experimental investigation, the focus is on using oil palm kernel shells as a
replacement for the traditional coarse aggregates in concrete production. Coarse aggregates are a
fundamental component of concrete, typically consisting of materials like crushed stone, gravel,
or sand. However, using alternative materials like oil palm kernel shells offers several potential
advantages:

1.3.1 Sustainability: Oil palm kernel shells are a renewable resource, as they are a byproduct of
the palm oil industry. Utilizing them in concrete can reduce the demand for traditional, finite
resources, making the construction process more sustainable.

1.3.2 Reduced Environmental Impact: By using waste materials like palm kernel shells, there
is a potential to reduce the environmental impact associated with their disposal. This aligns with
the principles of sustainable construction and waste management.

1.3.3 Lightweight Properties: Oil palm kernel shells are typically lightweight, which can lead to
concrete with reduced density. This might be advantageous in applications where lightweight
concrete is desired, such as in certain struct.

To balance the unique properties of the oil palm kernel shells, limestone is used as the
binding material. Limestone, when ground into a fine powder, can be used as a supplementary
cementitious material in concrete. This can offer several benefits:

1.3.4 Enhanced Binding: Limestone can enhance the binding properties of the concrete,
improving its strength and durability.

1.3.5 Reduced Carbon Emissions: Limestone is more environmentally friendly than traditional
cement due to its lower carbon emissions during production.

This experimental investigation involves mixing these materials in varying proportions to create
concrete specimens. The study would then include tests and analyses to assess the mechanical
5
properties (such as compressive strength and flexural strength), durability (resistance to moisture,
chemicals, and weathering), and the overall feasibility of using this unconventional combination
in concrete production.

The results of this research can provide insights into the practicality and potential advantages or
limitations of using oil palm kernel shells and limestone in concrete, contributing to sustainable
construction practices and resource optimization.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK

The objectives of the work involving the experimental investigation on concrete containing oil
palm kernel shells as a replacement for coarse aggregate and binding material with limestone
typically include:

The objective of the present investigation is to investigate.

 Assess the effect of varying proportions of oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) as partial
replacement of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete.
 Investigate the influence of in cooperating limestone slag as a binding material on the
mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength, of concrete containing OPKS.
 Evaluate the density and porosity characteristics of concrete specimens with different
combinations of OPKS and limestone slag.
 The compressive strength, split tensile strength for concrete mix of M30 grade by replacing
cement with Lime stone slag, and Oil palm kernel shells coarse aggregate at
various percentages.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE WORK

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of
Concrete by replacing coarse aggregate with oil palm kernel shell and cement with lime stone slag.
In this work, the concrete specimens are casted, cured and tested to know the strength
characteristics by performing destructive tests like compressive strength, split tensile test. In the
first attempt the coarse aggregate is replaced with oil palm kernel shells at various percentages
like 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. The specimens are casted and tested to know the strength
characteristics. In this work other attempt is also done by replacing coarse aggregate with oil palm
kernel shells with same percentages like first attempt and cement replaced with lime stone slag.
The specimens are casted and tested at the age of 7 days and 28 days. The obtained values are
compared with the standard values of the conventional mix.
6
 CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
Okpala DC (1990): Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Build
Environ 25(4):291–296 In general, palm kernel shell has a good potential as a coarse aggregate in
making a light weight structure and can even be used for low to moderate strength application.
Based on these investigations, the following conclusions we’re being drawn:

• The compressive strength of the concrete for the 100% and 25% replacement are 4.78 N/mm2
and 4.44 N/mm2 respectively, at an age of 28 days, which did not satisfy the requirement for
structural light weight concrete.

• The water absorption capacity obtained for the concrete is within the range of specification for
normal concrete.

(Nawy, et al 2008): Concrete being a major construction material commonly and regularly used
in virtually any type of construction work constitutes at least about 40% of the total work.
Therefore, it’s important and a proper study of its regular production and utilization cannot be over
emphasized especially now that its utilization in construction actually is increasingly rising.
(Nawy, et al 2008), opined that merely choosing the appropriate constituent material for a
particular concrete is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the production of high-quality
concrete. Remarking that, the materials must be proportionally correct and the concrete must be
mixed, placed and cured properly.

U.J. Alengraram, et al (2008): have presented the work, “Influence of cementitious materials and
aggregate content on Palm shell concrete” and found the below: This paper reports the impact of
cementitious materials, fine and coarse total substance on usefulness and compressive strength of
palm part shell concrete. cementitious material was added 10% silica ash as extra cementitious
material and 5% fly debris as concrete substitution on weight of concrete. The impact of
fluctuating fine total and palm piece shell substance on
functionality and compressive strength have been considered.

NBRRI (2009): Concrete is a major component of most of our infrastructural facilities today in
the 21st century because of its versatility in use. Concrete is used more than any other man-made
material in the world. The important of concrete in modern society cannot be underestimated
according to NBRRI (2009), building failure occur far more frequently during the construction
period than in service. Unfortunately, this is the practice in Nigeria even though the construction
industry had produced quite some reasonable quantity of trained and experienced professionals

7
specialized in this area of training. The reasons these professionals are not being maximally
utilized still remain a paradox.

Payam Shafigh, et al (2010): have made a study on “Mix design and mechanical properties of
oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete: A review” and stated the below:

Oil palm shell (OPKS) is a type of farming strong waste in the tropical systems. Exploration during
the most recent twenty years shows that OPKS can be utilized as lightweight total for delivering
primary lightweight total cement. The thickness of OPKS concrete is around 20 -25% lower than
typical weight concrete. For the most part, mechanical properties of OPKS concrete are somewhat
lower than different sorts of lightweight total cement. It appears to be that from the synopsis and
investigation of the current data concerning OPKS concrete and contrasting it and other
lightweight total substantial apparently critical accomplishments can be achieved.

