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Block Diagrams

The document discusses transfer functions of feedback control systems including negative and positive feedback systems. It provides the formulas for calculating the transfer functions. It also describes how to represent control systems using block diagrams and defines various blocks and points. Rules for simplifying block diagrams are given with examples.

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Elyk Takata
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12 views

Block Diagrams

The document discusses transfer functions of feedback control systems including negative and positive feedback systems. It provides the formulas for calculating the transfer functions. It also describes how to represent control systems using block diagrams and defines various blocks and points. Rules for simplifying block diagrams are given with examples.

Uploaded by

Elyk Takata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transfer Function of Feedback Control Systems

Negative Feedback System


𝑹(𝒔) = Reference Input
𝑪(𝒔) = Output Signal
𝑩(𝒔) = Feedback Signal
𝑬(𝒔) = Actuating Signal
𝑮(𝒔) = Forward path transfer function
𝑯(𝒔) = Feedback transfer function
𝑻(𝒔) = Close loop transfer function
Transfer Function of negative feedback control system is,
𝑪(𝒔) 𝑮(𝒔)
𝑻(𝒔) = =
𝑹(𝒔) [𝟏 + 𝑮(𝒔)𝑯(𝒔)]
Positive Feedback System

Transfer Function of positive feedback control system is,


𝑪(𝒔) 𝑮(𝒔)
𝑻(𝒔) = =
𝑹(𝒔) [𝟏 − 𝑮(𝒔)𝑯(𝒔)]
Block Diagrams
Automatic control systems are concerned with dynamic systems and that such
systems can be mathematically represented by a set of simultaneous differential
equations. We have also seen that transfer functions can be represented by blocks in
a block diagram to give a visual representation of the cause-and-effect relationship
between the output and input of a control system.
R(s) G(s) C(s)

Figure 4.1 An example of a block diagram

The block diagram technique has been developed not only to show the
relationship between constituents of a control system but also to do algebraic
manipulations through their reduction procedures.
Definitions
Summing point. Represented by a circle with inner indications of signs, these points
show the addition or subtraction of signals from different sources.
Here, the algebraic relation between the different variables at the summing point is,
𝐶(𝑠) = 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑌(𝑠) + 𝑍(𝑠)

𝑌(𝑠)

−
𝑋(𝑠) + 𝐶(𝑠)
+

𝑍(𝑠)

Figure 4.2 Summing point in a block diagram

Take-off point. It represents a point where the signal branches out and goes
concurrently to the other blocks or summing points.

𝑋(s)

𝑋(s)

Take-off point

𝑋(s)
Forward and feedback paths. Forward and feedback paths are indicated in a block
diagram. A forward path is indicated by an arrow pointing towards right while a left
pointing arrow indicates a feedback path.

Table for Block Diagram Reduction Rules:


Block Diagram Reduction Rules
Follow these rules for simplifying (reducing) the block diagram, which is having many
blocks, summing points and take-off points.
• Rule 1- Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
• Rule 2- Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
• Rule 3- Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
• Rule 4- If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it
towards right.
• Rule 5- If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it
towards left.
• Rule 6- Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single
block.

Example #1.
Determine the transfer function of the block diagram given.

Solution. First, we combine the cascaded and parallel blocks. As a result, we get the
feedback block. Next, we reduce this feedback loop to arrive at the final reduced
form as given in the Figure.
The transfer function is given by,

Example #2:
Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure. Let us simplify (reduce) this
block diagram using the block diagram reduction rules.

Step 1 − Use Rule 1 for blocks G1 and G2. Use Rule 2 for blocks G3 and G4 The
modified block diagram is shown in the following figure.

Step 2 − Use Rule 3 for blocks G1 G2 and H1. Use Rule 4 for shifting take-off point
after the block G5. The modified block diagram is shown in the following figure.
Step 3 − Use Rule 1 for blocks (G3+G4) and G5. The modified block diagram is shown
in the following figure.

Step 4 − Use Rule 3 for blocks (G3+G4)G5 and H3. The modified block diagram is
shown in the following figure.
Step 5 − Use Rule 1 for blocks connected in series. The modified block diagram is
shown in the following figure.

Step 6 − Use Rule 3 for blocks connected in feedback loop. The modified block
diagram is shown in the following figure. This is the simplified block diagram.

Therefore, the Transfer Function of the system is,

Multi-input system. In case a multi-input system has to be reduced, the following


steps should be taken.
Step 1- Put all but one inputs to zero. Find the resultant output.
Step 2- Repeat Step 1 until all inputs are covered
Step 3- Find the resultant output by superposition.
Note: Follow these steps in order to calculate the transfer function of the block
diagram having multiple inputs.

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