Wendimu Gudissa and Abebe Dinku (2010): This research paper examines the effects of partial
substitution of Portland cement clinker with limestone addition on the physical and chemical
properties of cement paste and hardened mortar in two ranges of blain fineness values. Laboratory
tests were conducted un limestone and clinker samples before used for the intended purpose and
then checked for conformity with the Ethiopian and European standards. The laboratory test results
revealed that up to 15% replacement of clinker by fine limestone powder having blain fineness
values in the range of 4000 to 4500 cms/gm result in comparable compressive strength to similar
mazes produced using 100% ordinary Portland cement. It also satisfied the standard compressive
strength of high early strength of cement (42.5 MPa) as per EN 197-1 standard requirements.
Furthermore, it was found that 25-35% limestone addition by weight results in slightly lesser
compressive strength values than the 28 day's standard compressive strength requirement.

Yusoff, et al (2011): have published a technical paper entitled, “High volume concrete
replacement by environmentally friendly industrial by-product palm oil clinker powder in concrete
– lime masonry mortar” and have found the below:

Concrete lime-based mortar is incredibly mainstream for a wide scope of development all
throughout the planet and rationing normal assets utilized in the creation of such material is vital.
Recognizable proof of elective materials from palm oil based mechanical side-effects empowered
analysts to utilize palm oil clinker powder (POCP) as a concrete substitution material; in this
exploration work, POCP was utilized as concrete substitution material in workmanship mortar.
The physical, synthetic properties and SEM of POCP were broke down to explore the possibility
of using POCP as concrete swap for up to 80%. Considering the practicality study, last mortar
blends were arranged using 40% of POCP. Further examinations were continued new, mechanical
8
and bond properties of mortar. The solidified properties for mechanical execution and ultrasonic
heartbeat speed (UPV) examined in water and air relieved systems show that up to 40% of concrete
could be supplanted to acquire the essential compressive strength of 12.4 MPa for concrete lime
mortar. Further, POCP ground to a greater number of cycles minorly affected the mechanical
properties. The examination on the likely utilization of POCP as concrete substitution affirmed the
probability through energy saving, financially savvy and cleaner climate.

Payam Shafigh (2015): Stated that Oil palm shell (OPS) is a type of horticultural strong waste in
the tropical systems. Examination throughout the most recent twenty years shows that OPS can be
utilized as a lightweight total for creating underlying lightweight total cement. The thickness of
OPS concrete is around 20 - 25% lower than ordinary weight concrete.

Muhammad Aslam (2016): Discussed that OPBC lightweight total produces underlying
lightweight cement. OPBC total has great holding strength with mortar because of its surface.
OPBC RC radiates have comparable shear and disappointment conduct to the traditional RC
radiates in his work Oil-palm side-effects as lightweight total in substantial combination.

C. D. Okerekeb, et al (2017): In the construction industry, the rising cost of building construction
materials is a factor of great concern. The prices of building materials are rising as the days go by.
The coarse aggregates are the main ingredients of concrete. In this paper, the suitability of
agricultural waste product (palm kernel shell) as a coarse aggregate has been discussed based on
the results got from comprehensive review of literature. The aim of every builder is that the
buildings must be strong and should be built with the construction material of reasonable rates.
Every construction industry totally relies on cement, sand and aggregates for the production of
concrete. These days, most of the researchers are researching on the material which can reduce the
cost of construction as well as increase the strength. Some of the waste materials are used in
concrete according to their properties. For instance, fly ash, rice husk, slag and sludge from the
treatment of industrial and domestic waste water have been found suitable as partial replacement
for cement in concrete. The palm kernel shell is a material which can be a substitute for aggregates.
The palm kernel shell is mostly used as a source of activated carbon. The use of palm kernel shells
can also help in the prevention of the environment and also help economically. It also contributes
to sustainable construction. The aim of this paper is to create awareness about the usefulness of
palm kernel shell as a construction material in the construction environment.

U. Johnson Alengaram (2018): In his study Impact of cementitious materials and total substance
on Palm shell concrete expressed that the impact of cementitious materials, fine and coarse total

9
substance on functionality and compressive strength of palm portion shell concrete. cementitious
material was added 10% silica rage as extra cementitious material.

Farhan Qadir Mir1, V S Sagu (2019):

Limestone waste is obtained as a derivative from the process of making of aggregates in rubble
crusher unit through the crushing process of rocks. Use of Limestone waste as a substitute of sand
in construction work materials would resolve the environmental teething troubles caused by the
large-scale depletion of the natural sources of river and mining sands. Fly ash is a bonded
remainder of clay mineral deposits existing in coal. Transforms the clay mineral deposits into coal
powder into a variety of merged fine particles of mainly aluminium silicate composition occurs
due to generation of high temperature during coal burns in thermal plants. Fly ash can be utilized
as cement replacement in Portland cement concrete to improve the properties of the concrete. The
experimental study carries out to investigate the impact of fractional replacement of sand with
limestone waste (LSW) and cement with fly ash on the concrete properties. The impact of
limestone waste as aggregate and fly ash as partial replacement of cement on several fresh and
hardened properties of the concrete are to be examined. The investigations will include testing of
compressive strength, water absorption test, unit weight test etc.

R.Selvapriya (2019): In the recent past, there have been considerable attempts for improving the
properties of concrete with respect to strength and durability, especially in aggressive
environments. High performance concrete appears to be better choice for a strong and durable
structure. A large amount of by-product or wastes such as fly-ash, copper slag, silica fume etc. Are
generated by industries, which causes environmental as well as health problems due to dumping
and disposal. Proper introduction of silica fume in concrete improves both the mechanical and
durability characteristics of the concrete. This paper present literature review on replacement of
Cement by Silica Fume which includes current and future trends of research.

Hemanshu Verma, Narendra Kumar Maurya (2019): The present paper has investigated the
compressive strength and shear bond strength behaviour of hydraulic lime cement concrete and
mortar. Concrete of M-30 was made using Ordinary Portland cement, which was partially replaced
by hydraulic lime at varying percentages ranging from 0% to 35% in concrete and 0% to 100% in
mortar. There is critical issue with this type of cement replacement i.e. the change in physical
properties of concrete and mortar. This research looks at the change in physical properties of
concrete when cement is replaced by lime with respect to compressive strength in concrete and
shear bond strength in mortar. The results from this research study show a linear diminution in
strength with linear increase in the relative % age of lime to cement. The shear bond strength of

10
triplet specimen was increased with increase in lime content in mortar. The compressive strength
of lime concrete cube specimens was increases when the replacement of lime up to 15% and with
higher percentage, strength decreases considerably.

U. Azunna (2019): Shelter is a basic human need. Unfortunately, decent shelter for the masses;
the poor have not materialized over the years. The cost of concrete materials in building and civil
engineering project has been a concern to the society. These and other things led to the research
on biological local materials that are dumped as waste in our environment, causing pollution and
congestion as substitute materials. The result of water absorption and compressive strength shows
that the water absorption capacity of palm kernel shell is normal compared to plain concrete and
a replacement of 10% and 25% gave 4.78 N/mm2 and 4.44N/mm2compressive strengths
respectively which cannot be used for light weight structure.

Ms. D. Pavani, at al (2021): The expense of concrete materials in construction and civil
engineering projects has been a source of worry for the public. As a result of these and other
factors, study has been conducted on genetic local resources that are thrown as trash into our
environment, creating contamination and traffic clogging as alternative materials. As a result, this
study was conducted in order to gauge the usage of palm kernel shell as a partial substitute for
coarse aggregate in concrete. Oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) is a bio solid waste from the palm oil
industry in tropical regions that may be utilised as a concrete aggregate. Since 1984, OPKS has
been used in research projects to make lightweight concrete as a natural lightweight aggregate
(LWC). The fresh, mechanical, and bond characteristics of grade M30 lightweight concrete,
specifically oil palm kernel shell concrete (OPKSC), are compared to similar strength normal
weight concrete (NWC). The OPKSC has utilised oil palm kernel shell (OPKS), an industrial
waste, into lightweight aggregates (LWA). A constant 5 percent fly ash was used as a preferential
replacement of binding material for every combination of mix proportions of 10 percentage, 20
percentage, 30 percentage, and 40 percentage oil palm kernel shell partial substitute of course
aggregate. When compared to NWC, the OPKSC produced a density drop of around 20%.

M.A. Kareem (2021): The considerations for using alternative materials as coarse aggregate in
construction industry is driven by the needs to conserve natural resources, reduce the huge amount
of greenhouse gas emission and environmental degradation related to conventional aggregate.
Efforts to alleviate food insecurity has resulted in increased Agri- cultural activities across the
world. However, the processing of agricultural produce generates huge number of residues as by-
products the disposal of which is of great concern. Oil palm shell (OPS) which is a by-product
from oil palm industry has shown potentials as an alternative to the conventional aggregate in
concrete production. OPS is a suitable material for the production of structural lightweight
11
aggregate concrete having better there- mal insulation, reduced density of roughly 20 to 25% less
than conventional aggregate concrete, and a 28-day compressive strength greater than 17 N/mm 2.
Previous studies on the properties of OPS, fresh and hardened properties of OPS concrete, as well
as its eco-efficiency and environmental aspects are summarized in this paper. In addition, the
various improvement techniques employed on OPS and OPS concrete that resulted in improved
OPS concrete performance are also highlighted. With large quantities of OPS produced in tropical
parts around the world, its total adoption as aggregate in these regions is still fairly limited. Long-
term studies on mechanical strength, thermal and durability properties of OPS concrete are
recommended to promote the usage of OPS as aggregate in actual structures.

T. Olanrewaju, et al (2023): The cost of concrete materials in building project has been a concern
to the society. These and other things led to the research on biological local materials that are
dumped as waste in our environment, causing pollution and congestion as substitute materials.
Therefore, this research work was carried out in respect to that, in order to determine the use of
palm kernel shell as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete, taken into consideration
the compressive strength and water absorption capacity Preliminary investigation was conducted
to ascertain the suitability of using the aggregate for construction work. The tests conducted were
the water absorption and compressive test. Mixture ratio of 1:2:4 for cement, sand and coarse
aggregate was adopted for this work respectively. There placement percentage of the coarse
aggregate were 50%, 75% and 100%, the mix composition was calculated using the absolute
weight method. The work also observed that concrete made with 0% replacement was stronger
with average compressive strength of 24.02 N/mm2on curing for 28days compared to 50% 7.80
N/mm2 ,75% 2.82 N/mm2 and 100% 1.84 N/mm haven cured for the same number of days.

12
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, methodology, materials and their properties used in concrete and tests conducted
on different materials were observed and mentioned.

Collection of materials

Lime stone Coarse Fine Cement Water Oil palm

slag aggregates aggregates Kernal shells

Mixing of materials by adding

Lime stone slag + Oil Oil palm

palm shells Kernal shells

0%,10%,15%,20% 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%

Casting Cubes & Cylinders

Curing of Specimens

7 Days 28 Days

Testing of specimens

Compressive strength test Split Tensile stress

13
3.2 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES:

The Raw materials that are used in the production of concrete are mentioned below.

3.2.1 Raw Materials:

 Aggregates
 Coarse aggregates
 Fine aggregates
 Cement
 Oil Palm kernel Shells
 Lime stone slag

3.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

The material whose particles are of size are retained on IS sieve of size 4.75mm is termed
as coarse aggregate and containing only so much finer material as is permitted for the various
types described in IS:383-1970 is considered as coarse aggregate. Aggregates are the major
ingredients of concrete. They constitute 70-80% of the total volume, provide a rigid skeleton
structure for concrete, and act as economical space fillers. Because at least three-quarters of the
volume of the concrete is occupied by aggregate, it is not surprising that its quality is of
considerable importance. The properties of aggregate greatly affect the durability and structural
performance of concrete.

Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert material dispersed throughout the cement
paste largely for economic reasons. It is possible, however, to take an opposite view and to look
on aggregate as a building material connected in to a cohesive whole by means of the cement
paste. in a manner similar to masonry construction. In fact, aggregate is not truly inert and its
physical, thermal and sometimes also chemical properties influence the performance of concrete.
Aggregate is cheaper than cement and it is, therefore, economical to put in to the mix as much of
the former and as little of the later possible. But economy is not only the reason for using
aggregate, it confers considerable technical advantages on concrete, which has a higher volume
stability and better durability than hydrated cement paste alone. Aggregates should be of uniform
quality with respect to shape and grading. The size of coarse aggregated depends upon the nature
of the work.

14
The coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation is 20mm and 10mm size, crushed
and angular in shape as the aggregates are free from dust before used in the concrete.

Fig.3.1: Coarse aggregates.

3.3The following tests have been conducted on coarse aggregates.

 Specific Gravity
 Fineness modulus
 Sieve analysis

3.3.1 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate:

Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same volume
of water at the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS 2386- 1963 and the
values are tabulated in Table. Specific gravity of cement test is calculated by using the
apparatus "pycnometer".

Fig.3.2: Pycnometer.
15
3.3.2: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates:

The process of dividing a sample of aggregates into fractions of same particle size is known as a
sieve analysis and its purpose is to find fineness. The sieve analysis was carried out using locally
available river sand and tabulated in Table.

Fig 3.3: Sieve analysis

Table 3.1: Properties of coarse aggregates

S.No. Property Value

1. Specific gravity 2.67
2. Fineness modulus 6.01
3. Nominal maximum size 20mm

3.4 FINE AGGREGATE

The size of the fine aggregate is below 4.75mm. Fine aggregates can be natural or manufactured.
The grade must be throughout the work. The moisture content or absorption characteristics must
Pechiney monitored. The fine aggregate as shown in Figure 3.2 used is natural sand obtained from
the river Godavari confining to grading zone-II of Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009. The results of
various tests on fine aggregate are given in Table 3.2. The fine aggregate shall consist of natural
and or, subject to approval, other Ine materials with similar characteristics, or combinations having
hard, strong, durable particles. The use of concrete is being constrained by urbanization, mg
regulations, increased cost and environmental concrete.

16
 Fig 3.4: Fine aggregates.

3.5 The following tests have been conducted on fine aggregates.

Specific Gravity

Sieve analysis (fineness modulus)

3.5.1 Specific gravity of fine aggregate

Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same volume of water
at the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS: 2386-1963 and the values are
tabulated in Table.

Fig 3.5: Specific gravity of fine aggregates

17
 Table 3.2: Properties of fine aggregates

S.NO Properties Values

1 Specific gravity 2.60
2 Fineness modulus 2.32
3 Grading Zone-II

3.6 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

Ordinary Portland cement is used for general constructions. The raw materials required for
manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous materials, such as limestone or chalk and
argillaceous materials such as shale or clay. The manufacture of cement consists of grinding the
raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain proportions depending upon their purity and
composition and burning them in a kiln at a temperature of about 13000C to 15000C at which
temperature, the material sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped clinker. The clinker is
cooled and ground to a fine powder with addition of about 2 to 3% of gypsum. The product formed
by using the procedure is a "Portland Cement". In the present experimental work KCP 53 grade
ordinary Portland cement was used.

3.6.1 CEMENT: `

The cement is to be tested in the laboratory for its quality requirement limitations as per
Indian Standards. The cement used was ordinary Portland cement of OPC 53 grade (KCP 53 grade)
as shown in Figure 3.1 confirming to IS: 12269-2013.Various tests are conducted to know the
physical properties of cement and the results are tabulated below in Table 3.1. All 16 the tests
conducted are as per the norms of standard specifications given in IS 4031 and the
results are tabulated.

3.7 TESTING OF CEMENT

The following tests as per IS: 4031-1988 is done to ascertain the physical properties of the
cement. The results of the tests are compared to the specified values of IS: 4031-1988.

3.7.1 CONSISTENCY:

The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as consistency, which will permit the
Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5-7 mm from the bottom of the mould, this test is done to
18
determine the quantity of water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency. For
determining the setting time, compressive strength and soundness, the percentage of water
required to produce cement paste of normal consistency is used. Consistency depends upon the
composition of cement; this test was conducted as per the procedure given in IS: 4031-1988.

3.7.2 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME:

Lower the needle gently and bring it in contact with the surface of the test block and
quickly release. Allow it to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning, the needle will
completely pierce through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing its 17
plasticity, the needle may penetrate only to a depth of 33-35mm from the top. The period elapsing
between the times when water Is added to the cement at the time of which the needle penetrates
the test block to a depth equal to 33-35mm from the top is taken as initial setting time. Replace
the needle of the Vicat apparatus by a circular attachment. Thereanent shall be considered as finally
set when, lowering the attachment gently cover the surface of the test block, the centre needle
makes an impression, while the circular edge of the attachment fails to do so. In other words, the
paste has attained such hardness that the centre needle does not pierce through the
paste more than 0.5mm.

Table 3.3: Properties of cement

S.No. Property Values

1. Normal consistency 31%
2. Specific gravity 3.14
3. Initial setting time 94 minutes
4. Final setting time 197 minutes

3.8 OIL PALM KERNAL SHELLS

Oil palm kernel shells are the hard outer shells surrounding the palm kernel seeds in the
fruit of the oil palm tree. These shells are a byproduct of the palm oil extraction process and are
commonly used as a renewable energy source or as raw material in various industries. Due to their
high calorific value and relatively low moisture content, oil palm kernel shells are often utilized
as biomass fuel in power plants, boilers, and industrial furnaces for heat and electricity generation.
Additionally, they can be used in the production of activated carbon, as a component in animal
feed, or as a substrate in gardening and landscaping applications. Utilizing oil palm kernel shells

19
helps to reduce waste and contributes to sustainable resource management in the palm oil industry.

Fig 3.6: Oil palm kernel shells.

They are a renewable biomass resource and have gained significance as a sustainable alternative
to fossil fuels. Oil palm kernel shells are used as a source of bioenergy, particularly in biomass
power plants, where they are burned to generate electricity and heat. They are also utilized as a
component in the production of activated carbon, which finds applications in water purification
and air filtration.

3.9 LIME STONE SLAG

Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of the mineral calcite. It often forms
from the remains of marine organisms such as coral and shells, undergoing compaction over time.
Limestone can vary in colour and texture and is widely used in construction, as a raw material in
cement, and for various industrial purposes due to its durability and versatility.

Fig 3.7: Lime stone slag.

20
Certainly! Limestone is formed through the accumulation of the remains of marine organisms, like
shells and coral, which settle and undergo compaction over millions of years. This sedimentary
rock is rich in the mineral calcite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate.

There are different types of limestone, ranging from soft and chalky to hard and dense. The rock's
colour can vary, including shades of white, Grey, beige, and even black. Fossils are often preserved
in some limestone varieties, providing insights into ancient marine life.

Due to its versatility, limestone has widespread applications. In construction, it's used for
buildings, monuments, and pavements. Crushed limestone is a key component in the production
of cement and concrete. Additionally, limestone is employed in industries such as agriculture,
where it's used to improve soil quality, and in various chemical processes. Its prevalence in Earth's
crust makes it a crucial geological component.

Benefits:

Reduced Environmental Impact: By partially replacing Portland cement with limestone powder,
the overall carbon footprint of concrete production can be reduced. Limestone is more readily
available and requires less energy to produce than Portland cement.

Improved Workability: Limestone powder can improve the workability and flow of concrete
mixtures, making them easier to place and finish.

Enhanced Performance: In certain cases, limestone-blended cement can improve the durability
and strength characteristics of concrete.

Applications:
Limestone-blended cement can be used in a wide range of concrete applications, including
residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects.

21
 CHAPTER 4
MIXED DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter concrete mix design calculations for M20 and M30 grade concrete in detail were
presented.

4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:

 The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration The adequate
workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment available.
 Maximum water-cement ratio to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions.
 Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.

4.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN

• The grade designation, (the characteristic strength requirement of concrete).

• The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete.
• Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible
within the limits prescribed by IS: 456-2000
• The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
• The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size,
shape, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for transportation,
placing and compaction.

4.4 DESIGN OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE

Stipulations for Proportioning
a) Grade designation : M30
b) Type of cement: OPC 53 grade confirming IS : 12269
c) Minimum Cement content : 320kg/m³
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
e) Maximum water–cement ratio : 0.45
f) Workability : 70 mm(slump)
g) Exposure condition : Moderate
h) Method of concrete placing : Non-Pumpable

22
 i) Degree of supervision : Good
j) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content : 450kg/m3

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement used : OPC 53 grade confirming IS:12269(1987)

b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.14
c) Mineral admixture :_________
d) Specific gravity of
1)Coarse aggregate :2.67

2)Fine aggregate :2.60

e) Water absorption
1)Coarse aggregate :0.5%

2)Fine aggregate :1.0%

f) Free (Surface)moisture
1)Coarse aggregate : NIL
2)Fine aggregate : NIL
g) Sieve analysis

1) Coarse aggregate :6.01

2) Fine aggregate :2.32

(Confirming to grading Zone II of Table 2 of IS:383197

TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f¢ck =fck+1.65S

= 30+1.65×5= 38.25N/mm²

Were,

f'¢ck =target average compressive strength at 28days

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

23
S = standard deviation

From Table 1 of IS 10269:2009, standard deviation (s) =5N/mm²

Target strength =38.25N/mm²

Selection of Water-Cement Ratio

FromTable5 of IS 456-1959, maximum water cement ratio=0.45

Selection of Water Content

From Table2 of IS 10262:2009 maximum water = 186 litres (For 25 to 50 mm

Slump range) for 20 mm aggregate

Estimated water content for 100 mm slump= 186+ (6/100) X186

=197.16 litres

As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced upto18%percent and above.

Actual water content for 100mmslump =197.16X0.82 =161.67itres

Calculation of Cement Content

Based on experience we have adopted as Water-cement ratio =0.44

Cement content = 161.67/0.44=367kg/m³

From Table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for ‘Moderate’ exposure condition is

=320kg/m³, (367kg/m³>320kg/m³) hence, O.K

Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate Content

From Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size

aggregate & fine aggregate (Zone II) For water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62 But our water content
is 0.44 Therefore water cement ratio lowers by 0.06, the proportion of Volume of coarse aggregate
is increased by 0.02 (@ of -/+ 0.01 for every 0.05 change in w/c ratio) Corrected volume of coarse
aggregate for the water-cement ratio 0.44 = 0.632 Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.632 = 0.368.

24
MIXCALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

Volume of concrete =1m³

Volume of cement = X

= (367/3.14) X1/1000 =0.116m3

Volume of water = X

= (161.67/1) X (1/1000) =0.161m3

Volume of admixture = X

= (7.34/1.145) X (1/1000) =0.006m3

Volume of all in aggregate = [a– (b + c + d)]

=1-(0.116+0.161+0.006) =0.717m3

Mass of coarse aggregate =f × Volume of CA × Specific gravity of CA x 1000

= 0.717×0.632×2.67×1000=1209.89kg

Mass of fine aggregate =f × Volume of FA × Specific gravity of FA × 1000

= 0.717×0.368×2.60×1000= 686.02kg.

MixProportions1m3ConcreteforTrail

Cement: =367.00 kg/m³

Water: =161.67litre

25
 Fine aggregate: =686.02kg

Coarse aggregate: =1209.89kg

Water Cement ratio: =0.44

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

0.44 1 1.86 3.29

Table 4.1: Quantities of materials used in concrete mix

QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE MIX

Fine Coarse Palm Lime

Mix Water Cement
Type of Concrete Aggregates Aggregates shell stone
Grade (lts) (Kg/m3)
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
191 646 1164 0 434 0
Nominal mix
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 1047.6 116.4 434 0
10%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 931.2 232.8 434 0
20%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 814.8 349.2 434 0
30%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 698.4 465.6 434 0
40% M30
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 582 582 434 0
50%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
lime stone + palm
shells
191 646 1047.6 116.4 412.3 21.7
15%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 931.2 232.8 390.6 43.4
30%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 814.8 349.2 368.9 65.1
45%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1
191 646 698.4 465.6 347.2 86.8
60%
0.44 1.48 2.68 1

26
 CHAPTER 5

EXPEPERIMENTAL WORK

5.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, concepts of experimental work are presented. Objective of testing, i.e.
Ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, portable water, process of
manufacturing of concrete, workability of fresh concrete and testing of hardened concrete
procedures are explained in details.

5.2 OBJECTIVE OF TESTING

It was proposed to investigate the properties of concrete, cast with partial replacement of
coarse aggregates in the experimental works in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,40%,50% cured
in portable water.

In this experimental work, physical properties of materials used in the experimental work
were determined. Grade of concrete M30 was mixed and cured. The specimens were cured for 7
and 28 days and tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength.

5.3 PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE

5.3.1 AGGREGATES

The coarse aggregates were kept completely immersed in clean water for 24 hours for
water absorption. After 24 hours, the aggregate was gently surface dried. It was then spread out
and exposed to the atmosphere until it appears to surface dry. F or fine aggregate, considering the
huge time to be taken to became surface dry from wet condition, it was not immersed in water.
Instead, the water was sprinkled then it was spread and exposed to the atmosphere until it appears
to be completely surface dry.

5.3.2 BATCHING

Batching means measuring the quantities of constitutes of concrete required for the
preparation of concrete mix. Weight batch method is adopted to measure the quantities. The
quantities of fine aggregates, coarse aggregate, cement, water and super plasticizer and adding and
adding rice husk ash for each batch were measured by a weighing balance according to the mix
proportions obtained by the mix design.

27
5.3.3 MIXING

Fig 5.1: Mixing of concrete

The object of mixing is to coat to coat the surface of all aggregate’s particles with cement
paste and to blend all the ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass. Through mixing of the
materials essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass
becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency. In this study the process of machine
mixing was adopted.

5.3.4 CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES AND CYLINDERS

The test modules were kept ready before preparing the mix. Modules were cleaned and
oiled on all contacts surfaces then fixed on vibrating table firmly. The concrete is filled into moulds
in three layers and then vibrated. The top surface of concrete is struck off to level with a trowel.
The number and date of casting were put on the top surface of cubes as shown in Figure.

Fig 5.2: Casting of cubes and cylinders.

28
5.3.5 CURING

The cast modules are dried then the moulds are unmoulded then specimens were kept for
curing in portable water and also wet covered.

5.4. STRENGTH PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE

5.4.1 Compressive strength test

Compressive Strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface
without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size, while in
tension, size cognates.

Compressive Strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics
of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether concreting has bee done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 Mpa (2200 psi) to 30 Mpa
(4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Compressive Strength of concrete
depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material,
quality control during production of concrete etc.

Compression test was conducted on 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes as shown figure.

Concrete specimens were removed from curing and cleaned. In the testing machine, the cube is
placed with the cast faces at right angles to those compressive faces, then load is applied at a
constant rate of 1.4 kg/cm2/ minute up to failure and the ultimate load is noted. The compression
tests were carried out at 7 days. 28 days for strength computation, the average load of three
specimens is considered for each mix. The average of three specimens is considers for each mix.
The average of three specimens was reported as the cube compressive of strength.

Cube Compressive Strength =

5.4.2 Split tensile strength test

The cylinder specimen is of the size 150 mm diameters and 300 mm length. The test is
carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of
compression testing machine as shown in figure 5.3 and the load is applied until failure of cylinder,
along its longer direction. The cylinder specimens are tested at 7 days, 28 days and 90 days. The
average of three specimens was reported as the split tensile strength.

Split tensile Strength=where

29
P= Compressive load on the cylinder

L=length of the cylinder.

D=diameter of the cylinder

2 x P\ 𝜋DL

5.5 SUMMARY

In this chapter experimental works are presented. Objective of testing, i.e. Ordinary
Portland Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate is used in process of manufacturing of concrete
and testing of hardened concrete properties. In the next chapter observations and discussions are
presented.

30
 CHAPTER 6

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the experimental observations are presented. The test results such as compressive
strength, split tensile strength of hardened concrete of M30 grade replacement of chemical
admixtures with natural admixtures at various proportions and cured by using normal water curing
and ring method at the ages of 7 days, 28 days are detailed both exposure conditions.

6.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of the concrete was done 150 x 150 x 150 mm cubes. Testing
of the specimens was done at 7 days, and 28 days at the rate of three cubes for each mix on that
particular day. The average value of the 3 specimens is reported as the strength at that particular
age. The compressive strength test was conducted for all the mixes and the results are shown in
the Table.

Table 6.1: Compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 7 days
S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Compressive strength
palm shell added (N/mm2)
1 0% 19.62
2 10% 19.88
3 M30 20% 20.18
4 30% 20.85
5 40% 21.43
6 50% 21.89

31
 Fig 6.1: compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 7 days.

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The
conventional mix concrete strength is 19.62 N/mm2 in compression. It was observed that
the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm
shells the strength of the concrete is increasing while compared to the conventional
concrete. The maximum value attained at the 50% replacement of coarse aggregate with
oil palm shells at the age of 7 days is 21.89N/mm2.

Table 6.2: compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the age of
14 days
S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Compressive strength
palm shell added (N/mm2)
1 0% 23.15
2 10% 23.66
3 M30 20% 23.84
4 30% 24.36
5 40% 24.89
6 50% 23.12

32
 Fig6.2: Compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 14 days

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The
conventional mix concrete strength is 23.15 N/mm2 in compression. It was observed that
the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm
shells the strength of the concrete is increasing while compared to the conventional
concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40% replacement of coarse aggregate with
oil palm shells at the age of 14 days is 24.89N/mm2. By adding additional amount of oil
palm shells with coarse aggregates, we observed that the strength of the concrete is
decreased.

Table 6.3: split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 7 days

S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Split tensile strength

palm shell added (N/mm2)
1 0% 1.95
2 10% 2.16
3 M30 20% 2.45
4 30% 2.62
5 40% 2.89
6 50% 2.12

33
 Fig6.3: Split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the age
of 7 days

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The
strength of Conventional 1.95N/mm2. It was observed that the Split tensile strength values
of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm shells the strength of the concrete is
increasing while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at
the 40% replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells at the age of 7 days is
2.89N/mm2. By adding additional amount of oil palm shells with coarse aggregates, we
observed that the strength of the concrete is decreased.

Table 6.4: split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 14 days

S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Split tensile strength

palm shell added (N/mm2)
1 0% 2.72
2 10% 2.91
3 M30 20% 2.99
4 30% 3.11
5 40% 3.36
6 50% 2.42

34
 Fig6.4: Split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the age
of 14 days.

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The
strength of conventional concrete is 2.72 N/mm2 in. It was observed that the Compressive
Strength values of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm shells the strength
of the concrete is increasing while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum
value attained at the 40% replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells at the age
of 14 days is 3.36 N/mm2. By adding additional amount of oil palm shells with coarse
aggregates, we observed that the strength of the concrete is decreased.

Table 6.5: compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone
concrete mix at the age of 7 days

Mix proportion of palm shell and

lime stone slag added Compressive strength
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime stone (N/mm2)
added slag added
1 0 0 19.62
2 M30 10 5 19.84
3 20 10 20.12
4 30 15 21.26
5 40 20 21.78

35
 Fig6.5: Compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 7 days.

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 19.62 N/mm2 in compression. It
was observed that the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various
percentages of oil palm shells + Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with
Lime stone slag at the age of 7 days is 21.78N/mm2.

Table 6.6: compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone
concrete mix at the age of 14 days

Mix proportion of palm shell and lime

stone slag added Compressive strength
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime stone slag (N/mm2)
added added
1 0 0 23.15
2 M30 10 5 23.27
3 20 10 23.46
4 30 15 23.98
5 40 20 24.72

36
 Fig6.6: Compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 14 days

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 23.15 N/mm2 in compression. It
was observed that the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various
percentages of oil palm shells + Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with
Lime stone slag at the age of 14 days is 24.72 N/mm2.

Table 6.7: palm shells + lime stone concrete mix at the age of 7 days split tensile strength
test results of M30 grade
Mix proportion of palm shell and lime
stone slag added Split tensile strength
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime stone slag (N/mm2)
added added
1 0 0 1.95
2 M30 10 5 2.14
3 20 10 2.22
4 30 15 2.49
5 40 20 2.75

37
 Fig6.7: palm shells + lime stone concrete mix at the age of 7 days Split tensile strength
test results of M30 grade

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 1.95 N/mm2 in compression. It
was observed that the Split tensile strength values of concrete by adding various
percentages of oil palm shells + Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with
Lime stone slag at the age of 7 days is 2.75 N/mm2.

Table 6.8: split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 14 days

Mix proportion of palm shell and lime

stone slag added Split tensile strength
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime stone slag (N/mm2)
added added
1 0 0 2.72
2 M30 10 5 2.89
3 20 10 2.94
4 30 15 3.18
5 40 20 3.36

38
 4
3.36

Palm shells added+Lime stone

3.5 3.18
2.89 2.94
3 2.72
2.5

slad added
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0(0+0) 15(10+5) 30(20+10) 45(30+15) 60(40+20)
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)

Fig6.8: Split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 14 days

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 2.72 N/mm2 in compression. It
was observed that the Split tensile strength values of concrete by adding various
percentages of oil palm shells + Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with
Lime stone slag at the age of 14 days is 3.36 N/mm2.

Table 6.9: compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 28 days

S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Compressive strength(N/mm2)

palm shell added
1 0% 32.14
2 10% 32.62
3 M30 20% 32.75
4 30% 33.42
5 40% 35.21
6 50% 36.78

39
Fig 6.9: Compressive strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the age
of 28 days

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The
conventional mix concrete strength is 32.14 N/mm2 in compression. It was observed that
the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm
shells the strength of the concrete is increasing while compared to the conventional
concrete. The maximum value attained at the 50% replacement of coarse aggregate with
oil palm shells at the age of 28 days is 36.78N/mm2.

Table 6.10: split tensile strength test results of M30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 28 days

S.NO Mix grade Mix proportion of Split tensile strength

palm shell added (N/mm2)
1 0% 2.99
2 10% 3.15
3 M30 20% 3.29
4 30% 3.46
5 40% 3.78
6 50% 3.53

40
 Fig 6.10: Split tensile strength test results ofM30 grade palm shells concrete mix at the
age of 28 days

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes made
with various percentage of Oil palm shells and cured by using portable water. The conventional
mix concrete strength is 2.99 N/mm2. It was observed that the Compressive Strength values of
concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm shells the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 50%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells at the age of 28 days is 3.53 N/mm2.

Table 6.11: compressive strength test results of M30grade palm shells + lime stone
concrete mix at the age of 28 days
Mix proportion of palm shell
and lime stone slag added Compressive strength(N/mm2)
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime
added stone slag
added
1 0 0 32.14
2 M30 10 5 33.57
3 20 10 34.23
4 30 15 35.72
5 40 20 36.82

41
 Fig 6.11: Compressive strength test results ofM30grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 28 days

From the above graph, the compressive strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 32.14 N/mm2 in compression. It
was observed that the Compressive Strength values of concrete by adding various
percentages of oil palm shells + Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing
while compared to the conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40%
replacement of coarse aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with
Lime stone slag at the age of 28 days is 36.82 N/mm2

Table 6.12: split tensile strength test results of M30grade palm shells + lime stone
concrete mix at the age of 28 days
Mix proportion of palm shell and
lime stone slag added Split tensile strength N/mm2
S.NO Mix grade Palm shell Lime stone
added slag added
1 0 0 2.99
2 M30 10 5 3.26
3 20 10 3.57
4 30 15 3.78
5 40 20 3.96

42
 Fig 6.12: Split tensile strength test results ofM30grade palm shells + lime stone concrete
mix at the age of 28 days

From the above graph, the Split tensile strength values obtained by testing standard cubes
made with various percentage of Oil palm shells + Lime stone slag and cured by using
portable water. The strength of conventional concrete is 2.99 N/mm2. It was observed that
the Split tensile strength values of concrete by adding various percentages of oil palm shells
+ Lime stone slag the strength of the concrete is increasing while compared to the
conventional concrete. The maximum value attained at the 40% replacement of coarse
aggregate with oil palm shells and 20% replacement of cement with Lime stone slag at the
age of 28 days is 3.96 N/mm2.

43
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the study, following conclusion can be drawn.

 It may be concluded that use of palm Shells or Combination of Palm Shells and Lime stone
are better to replacement of Coarse Aggregates in production of not only for high strength
concrete but also for Low/Moderate strength concrete as based on Requirement.
 It is clear from above discussions that until 40% replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Palm
shells and Combination of Palm Shells and Lime stone (40+20) gives good results in
compressive strength and split tensile strength by testing.

From above findings we can conclude that there are no remarkable variations in
compressive strength and more it gives good results when calculated by tested
These includes:

 The maximum Compressive Strength value obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 7 days at 50% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm Shells. More
over replaced strength values more when compared with normal Conventional
concrete mix.
 The maximum Compressive Strength value obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 14 days at 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm Shells.
 The maximum Compressive Strength value obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 7 days at 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm Shells and 20%
replacement of Cement by Lime stone.
 The maximum Compressive Strength value obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 14 days at 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm Shells and 20%
replacement of Cement by Lime stone. More over replaced strength values more
when compared with normal Conventional concrete mix.

From above findings we can conclude that there are no remarkable variations in Split
tensile strength and more it gives good results when calculated by tested
These includes:

44
  The maximum Split tensile Strength values obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 7 and 14 days are at 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm
Shells.

 The maximum Split tensile Strength values obtained for M30 grade of concrete at
the age of 7 and 14 days at 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by Palm Shells
and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by Lime stone. More over replaced
strength values more when compared with normal Conventional concrete mix.

 Finally, we conclude that we can use Palm Shell as a replacement material of Coarse
aggregate by 40% in Concrete production.
 Again, we can use combination of Palm Shell and Lime Stone as a replacement material
of Coarse aggregate and Cement by 40% and 20% respectively in Concrete production.
 These proportions are given Good Results as compared with normal Conventional Coarse
and fine aggregate in concrete.

45
 CHAPTER 8

REFERENCE

55th Annual Transportation Conference, February 23-24, 2013: Montgomery, AL, "Portland-
Limestone Cement for Sustainable and Durable Construction," Tim Cost.

Concrete International/January 2010: "Field Trials of Concretes Produced with Portland

Limestone Cement," Michael D.A. Thomas, Doug Hooton, Kevin Call, Brenton A. Smith, John
Dewal, and Kenneth Kazani1.

Muhammad Aslam: discussed that OPBC lightweight total produces underlying lightweight
cement. OPBC total has great holding strength with mortar because of its surface. OPBC RC
radiates have comparable shear and disappointment conduct to the traditional RC radiates in his
work Oil-palm side-effects as lightweight total in substantial combination.

(Nawy, et al 2008): Concrete being a major construction material commonly and regularly used
in virtually any type of construction work constitutes at least about 40% of the total work.
Therefore, it’s important and a proper study of its regular production and utilization cannot be over
emphasized especially now that its utilization in construction actually is increasingly rising.
(Nawy, et al 2008),

NBRRI (2009): The important of concrete in modern society cannot be underestimated according
to NBRRI (2009).The reasons these professionals are not being maximally utilized still
remain a paradox.

Okpala DC (1990): Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Build

Environ 25(4):291–296 In general, palm kernel shell has a good potential as a coarse aggregate in
making a light weight structure and can even be used for low to moderate strength application.

Payam Shafigh, et al (2010): have made a study on “Mix design and mechanical properties of oil
palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete.

PCA R & D SN3142, 2010: "Durability of Concrete Produced with Portland-Limestone Cement:
Canadian Studies."

Portland-Limestone Cement: An Option to Improve Sustainability, John Melander.

"Environmental Benefits and Performance of Portland-Limestone Blended Cements," Manuscript
of the TRB 2012 Annual Meeting.

46
PCA R & D Serial No. SN3148, 2011: "State-of-the-Art Report on Use of Limestone in Cements
at Levels of up to 15%," P.D. Tennis, M.D.A. Thomas, and W.I. Weiss.

Roads and Bridges/November 2010: "Performance-Enhancing," research shows ways of

reducing concrete's footprint, Thomas VanDam, Brooke Smarts, and Todd Laker. "Use of
Performance Cements in Colorado and Utah Laboratory Durability Testing and Case Studies."

U.J. Alengraram, et al (2008): have presented the work, “Influence of cementitious materials and
aggregate content on Palm shell concrete”.

Yusoff, et al (2011): have published a technical paper entitled, “High volume concrete
replacement by environmentally friendly industrial by-product palm oil clinker powder in concrete
– lime masonry mortar”.

• The water absorption capacity obtained for the concrete is within the range of specification for
normal concrete.

47